英语专业毕业论文-The Application of Cooperative Learning in Oral English Teaching in Junior High Schools.pdf

毕业论文 设计 1 the application of cooperative learning in oral english teaching in junior high schools introduction 1 1 the concept of cooperative learning cl its theoretical basis 3 1 1 the basic connotation of cl 3 1 2 the theoretic foundation of cl 4 2 the necessities of implementation of cl in oral english teaching 5 2 1 the principle when implementing cl 5 2 2 the necessities of implementing cl 5 3 the learning characteristics of the junior high students 8 4 the application of cl in oral english teaching 9 4 1 the process of cl 9 4 2 staple patterns of cooperative activities 11 5 the practical investigations the detailed analysis 14 5 1 two questionnaires 14 5 2 the detailed analysis 14 5 2 1 the advantages for cl in oral english teaching 14 5 2 2 the disadvantages for cl in oral english teaching 16 conclusion 18 reference 19 introduction the past two decades have witnessed a steady improvement of english language teaching in junior high school english teaching however english language teaching is still far from being satisfactory and unable to meet the needs of the political and economic development of the country some students who have learned english for three years could not even say a simple correct sentence or perform the basic communicative functions traditional methods being widely used in english teaching emphasize the language rules and on rote memorization of grammatical rules and vocabulary and they also neglect the communicative competence even in oral english teaching class teachers also ignore giving the chance for 毕业论文 设计 2 students to practice their spoken english or use the wrong approach to teach therefore it is a challenge for english teachers to find effective ways to train and cultivate proficient language personally unfortunately all the approaches that have ever been adopted in english language teaching are not as effective as expected not only in theory but also in practice different from the traditional teacher centered instruction cooperative learning is a teaching strategy involving students participation in small group learning activities that promote positive interaction students are encouraged to solve problems answer questions of their own discuss explain debate or brainstorm in their teams during class team members learn to cooperate and work together toward a common goal there is some certain practical significance on the concept of cl being used in oral english training cl can change the educational model in which the teacher is the most important part of the teaching and learning into the one in which the student is taken as the main body and the teacher leads the classroom it also promotes the transformation of teaching methods from the one of instillation to the student s independent study so far in this field there are fewer practices in implementing cl in oral english teaching therefore in the paper i will try to study more in this field to build the foundation for my later oral english teaching this paper is written for three main purposes 1 to reflect present situation of english teaching 2 to introduce the approach cl and 3 to present the procedure of implementing cl in oral english teaching and the suggestions on the results of investigations in this paper cl and its application of cl in oral english teaching in junior high school will be introduced 毕业论文 设计 3 1 the concept of cooperative learning cl its theoretical basis 1 1 the basic connotation of cl from the beginning of 80 s to the last century american scholars john dewey slavin r e johnson 2 cl is a kind of mutually cooperative activity between companions 3 cl is a kind of target activity 4 the encouragement of cl bases on the total result of each group 5 cl is that teachers assign study task and control teaching progress 毕业论文 设计 4 1 2 the theoretic foundation of cl the theory foundation of cl includes several types as follows 1 the theory of depending on each other it considers that the community is the whole whose dependence is changeable and that the dependence between each member is different 2 choosing theory it is a kind of theory of demand and satisfaction the school is the place to satisfy students need according to this theory the student who doesn t love studying isn t the stupid one but the one who doesn t want to study 3 development theory it comes from an educator s cognition development theory 4 delicacy theory the research of cognition proves that if the information is kept in the memory and connected with the existing information the learner has to carry on the reorganization of a certain form to the material or make it delicate one of the most valid ways is to explain materials to others 5 connection theory the theory thinks that the cooperation between humans can raise the centripetal force and friendship of a group 6 humanistic learning theory dr william galas thinks that the companion teaching is a kind of effective way to promote study 7 self control theory dr william galas thinks that the behavior drive comes from the inherent demand the student has 3 kinds of demands the demand on love the demand on dint the demand on freedom and amusement 8 constructive learning theory it thought that the individual studies by constructing during connecting with the environment of the world and reshuffling his own cognition structure learning relates to the mutual imitation assistance and inspiration zhang xiaoling 2002 毕业论文 设计 5 2 the necessities of implementation of cl in oral english teaching 2 1 the principle when implementing cl establishment of teaching ways follows the following principles 1 each student of cl groups mutually trusts and helps each member the accomplishment of study assignment depends on each member s connivance otherwise it s difficult to fulfill the task 2 each cl group has a common study goal the accomplishment of this goal depends on the results of each member s completion 3 whether students relationships are harmonious affects students cooperative privity degree the harmonious relationships between students should be paid more attention than the study effects furthermore the relevant supervision and the appraisal will be carried out 4 students should study more independently they shouldn t depend on teachers explanation as far as possible but on the inner members endeavor to seek the answer 5 each student is equal in groups in the oral english classroom they have the same opportunity to play different roles and to practice oral english 2 2 the necessities of implementing cl 1 meeting the demand of the reform of curriculum design with the deepening of a new round elementary educational reform class teaching is changing as for english course the reform focuses on cultivating students ability of using 毕业论文 设计 6 the actual language rather than explaining and teaching grammar and vocabulary education should comply with the tenet of human beings are foundation after implementing cl in oral english class students are in the dominant position instead of teachers in teaching teachers should attach importance to the ability of students using language group cl is a valuable learning method with the aim of improving learning efficiency giving full play to the learning positivity of each group member thus it can foster students cooperation and good learning habits 2 meeting the need of development of the times education of junior high school nowadays mainly comes from three sides society family and school education in school is the most important which aims at not only teaching knowledge but also training students morality most students are the only child so that the excessive caring and love from their families makes them not form some good habits their awareness of giving and cooperation is very weak therefore as teachers we should create more opportunities of cooperation for students to raise students teamwork spirit oral english is a language of communication and communication is based on the interaction between people an atmosphere of cooperation is needed in learning english in this atmosphere students learn how to deal with people how to help each other and solve problems through cooperation thus we english teachers undertake most of the responsibilities 3 cl causes teachers to grow fast after changing the teaching method and absorbing the new knowledge to make the oral english teaching contents much richer the teacher himself puts a good deal of energy 毕业论文 设计 7 on the design of class teaching and the arrangement of activities as a result teachers themselves make a progress in understanding the problems of students in other word teachers progress can largely influence students 4 cl reduces the distance between teachers and students during this oral english teaching conclusions and views come out by group activities and discussions there is much more time for students to discuss teachers not only can understand students cognition through the group interaction opportunities but also can guide questions by students view and then shorten the distance between teachers and students in classroom 5 cl drives students to display their highest level under cl in oral english class if students work together towards a same goal their learning activities have a positive significance 6 cl promotes sentimental communication between schoolmates and improves their interpersonal relationship after the main goal of cl is emphasized a spirit of putting oneself in another s place is formed by activities such as the association competition and discussions in groups because of this invisibly in oral english classroom schoolmates help each other very often the interpersonal relationship and the grade atmosphere have been also relatively promoted 毕业论文 设计 8 3 the learning characteristics of the junior high students 1 having a strong desire and curiosity to learn the new language junior high school students are at the preliminary stage of learning english the junior high school students have a strong ability to imitate and they have a strong interest in english learning but the lack of social society experiences and the fluctuation of mood will easily lead to their unsteady attitudes towards english learning 2 english learning and students appraising themselves in the junior high school years students regard the surroundings with a critical opinion and have the desire to appraise themselves they pay more attention to their own facial expression the achievement the status and so on moreover they determine their own activity goals and ways therefore they try to prove their learning capabilities in the continuous english learning 3 the independent ability in english learning in junior high schools students english studying independence is obviously enhanced in the oral english teaching the teacher encourages students to think and solve problems independently therefore the ability of independent learning ability influences the learning results 4 learning s self consciousness and the dependence and the initiative and the passivity all exist although junior high school students learning self consciousness and the initiative have 毕业论文 设计 9 been enhanced there are some remarkable differences between students many students cannot lastingly maintain self consciousness and the initiative of learning english junior high school students are at the age which self consciousness and the dependence the initiative and the passivity coexist net 1 4 the application of cl in oral english teaching 4 1 the process of cl apart from being familiar with the cl elements and the roles that the teacher takes effective implementation of cl methods depends much on the teacher s careful instructing students and giving them feedback on their process in language acquisition here are five phases of cl 1 oriented phase teachers point out the topic to inspire students interest and then lead to the goals 2 grouping phase teachers can use three ways to form groups they are formal cl group informal cl group and cooperative base group formal cl is a form in which students work together for one class period to several weeks to achieve shared learning goals and complete jointly specific tasks and assignment such as making a decision or solving a problem writing a report conducting a survey or experiment or reading a chapter or reference book learning vocabulary or answering 毕业论文 设计 10 questions at the end of the chapter any course requirement of assignment may be formulated cooperatively teachers specify the objectives for the lesson make a number of pre instructional decisions explain the task and the positive interdependence monitor students learning and intervene within the groups to provide task assistance or to increase students interpersonal and group skills and assess students learning and help students process how well their groups performed informal cl consists of having students work together to achieve a joint learning goal in groups that last from a few minutes to one class period johnson d w johnson r t and smith k a 1991 informal cl groups are often organized so that students are engaged in three to five minute focused discussions before and after a lecture cooperative base groups are long term heterogeneous cl groups with stable membership the purposes of the base group are to give the support help encouragement and assistance each member needs to make academic progress attend class complete all assignments learn and develop cognitively and socially in healthy ways 3 cooperative phase students go to collect necessary materials for oral activities record group responses ask questions of other members in their group 4 exhibiting phase by competing between groups they share group responses with rest of class and experience the joy of success 5 concluding phase after sharing experience with others students make an all around conclusion 毕业论文 设计 11 oral activities are almost based on a specific contend bound objective this includes practicing the new language points orally explaining how to solve problems teaching one s knowledge to others checking for understanding of being learned and so on 4 2 staple patterns of cooperative activities cl activities are applicable to junior high school students i will illustrate and show how to use these five staple patterns of cooperative activities in this part context dialog competition and cooperation problem solving and role play according to different teaching objectives and contents these kinds of cooperative activities can be designed in oral english class 1 context dialog this one is the easiest activity for example according to a context which is given by teachers two or more students create a suitable dialog for the context and practice together 2 competition cl is not against competition and single accomplishment the characteristic of this competition is that members inside cooperate and compete mutually it benefits each other during oral english teaching the traditional teaching evaluation system which centers on the individual s position in groups is changed into the one which centers on the success of the whole group after an assignment is appointed group members have to go all out to cooperate and improve together so that they can take up the superiority during the group competition this competition does not seek for everyone s achievement but for everyone s progress and all students oral english level take the teaching of seven words monday tuesday wednesday 毕业论文 设计 12 thursday friday saturday and sunday as an example at the beginning the teacher prepares a circle paper with the abbreviation of these words and prepares some papers with chinese meanings of these words after explaining the goal and regulation the teacher separates students into several groups in a cooperative group when a student will whirl the circle paper a student say out the whole letters of the word and a student picks up the paper with chinese meaning the other group members are helpers during the competition the teacher and other groups count the times after a group finishes other groups take turns finally the teacher accesses the achievement of each group 3 cooperation since the group members have great differences in their personality sex academic record ability tendency etc cl is the effective way for the learner to compensate for each other s deficiencies and to make progress together john thinks that if the learner can t contribute his knowledge and skills to helping each other those knowledge and skills are all useless in the familiar topic in our oral english class what s new girls are separated into some groups so are boys girls can share their opinions on things which they are interested in for example shopping and travelling boys can share their opinions on the newest weapons and the latest news finally they send a representative to show their shared topics and ideas and their cooperative group members can add more ideas at last the teacher makes the evaluation and conclusion 4 problem solving the problem will be assigned by teachers the problem solving is a kind of integrated learning pattern problem solving can take various forms such as competition cooperation 毕业论文 设计 13 argument etc for example the teacher arranges a topic spring festival the group members prepare the data by their experience library internet and on line conversation and show that different countries and different areas have different ways to celebrate spring festival then after cooperative decision they make a conclusion including their similarity and difference then they practice oral english by using that information and finally give a final concise presentation and the teacher gives an evaluation beyond all doubt while learners solve the problem together their advanced cognition ability and ability of solving problems cooperatively can be improved markedly 5 role play role play is carrying on an allotment to the role in a certain language environment take direction asking for