The APA System of Documentation.ppt

theapasystemofdocumentation 9810003mzooeylee9810004mlydiawei outline 10aparentheticaldocumentation author date apa 10bformatfor references apa 10cwritingtheabstract10dfinishedformofthepaper apa theamericanpsychologicalassociation sstylethesocialsciences business anthropology someofthelifesciences 10aparentheticaldocumentation author date apa mentiontheauthor lastnameonly thedateofthecitedpublicationpollock 1994 hasshownthatadisturbanceinthemother sinitialcontactwiththeinfantcanaffectherdecisionorcapacitytobreast geedherinfant oronestudyhasshownthatadisturbanceinthemother sinitialcontactwiththeinfantcanaffectherdecisionorcapacitytobreast geedherinfant pollock 1994 nottheauthor pagenumbernopagenumberthepsychologicalresponsetodefeatwasoftenmoredramaticallyexpressedbythewomenofthesouththanbythemen asmarychestnutdocumentsinhercivilwardiary vannwoodward 1981 butpagenumbernecessarybecauseofdirectquotethepsychologicalresponsetodefeatwasoftenmoredramaticallyexpressedbythewomenofthesouththanbythemen evidenceofthatcomesfrommarychestnut whoinherdiarytellsthestoryofawomanwho ravedanddashedherselffinallyontheground whensheheardaboutthefallofneworleans vannwoodward1981 p 640 note pp ifmorethanonepageiscited vannwoodward 1981 pp 640 641 10a 1examplesofapain textcitationstobooks a oneworkbyasingleauthorleakey 2001 speculatesthatperhapswehavenotyetfoundtheperfectlinkbetweenhumansandapes orinarecentstudy leakey 2001 paleoanthropologistfocusedonkenyaman apossibleearlyhominidandancestorofhumankind orinastudypublishedin2001 leakeydescribedfindingaskullinthekenyadesertthatturnedouttobeacandidateforhumankind sancestor b subsequentreferencesinamore recentstudy johnson 2002 foundthatchildrenweremoresusceptible johnsonalsofoundthat c oneworkbytwoauthorsmuchearlier grantandchange 1958 haddiscovered butinapreviousstudyofcagedrats grant change 1958 thesurprisingelementwas d oneworkbythreetofiveauthorsfirstcitation holland holt levi andbeckett 1983 indicatedthat subsequentcitation hollandetal 1983 alsofound e workbysixormoreauthorsnameonlythesurnameofthefirstauthorfollowedbyetal hollandetal 1983 iftwoseparatereferenceswouldshortentothesameform listasmanyauthorsasarenecessarytodistinguishbetweentworeferences verska sage finley etal 2006 andverska sage bradley etal 2006 note acommaprecedesetal followingmorethanonename butnotfollowingasinglename f corporateauthoracommittee aninstitution acorporation orgovernmentagencyfirstcitationinthetext nationalinstituteofmentalhealth nimh 2005 subsequentcitations nimh 2005 note whenusinganacronymbesurethatyouspelloutthefullnamethefirsttimeyouusetheacronymunlessitiscommonlyknown liketv pc iq thefederalemergencymanagementadministration fema wasencouragedtogivemoneytovictimsofthefire g worksbyananonymousauthorornoauthortheauthorofaworkislistedas anonymous anonymous 2004 inthetext noauthorinformation toobtainthetaxbenefitsofapropertyexchange thepartieswhostartedtheexchangemustcompleteit firstguaranteeexchange 2002 onestudyshowsthatthenumberofwomenintheirfortiesreturningtocollegecontinuestogrow neweducationalhorizons 2002 especiallyinurbanareas citationsofstatutesandotherlegalmaterialsaretreatedlikecitationofworkswithoutauthors youcitethefirstfewwordsofreferenceandtheyear bakerv carr 1962 courtcasesmustbeinitalic nationalenvironmentalprotectionact 1970 civilrightsact 1964 h authorswiththesamesurnamed l shang 1965 andh f shang 2002 studiedbothaspectsof i twoormoreworksinthesameparentheseslisttwoormoreworksbythesameauthor s byyearofpublication ifoneworkisintheprocessofbeingpublished citeitlast usingthewordsinpress researchinthepasttwoyears ford beckham 2000 2002 hasrevealedmanypotential orpaststudies murphy 2005 2006 inpress reveal identifydifferentworksbythesameauthorthathavethesamepublicationdatebya b c andsoon addedaftertheyearinthe references entries accordingtothesestudies sturgis 2001a 2001b inpress theprevalentattitudeis listtwoormoreworksbydifferentauthorsalphabeticallyaccordingtothefirstauthors surnames usingsemicolons threeseparatestudies delaneyzunz 1980 triedtobuildonthesametheory but j referencestospecificpartsofasourceifyourefertoaspecificquotation figure ortable youmustsupplytheappropriatepage figurenumber ortablenumber spetch wilkie 1983 pp 15 25 halpern 1982 fig 2 table4 8 p 2 note thewordspage pages andfigureareabbreviated k personalcommunicationsletters memos e mailandtelephoneconversations a sorensen personalcommunication november19 2001 ora sorensen personalcommunication november19 2001 quicklyapprovedtheentireresearchproject orintwoseparatee mails dr kazanijianapprovedtheprotocolforthissignificantautismresearchproject personalcommunication november19 2005 l citationaspartofaparentheticalcomment seeappendixaofjenkins 1983 foradditionalproof 10a 2avoidingclutterinthetext theprotocolitselfwasfaulty jacobson 1995 thustheresultingresearchalsowasseriouslyflawed lester 1961 masters 1961 zimmerman 1960 andmillionsofdollarsintimeandequipmentwerewasted smith 1999 clutter orderlinessin1995jacobsonacknowledgedthattheoriginalprotocolwasfaulty sothatwhenzimmerman 1960 lester 1961 andmasters 1961 performedtheirexperiments these too wereflawed theconsequentlossofmillionsofdollarsintimeandequipmenthasbeenwelldocumented smith 1999 formatfor reference startonanewpage thepagenumbercontinueonfromthetext centerthetitle reference double spacethroughoutthelist citesourcesyouactuallyuse listtitlesbythesameauthorchronologically indentthesubsequentlinesofeachentryfivespace placeaperiodfollowedbyonespacebetweenalloftheelementsineachentry italicizethetitlesofbooks periodicals andthevolumenumbers p 267 13referencesjones e 1931 onthenightmare london hogarth phillips j m gully s m 1997 roleofgoalorientation ability andneedforachievement andfocusoncontrolintheself efficacyandgoal settingprocess journalofappliedpsychology 82 5 792 802 10b 1generalorderforbooksin reference 1 useonlytheinitialsofthefirstandmiddlenames 2 theyearofpublicationinparentheses followedbyaperiod 3 thetitleofthebookinitalicwithonlyinitialletterofthefirstwordandpropernouncapitalized 4 theplaceofpublication followedbyacolon 5 thenameofthepublisher followedbyaperiod ex jones e 1931 onthenightmare ghost london hogarth bookbytwoormoreauthors 1 lessthan6 use beforethelastnameandusecommastoseparatethenames bowen b m poople k j gorky a 2 morethansix useetal toindicatetheseventhandsubsequentauthors bowen b m poople k j gorky a castuera i o nassiman p white p r etal editedbook 1 givethesurnameandinitialsofalleditorsuptosix 2 inserted oreds inparenthesesafterthenameornames 3 theperiodaftertheclosingparenthesis ex friedman r j katz m m eds 1974 thepsychologyofdepression contemporarytheoryandresearch newyork wiley ex waxer p 1979 therapisttraininginnonverbal ina wolfgang ed nonverbalbehavior applicationsandcultureimplications pp 221 240 newyork academicpress translatedbook 1 placethenameofthetranslatorafterthebooktitle 2 itisfollowedbyacommaandtrans ex rank o 1932 psychologyandthesoul w turner trans philadelphia universityofpennsylvaniapress bookinforeignlanguage 1 thetitleisgivenintheforeignlanguagewithanenglishtranslationprovideinbracketswithoutitalic ex saint exupery a de 1939 terredeshommes earthofmen paris gallimard revisededitionofabook ex boulding k 1955 economicanalysis 3rded newyork harper bookbyacorporateauthor ex commissiononintergovernmentalrelations 1955 reporttothepresident washington dc author multivolumebook ex reusch j 1980 communicationandpsychology inh i kaplan a m freedman b j sadock eds comprehensivetextbookofpsychiatry vol 1 baltimore williams wilkins unpublishedmanuscript ex lopez m r 2006 healthproblemsofimmigrationsinsanbernardinocounty unpublishedmanuscript 10b 3generalorderforperiodicalin references name theyearofpublication titleofarticlewithfirstwordandpropernouncapitalized noquotationmarksoritalics nameofjournalinitalic volumenumberinitalics inclusivepagenumbersex phillips j m gully s m 1997 roleofgoalorientation ability andneedforachievement andfocusoncontrolintheself efficacyandgoal settingprocess journalofappliedpsychology 82 5 792 802 magazinearticle magazineissuedmonthlyex kernan m 2001 october head sup fromacomputer generatedmodel sculptorscastabronzetriceratopsthatlooksliketherealthing smithsonian 34 36 newspaperarticle ex goodman e 1983 december23 bouviacasecrossesthe rights line losangelestimes p b5 editorialex guion r m 1983 commentsfromtheneweditor editorial journalofappliedpsychology 68 547 10b 5samplereferencestoelectronicsourcesname date year month daywithnoabbreviation titleofarticle noquotationmarks useitalicfortitlesofbooksperiodicalsandmicrofilm thesourcewithitalic retrieved date from urlex peterson s 2001 december18 business thesmallerthebetter zdnetnews retrievedjanuary5 2002 from e mail e mailandpersonalcommunicationscannotbyreadersshouldbecitedinthetext notlistinthereference ftpsourcegophergovernmentwebsiteonlinebookonlinedatabaseonlinedictionaryonlineencyclopediaonlinemagazinearticle pp 208 209 theyalmostusethesamewaytotheelectronicsources ifthearticleyouarecitinghasbeenpublishedinprint butyou veonlyconsultedtheelectronicversion put eletronicversion afterthetitle 10b 6samplereferencestononprintmaterialsmotionpictureex cotton d h producer correll j b director 1980 themanagementofhypertensioninpregnancies motionpicture houston universityoftexas audiorecording cassette record tape compactdisc p 21210b 7samplereferencestospecialitems1 personororganizationresponsibleforthework 2 yeartheworkwaspublished 3 titleofthework 4 identifyingcode 5 placeoforigin 6 publisher 10cwritingtheabstract asummaryofthemajorideasusenomoreonepage about120 200wordsalwaysfallsonpage2containarunninghead pagenumber centerthetitle abstract oneinchfromthetop theabstractshouldmeet thepurpose centralissue mostimportantpoints majorsources andconclusionscoherence objectivity vitamins2abstractuntilrecently theofficialviewonhealthfuleatingwasthatanyonewhoateanormallybalanceddietdidnotneedvitaminsupplements however recentresearchbyateamattrinitycollegeinenglandandatbrighamandwomen shospitalinbostonconcludesthatcertainvitamin especiallythevitaminsa b c d ande alsocalledantioxidants canhelppreventsuchseriousdiseasesasheartfailure diabetes depression flu andeyeproblems theconclusionofthisresearchisthatalthoughvitaminscannotsubstituteforgoodeatinghabits plentyofexercise andnotsmoking thefindingsfindingsdostrengthentheargumentforaddingvitaminsasanutritionalsupplement e g p 215 p 256 10dfinishedformofthepaper 10d 1twokindsofapapapers thetheoreticalpaper theonemoststudentsinthecollegewillwrite theempiricalpaper itconsistsoforiginalresearch anditwillbeusedmoreingraduatestudiesorinprofessionalwriting requirementsoftheempiricalpapertheintroductionshouldestablishthesubjecttobeexamined includingarationaleandhypothesesthatserveasthelaunchingpadforthestudy thebodyofthepapershouldcontainthefollowingtwoheadings 1 methods 2 results theconclusionofthepapershouldinterprettheresultsandfin