全英文BUDDHISM.ppt

buddhism thebriefintroductiontheoriginofbuddhismthedevelopmentofbuddhistbasicdoctrinesearlychinesebuddhismbuddhisminthemodernworldchan zen tenbulls thebriefintroduction forcenturies buddhismhasbeenthedominantreligionoftheeasternworld todayitremainsthemajorreligioninchina japan korea andmuchofsoutheastasia theoriginofbuddhism buddhismaroseinthefifthcenturybcinthenortheastofancientindiaonthebasisofpantheistic 泛神论 brahmanism 婆罗门 theancientformofhinduism 印度教 婆罗门教的冥神 thebrahmans 婆罗门 thebrahmanswerepriestswhowereempoweredtoperformritualstothegodsofthevedas theancientcollectionsofhymns 圣歌 tothegods anotherclassofreligiousspecialistswerethewanderingsascetics 苦行僧 whopracticedmeditationandvariousausterities 禁欲生活 whoisbuddha abriefintroductionofbuddha inabroadsense buddhaisakindofpersonwhosesense emotionandabilityhavebeenfulfilledtotheupmostatthesametime theycanleadtheordinarypeopletogetridofthesufferingsinmortalworldandtoanewleveloflife inanarrowsense buddhaissakyamuni释迦牟尼 whocreatedbuddhismandwhohasfulfilledhimselftobeabuddha siddharthagautama c565bc c486bc thesonofakingofancientindiaenlightenment 觉悟 underthebotree 菩提树 sakyamuni 释迦摩尼 siddharthagautama c565bc c486bc hisfathersuddhodana净饭王wastheruleroveradistrictnearthehimalayaswhichistodaythecountryofnepal suddhodanashelteredhissonfromtheoutsideworldandconfinedhimtothepalacewherehesurroundedgautamawithpleasuresandwealth despitehisfather sefforts gautamaonedaysawthedarkersideoflifeonatriphetookoutsidethepalacewalls whatisbuddhism buddhaisahumanbeing notimmortal buddhismistheonlyreligionthathasnogodsorgoddesses whensakyamuniwasborn hisfirstwordswere ialoneamhonoredinheavenandonearth 天上天下唯我独尊 here i doesn trefertohimselfbutreferstoalltheindividualsintheworld sakyamunibelievesthateveryone slifeisdeterminedbyhisowndeedsandevenbuddhacan tdecidewhoshouldgototheheavenandwhotothehell whatisbuddhism buddhaisanequalitysupporterweallknowthatbuddhismpreach infinitelymercifulandcompassionate 大慈大悲 whichmeansholdingaffectionatelovetoeveryonenomatterwhotheyareandconsideringallthehumanbeingsasaentiretyincludingyourself also buddhismdisapprovethatnon humancreaturesarecreatedtogivehumansfood whatisbuddhism buddhaisnotunique everyonehasanopportunitytobeabuddha buddhaisahumanbeing andtheonlydifferencebetweenhimandtheordinarypeopleisthetimeofawareness 觉悟时间的先后 buddha isanameforalltheawarepeople notonlyreferstosakyamuni whatisbuddhism buddhaisnotunique everyonehasanopportunitytobeabuddha buddhismdoesn tbelievetherewasafirst start oftheuniverse anew start istheendoftheformeraffair thecausalrelationship 因果关系 iscirculatingandendless 宇宙的原素是永恒的 生命的因素也是永恒的 前者是物质不灭 后者是精神不灭 whatisbuddhism buddhismpreachestheviewofgettingintotheworld notgettingoutoftheworld thebuddhismscripturesaidthat 佛法在世间 不离世间觉 离世求菩提 恰如觅兔角 禅宗六祖慧能大师有偈云 thefinalgoalofbuddhais 化人间为庄严净土 变地狱为极乐世界 the threejewels 三宝 buddha theteacher dharma法 theteachings sangha thecommunity thedevelopmentofbuddhist fromthebeginningofthefifthcenturytoaroundtheendofthesixthcentury northernandsouthernchinacameunderseparaterule thesouthremainedundernativedynastieswhilenon chineserulerscontrolledthenorth thebuddhistinsouthernchinacontinuedtotranslatebuddhisttextsandtolectureandwritecommentariesonthemajortexts theirrulersweredevotedbuddhistswhosawtotheconstructionofnumeroustemples participatedinbuddhistceremoniesandorganizedpublictalksonbuddhism innorthernchina exceptfortwoshortperiodsofpersecution buddhismflourishedunderthelavishroyalpatronageofrulerswhofavoredthereligion bythelatterhalfofthesixthcentury monkswereemployedingovernmentposts withtheriseofthetangdynastyatthebeginningoftheseventhcentury buddhismreachedouttomoreandmorepeople itsoonbecameanimportantpartofchinesecultureandhadgreatinfluenceonchineseart literature sculpture architectureandphilosophyofthattime basicdoctrines karma 因缘 transmigration 轮回 liberation 解脱 basicdoctrines threeimportantconceptsinunderstandingbuddhismarekarma 因缘 samsara transmigration 轮回 andmoksa liberation 解脱 karmareferstothelawofcauseandeffectinaperson slife reapingwhatonehassown buddhistsbelievethateverypersonmustgothroughaprocessofbirthandrebirthuntilhereachesthestateofnirvana涅槃inwhichhebreaksthiscycle thesecondkeyconcepttounderstandisthelawofsamsaraortransmigration 轮回 thelawofsamsaraholdsthateverythingisinabirthandrebirthcycle buddhataughtthatpeopledonothaveindividualsouls therearesixlevelsoftransmigration gods demigods 修罗 humans animals hungryghosts anddemons 地狱 thedesirability 愿望 ofliberationfromthecycleofsamara iscallednirvana 涅槃 inbuddhism whatisthefundamentalcauseofallsuffering desire therefore extinguishtheself don tobsessaboutoneself whatdidthebuddhateach fournobletruths fournobletruths四圣谛 1 thereissufferingintheworld toliveistosuffer 苦thebuddhafoundthisoutwhenhewasyoungandexperiencedsufferinganddeathinothers fournobletruths 2 thecauseofsufferingisself centereddesireandattachments 集3 thesolutionistoeliminatedesireandattachments thusachievingnirvana 灭 fournobletruths 4 toreachnirvana onemustfollowtheeightfoldpath八正道 whatistheeight foldpath 八正道 wisdom rightunderstandingrightmotivation moraldiscipline rightspeechrightactionrightlivelihood mentaldiscipline righteffortrightmindfulnessrightmeditation rightunderstanding正见 正确的见解 itistheknowledgeoftheexistenceofsuffering theknowledgeoftheoriginofsuffering theknowledgeofthecessationofsuffering andtheknowledgeofthepathleadingtothecessationofsuffering rightmotivation正思维 根据四谛的真理进行思维 itisresolvetofreeone sthoughtsofdelusion谬见 greed andanger torenouncesensualpleasures itistheeffortandresolvetohavemalice恶意towardsnone andtheeffortandresolvetohavecompassionforalllivingcreatures rightspeech正语 说话要符合佛陀的教导 toabstainfromfalsehood妄语 toabstainfromslander绮语 toabstainfromharshlanguage恶口 andtoabstainfrommaliciousgossip无益语 正业 正确的行为rightaction toabstainfromdestroyinglife不杀生 toabstainfromtakingthatwhichisnotgivenone不窃盗 andtoabstainfromimmorality不邪淫 正命 过正当的生活rightlivelihood itisabandoninganoccupationthatfollowsthewrongwayandkeepingtoanoccupationthatfollowsthetrueway 正精进 修行佛法以达到涅槃的理想境界rightefforts righteffortisdetailedinfourtypesofendeavours 1 evilqualitiesnotyetarisenmaynotarise 2 evilqualitiesalreadyarisenmaybeabandoned 3 goodqualitiesnotyetarisenmayarise 4 goodqualitiesalreadyarisenmaybepreserved retained increasedandbeperfected 正念 有意识地觉察界rightmindfullness righteffortisdetailedinfourtypesofendeavours1evilqualitiesnotyetarisenmaynotarise2evilqualitiesalreadyarisenmaybeabandoned3goodqualitiesnotyetarisenmayarise4goodqualitiesalreadyarisenmaybepreserved retained increasedandbeperfectedwheneverapersonhasgotridoflustandgrief withrespecttothemind observantoftheactivitiesofthemindwithstrenuous clearlyconscious attentiveawareness righteffortisdetailedinfourtypesofendeavours1evilqualitiesnotyetarisenmaynotarise2evilqualitiesalreadyarisenmaybeabandoned3goodqualitiesnotyetarisenmayarise4goodqualitiesalreadyarisenmaybepreserved retained increasedandbeperfectedwheneverapersonhasgotridoflustandgrief withrespecttothemind observantoftheactivitiesofthemindwithstrenuous clearlyconscious attentiveawareness 正定 专心修习佛教禅定以进入清净的境界rightmeditation aperson achievingisolationfromsensualpleasuresandfromcensurabletraits andstillexercisingreasoning stillexercisingreflection entersuponthefirstlevelofmeditation whichisproducedbyisolationandcharacterizedbyjoyandhappiness eightfoldpath nirvana涅槃 nirvanaisapeaceful detachedstateofmindachievingnirvanameansescapefromthecycleofrebirth earlychinesebuddhism theravada 小乘佛教 andmahayana 大乘佛教 mahayanabuddhism onedoctrine 教条 isthateverythingintheworldoriginatesfrom emptinessofself nature 缘起性空 theotherdoctrineistheconceptofuniversalbuddha nature 一切众生 皆有佛性 theravadaistheonlysurvivingschoolofhinayana 印度教 theythinkhumanlifeisasufferingandpeopleshouldpracticeextremeausteritiestoachievesalvation 般若波罗蜜经 金刚经 buddhisminthemodernworld estimatesofthenumberofbuddhistsvarybetween230and500million with350millionasthemostcommonlycitedfigure innorthernasia mahayanaremainsthemostcommonformofbuddhisminchina japan korea vietnamandsingapore theravadapredominatesinmostofsoutheastasia includingburma cambodia laosandthailand aswellassrilanka chan zen 禅 chanisthemostschoolofchinesebuddhismthatpracticesmeditation thisinvolvesa mind to mindtransmission 以心传心 somethingthatcannotbecapturedbywords bodhidharma damoinchinese 达摩 菩提达摩 the28thindianpatriarch issaidtohavebroughttheteachingfromindiatochinain520andisknownasthefirstchinesemasterofchan huineng 六祖慧能 northernchan gradualapproach 渐悟 southernchan immediatelyenlightenment 顿悟 spreadinchina buddhismwasspreadtochinaduringthehandynasty ingeneral thedevelopmentofbuddhisminchinacanbedividedintofourperiods thefirstperiodisbuddhisminhandynastywhenitwasjustintroducedintochina duringthisperiod manybuddhistscripturesweretranslatedandexplained thewhitehorsetemplewasbuiltduringthisperiodoftimeanditsignifiesthefirsttimeofbuddhismdoctrinesdeliveredinchina thesecondperiodisinjin northernandsoutherndynastieswhenmorebuddhistscripturesweretranslatedandbuddhistwritingscameout thebuddhistideaswerepopularizedacrosstheland thenumberofbuddhistswasonincrease 南朝四百八十寺 thethirdperiodisthesuiandtangdynastieswhenbuddhismwelcomeditsheydayandgotunprecedenteddevelopment duringthisperiod manynewbuddhistdenominations schoolswerefounded buddhismgotarapidandgreatdevelopmentinchina however inthelateoffeudalsociety becauseofthesocialunrest chinesebuddhismwasslowindevelopment afterthefoundingofpeople srepublicofchinaandtheimplementingofthepolicyoffreedominreligionbelief chinesebuddhismembraceditsnewgrowingage nowitisdevelopinggreatlyandtheinternationalacademicexchangesareexpanded influenceonchineseculture throughtheculturalexchangebetweenchinaandindiainancienttimes buddhismhasgivenatremendousinfluencetothevariousareasofchinese ithadgivenadeepandtremendousinfluencetothechinesephilosophy thephilosophicconceptsputforwardbyneo confucianismweredeeplyinfluencedbybuddhistones forinstance conceptslike pureheart everythinginthisworldincludingmanhasa taiji and phenomenamightdifferedfromoneandtheotheryetreasonjustone whic