中西饮食文化对比 毕业论文的英文稿 (对应中文).doc

摘要this thesis explores the differences between chinese and western dietary culture. in the complex world culture spin, the dietary culture plays an extremely important role in the world culture. the differences between chinese and western culture created the differences between chinese and western dietary culture. different countries have their own dietary cultural. traditional chinese culture is agricultural culture and land culture, while traditional western culture is animal husbandry culture and ocean culture. these two kinds of cultures reflect diverse life styles in which food is the most representative aspect. in variously cultural contexts, whether it is in concept, objects, kitchen ware, or tableware, these differences are obvious. but as development of the communication and integration of the international, chinese and western dietary culture will be developed in common communication. this will play a significant role to promote the communication of culture in the world.介绍introductiondiet is not only the premise of social development, but also the paramount material base for human to survive with good health condition. in the early stage of barbarism, like other animals, looking for food to survive is just the instinct for human beings. but when man began to use fire to cook food and they entered the age of civilization, especially the time of cooking with the pottery, the food became the creation made by the human own wisdom and their technology. then there is the essential difference in diet between human beings and animals that the diet has its cultural nature. thus the history of human diet is to be this kind of history that human adapt to nature, conquer and reform nature to survive and develop in the nature, and the human dietary culture gradually comes into being in the course of this progress. as an important part of human culture, the dietary culture has a generalized meaning and a narrowed meaning. this thesis discuss the dietary culture in this narrow sense which is the total of material wealth and spirit wealth created and accumulated in the long-term progress of food consumption, and it is the knowledge about what to eat, how to eat and why to eat, including dietary object, dietary tableware and so on.china has profound cultural heritage of dietary culture and diet play a foremost role in peoples daily life so that dietary culture take a huge proportion in chinese culture. facing the dietary culture from other countries, we should accept or reject them based on ourselves condition. we cant only chase for enjoyment in taste, because it is harmful to our physical health if we eat too much foreign food which is belong to the high calories food. however, it is obvious that we shouldnt aimlessly reject all the new objects. under the influence of entering the wto and globalization, the international connection has become closer and closer so that the collision and fusion in the dietary culture always happen between chinese and westerners. granted, it takes a long time for two different cultures to merge and coexist and there must be an aspect that both sides cant adapt to each other. if this phenomenon occurs, we should try our best to understand, respect and tolerate another culture in right manner. a new kind of concept called fusion food has another name that is global cuisine and it has been popular in the fashionable diet circle in international cities, such as paris, new york, london, sydney. now it is starting to come into china. the connotation of this fusion food is to merge the raw material, condiment and cooking skills together in a creative way from countries all over the world. besides, it introduces the exoticism to the native diet by takes doctrine to discard the dross and select the essential. it is a cooking revolution flagged with fusion. through the fusion of gourmet food, the thing it brings is not just the food, is more like the enjoyment of a variety of culture, a kind of interest and a type of art. the difference of dietary culture between chinese and westerners will arouse culture misunderstanding in certain extent. for example, many chinese think that hamburger, kfc and mcdonalds are the typical food in american. but it is not the fact. the fact is american food is very complex and they generally eat the mexico food, chinese food, thailand food and india food.therefore, in this thesis, we discuss the difference of dietary culture between chinese and westerners from dietary concept, dietary object, cooking utensil and dietary tableware. through the study, it is beneficial for both sides to strengthen the communication in culture, and more able to eliminate the obstacles and misunderstanding when two nations are communicating, so that people can have in-depth understanding about the dietary culture from china and western countries. to study both parties dietary culture difference from various aspects, it can not only help us to strengthen the awareness and adaption in the culture communication, but also can enhance our understanding, toleration and acception to foreign culture. then this makes chinese and western dietary culture can mutually develop and fuse in communication, which it plays a remarkable role in boosting the development of culture in the whole world.正文concept chinese dietary conceptin chinese dietary culture, people play more attention to pursuing the taste than to emphasizing the nutrition. they consider that the nutrition is less important if the food is delicious and good-looking enough. the reason why there is a unique dietary culture that eating is on top of the list in chinese nation is that productivity has been always under the average level for thousands of years and people have not enough food to eat. people often say the taste is the most important in the whole of color, aroma and taste. in addition, the key of special charm in chinese diet is nothing but its taste. chinese think a lot of art and sensibility, so the pursuit of delicious taste is always the highest meaning in dietary. however, a part of the nutrition may lack in pursuing the deliciousness in chinese diet. the shape of the food is the external thing while the taste is the internal thing. emphasizing the inner and not decorating painstakingly the external, or emphasizing the taste rather than showing off the form of the dishes, is the paramount expression in chinese dietary concept. but it does not take no count of the collocation of nutrition. the medicated food appeared in the tang dynasty and now there is a formulation that diet therapy is better than medical treatments, which all reflect that chinese pay attention to the collocation in dietary nutrition since ancient times. however, the traditional nutrition theory only has a vague concept without specific data analysis as westerners to figure out what kind of food is good for health with nutrition. western dietary conceptin western dietary culture, people play more attention to pursuing the nutrition than to emphasizing the color, aroma and taste. the western diet is a kind of rational diet so that they devote particular care to the nutrition and collocation. they treat dietary as a science with a realistic attitude to lay stress on dietary nutrition and as a result, the pursuit of nutrition becomes the highest meaning in diet. the core standard in evaluating food in westerners is whether it is reasonable in dietary nutrition and whether it accord with the scientific demand. westerners often think that food is just a means of survival so that they pay more attention to dietary nutrition and supply condition of energy and they seldom connect dietary with spiritual enjoyment, which reflects a strong practicability and utilitarian. for westerners, the only thing they care is not what the food color, aroma, taste and shape is, is the nutrition must be guaranteed. then they spend time on paying attention to how many calorie, vitamin, protein, etc. should be absorbed a day with neglection of color, aroma and taste. even if the taste may be the same, even compared with chinese food, or as dull as cardboard, but the sense push them to eat because it is nutritive. for another word, it just like refuels the machine. as to westerners, the taste is the secondary. if heating up the food will cause the loss of nutrition, they prefer to eat the half-baked, even raw food. therefore, the western dietary can be summarized with convenience and practicability. there is a case in point that a nutritive breakfast can be simply made of a combination of some bread, jam, cheese, butter and fresh vegetables.dietary disheschinese dietary objectthe chinese dietary culture mainly originates from farming culture, which decides the chinese dietary structure that takes crops as the principal thing and meat as the auxiliary thing. whats more, there is a plenty of production and a lot of species in grain crop because of the vast fields, fertile soil and superior technology in planting. on the contrary, animal breeding is rare in china so much so that it is very common for people to eat the grain. chinese dietary structure is based on vegetable food, including grain, bean, greens, fruit as well as cereal. in fact, in the chinese dishes, vegetarian dishes are the most common food; only in holidays or at the higher living standards do they have the meat. it is a very distinct line between main food and subsidiary food. the main food is the five cereal and the subsidiary food is vegetable with a little meat. therefore, when chinese prepare the diet, you can see most dishes are vegetables and a few are meat. whats more, rice and noodles are the principle food; tea and wine are the main drinking in their life.china is known for vast fields and various geographical environments with a long history and an abundant production as well as species of plants and animals, which offer the sufficient resources of products to the formation of chinese dietary culture. chinese staple food is based on rice and wheat. on the side, millet, corn, buckwheat, potato and sweet potato are also the main food people usual eat so they take a tiny place in the dietary culture. except for the rice noodles, there are still kinds of food can be supplied for people to make their life more colorful, including the other kinds of pasta, steamed bun, deep-fired dough sticks, various porridge, cookie and ever-changing snacks. in the chinese long history, the distribution of south rice and north wheat has formed this situation that the main raw materials are rice and wheat in chinese staple food. most chinese people prefer to take vegetarian diet as the principle thing. according to a study of western zoophytologist, there are more than 600 species of vegetables in china. it is six times more than the west. in fact, in the chinese dishes, vegetarian dishes are considered as the common food, and only in holidays or at the higher living standards, the meat can be a part of the usual diet.the western dietary culture mainly originates from rear livestock culture, which decides the western dietary structure that takes meat and dairy products as the principal things and vegetarian dishes as the auxiliary thing. according to the weather, it is not suitable for western countries to plant the crop so that they give priority to animal husbandry and give second place to agriculture. in addition, another factor to give first place to animal is that the technology is quite high in the animal cultivation. as a result, there are a lot of kinds of animals and a huge production of meat in western countries. the main agriculture products are wheat, corn, and grape and so on. in the western dietary structure, the meat also takes up the excessive place in the dishes. they are mainly beef, chicken, pork, mutton as well as fish. it is obvious that what they usually eat is provided with a three-high characteristic that is high protein, high fat and high calorie. therefore, meat has occupied and will always occupy the remarkable high proportion in western dietary. although the proportion of planting has increased in recent years, the proportion of meat in dietary structure is always higher in the western than in chinese. therefore, when westerners prepare the diet, you can see most dishes are meat and a few are vegetables. whats more, bread and meat are the principle food; coffee, wine and milk are the main drinking in their life.in the western-style food, there is no doubt that meat is the representative in raw material. since the ancient age, the westerners have given the first place to meat as the dish. they devote particular care to the taste of different kinds of meat and the characteristic of diverse parts of meat. that is to say, no matter what method can be able to be used to process, they always hope that they can bring the aroma into full play from every kind of meat. any variety of cheese that is worshiped by westerners is the necessary thing should be appeared on the table. on the contrary, for most customers in china, they do not think that they can take in because the peculiar smell is too strange to get used to.condiment/seasoningthe condiment is also different between the chinese and westerners in cooking dishes. in china, the taste plays a part as the soul in the dish so that there are seven main kinds of taste in the chinese diet, including sour, sweet, bitter, salt, peppery, fresh and obscure. the purpose of condiment is to exert a positive effect on reaching the excellent fusion from some seasoning, which has the ability to add aroma without weird smell as well as the smell from fresh meat or fish. whats more, it can ameliorate the color of the dishes which can draw their attention to have a try. they usually choose the ginger, scallion, garlic, soy sauce, vinegar and monosodium glutamate to be their condiments in common use. but sometimes, they will use grain wine to season.the western-style food is almost the meat, which is always processed into a piece of massive one. thus there is a big problem in the condiment that it is difficult to saturate the massive piece with condiment used in china. in order to solve this problem, they make up with two methods that they adopt to cook sauce without anything and they have the entree with sauce. since then, they have formed a special way in condiment in western-style dish. based on the five used foundation of sweet, sour, bitter, salt and peppery in the west, they prefer to such effect that can make them feel a deep delicious with appetite. they usually choose the cream, butter, sauce, lemon, onion, celery and bay leaves to be their condiments in common use. in addition, spice and wine are the two important factors in cooking. because both vanilla and spice have the special smell, they exert an indispensable effect on the aroma of their dishes. for instance, when they cook the 杂莱汤、spaghetti及汁料、酿馅、salad, they always used a kind of mixed spice, which are used to mix together with the marjoram and oregano. in addition, thyme is also the main spice for them to add into the soup, venison and barbecue while sage is mainly used in the dishes made with pork in their daily life.side dishthe side dish also plays a significant part in the chinese dietary structure. the side dish indicates that they are the combination for raw material in one dish, including cold dish and hot dish, or the combination for all the dishes showed up on the table. the latter one develops based on the former one and there is no denying that the highest form is belonging to the latter one. now we take side dish of hot dish as an example to make a compare. the side dish of hot dish is required with the quality of dish in china. it should coordinate appropriately with one or several kinds of raw materials which have been processed to the shape they need. then a complete dish comes into being. as a chef for side dish, he must not only be proficient in 刀工, but also be familiar with the shape of the finished product. besides, it is awfully essential for the chef to be acquainted with the cooking method for the reason that the raw material will have some changes during the cooking. in addition, the fundamental rules of the collocation are very crucial in the dish, such as, the collocation of color, the collocation of shape, the collocation of aroma, the collocation of taste and the collocation of nutrition and so on. and all of these collocations prefer to concentrate on reflecting the collocation of meat and vegetables. in other words, it is the collocation of animal material and vegetarian material. however, in all the collocation of side dish, the collocation of nutrition is the most special because it not only contains the function to restrict, to eliminate or to rectify the detrimental elements in the raw material used in cooking, but also includes the theory of complementation in nutrition and balanced dietary.for the westerners, the side dish is also the indispensable part in 热菜dishes. as usual, after finishing the main food that they have already put on a dish, a small amount of vegetables, rice or noodles processed should be put on the edge of the dish or on another dish by side. thus a complete piece of dish completes. it is said that the food have a collocation with the main food is called side dish. a case in point is that french fries and vegetarian salad are the side dish of fried chicken or other kinds of hamburger in the kfc or mcdonalds. thus it can be seen that there is a certain difference between chinese diet and western diet in the form of side dish. however, the effect they exert is the same. they both own the function to complement the nutrition, to balance the dietary, to enhance the beauty and to give the aroma. in addition, the fundamental rules of the collocation are very crucial in the dish. for example, all kinds of side dish are most made with different