丹麦猪饲养标准 Nutrients Standards 2005.doc

Nutrients Standards08.06.2005Nutrients Standards for pigs in DenmarkThe Danish feed evaluation systemIn 2002, a new feed evaluation system was introduced in Denmark. This system is based on the physiological energy value of the nutrients and on their standardised digestibility, and two new feed units were introduced replacing the old feed unit: FUgp (feed units for pigs including lactating sows) and FUgs (feed units for gestating sows).The content of feed units in the individual ingredients was calculated on the basis ofthe following factors: Digestible crude protein in ileum Digestible crude fat in faeces Easily digestible carbohydrate Carbohydrate not easily digested (fermentable carbohydrates) Extra carbohydrate (included only in the calculation of FUgs for gestating sows and takes into account the fact that gestating sows digest 18% of what is indigestible for finishers) Energy loss in connection with digestion (2.8 KJ per g indigestible dry matter at ileum) The protein evaluation system is based on the standardised ileal digestibility for each amino acid.A typical complete diet has the following energy content per kg diet:FUgp/FUgs MJ ME MJ NE MJ physiological energy Lactation diets1.06 FUgp13.39.67.9Gestation diets0.99 FUgs12.68.87.4Weaner diets, 6-9 kg1.18 FUgp14.410.58.7Weaner diets, 9-30 kg1.17 FUgp14.110.48.6Finisher diets, 30-100 kg1.07 FUgp13.49.67.9Amino acidsThe standards in tables 1-3 denote the minimum content estimated to be necessary to ensure a maximum production. A safety margin has not been added in the amino acid standards. The standards for weaners, growers and finishers are based on feeding ad lib or on approximate ad lib.The standards were revised in:1990:The standards for the first five amino acids were revised on the basis of the latest weaner trials.1991:The standards for male pigs were reduced by 10% on the basis of the latest Danish trials. Therefore there are no specific standards for male pigs.1996:Standards were established for the remaining six amino acids.1998:Standards were incorporated for use in phase feeding.2001:The standards for methionine, methionine + cystine, and threonine for sows were revised. Furthermore, the standards for leucine for weaners and growers, and for methionine for finishers were revised.2002:The standards for threonine and tryptophan for weaners were revised. New amino acid standards and recommendations for minimum content of crude protein were incorporated that apply to the new feed evaluation system introduced in the summer of2002. The amino acid standardswere changed from apparent faecal digestible to standardised ileal digestible. The standards for histidine and leucine for growers (20-45 kg) were changed in the new feed evaluation system, as there was no agreement between the standards forthe different weight intervals for these two amino acids.2004:The threonine standardfor finishers was increased and the standards for several of the amino acids were adjusted slightly, as the composition of the ideal protein was illogical for certain weight intervals. Furthermore, the weight intervals were standardized, which means that 30-100 kg is used in all tables for unity mixes for finishers.2005:Standards were introduced for heavier pigs (slaughtered at 110-115 kg) in the weight interval 65-110 kg.Table 1. Amino acid standards for sows, g digestible per feed unitGestating sows, per FUgs Lactating sows*, per FUgp Lysine3.36.0Methionine1.61.9Methionine + cystine3.23.6Threonine3.03.9Tryptophan1.01.2Isoleucine3.04.2Leucine2.67.0Histidine1.22.5Phenylalanine1.93.6Phenylalanine + tyrosine3.67.0Valine3.55.0Crude protein, minimum90110* If it is not possible to reach an average feed intake in the lactation period of at least 6 feed units a day, it may be necessary to increase the amino acid content per feed unit by 8% for all amino acids.Table 2. Amino acid standards for weaners, g digestible per feed unit (FUgp)Age, weeks3-55-85-11Weight interval, kg6-99-209-3020-30Lysine10.810.29.89.2Methionine3.53.23.12.9Methionine + cystine5.85.45.25.1Threonine6.56.16.05.7Tryptophan1.91.81.751.65Isoleucine6.35.95.75.3Leucine10.910.310.09.5Histidine3.63.43.33.1Phenylalanine6.15.85.65.3Phenylalanine + tyrosine12.011.311.010.5Valine7.67.27.06.6Crude protein, minimum155150148145Table 3. Amino acid standards for growers and finishers, g digestible per FUgpWeight interval, kg20-4530-4530-5545-65*55-75*55-10065-10075-10065-110Weight interval, kg30-10045-100Lysine8.77.97.77.47.16.96.76.4Methionoine2.62.42.32.22.12.12.01.9Methionine + cystine4.94.54.44.34.24.14.03.8Threonine5.55.15.04.94.74.64.54.4Tryptophan1.61.51.451.41.351.31.31.25Isoleucine5.04.64.54.34.14.03.93.8Leucine9.08.48.38.17.87.67.47.1Histidine3.02.82.82.72.62.62.52.4Phenylalanine5.14.74.64.54.34.24.13.9Phenylalanine + tyrosine10.09.29.08.68.38.17.97.6Valine6.35.85.65.45.25.14.94.7Crude protein, minimum140135133130127125122118* The short weight intervals apply at phase feedingTables 1-3 denote the minimum content of crude protein. If this ismet, one has generally ensured a sufficient supply of the last six amino acids that are normally not added in the form of synthetic amino acids. In diets with a lower protein contentthan stated in the standards, one must ensure that the standards for all eleven amino acids are met. As an example of deficiency, table4 shows the importance of a 5% deficiency of the first limiting amino acid.Table 4. The importance of the first limiting amino acid (rule of thumb)5% deficiency means:Weaners, 7-30 kgFinishers, 30-100 kgDaily gain, g-14-15Increased feed conversion, FU/kg gain0.040.05Lean meat %, percentage unit-0.3Table 5. Examples of the balances of essential amino acids in relation to lysineWeight interval, kgWeaners9-30 kgFinishers30-100Gestating sowsLactating sowsLysine100100100100Methionine32304832Methionine + cystine53589760Threonine61669165Tryptophan18193020Isoleucine58589170Leucine10210979117Histidine34363642Phenylalanine57615860Phenylalanine+tyrosine112116109117Valine717310683MineralsThe standards are stated as the pigs requirements plus a safety margin.In general, it cannot be recommended to add minerals beyond the standard. This particularly applies to calcium, as calcium interacts with some of the micro minerals, which means that a high calcium contentmay obstruct the utilisation of these micro minerals.The mineral standards in tables6 and7 are denoted as total amount in the feed.The standards were revised in:1991:The selenium standard was revised.1995:Standards for digestible phosphorus for growers and finishers were incorporated.1997:The standards for calcium and digestible phosphorusfor sows and weaners were revised.1998:Phase feeding standards for phosphorus were incorporated.2000:The calcium standards for sows and weaners were revised.2002:The recommendations for total-phosphorus content in the feed with addition of phytase were revised, and a calcium standard was incorporated for use of phytase.2005:The standard for digestible phosphorus is a minimum standard.Table 6. Mineral standards for sows and weaners, total amount per feed unitSowsWeanersGestatingLactating6-9 kg9-20 kg9-30 kg20-30 kgCalcium, g7.08.07.08.58.58.5+ addition of phytase, g6.57.56.58.08.08.0Dig. phosphorus, g2.22.73.23.23.22.9Sodium, g1.51.51.51.51.51.5Chloride, g2.52.52.52.52.52.5Potassium, g2.52.52.52.52.52.5Magnesium, g0.40.40.40.40.40.4Iron, mg80801501150115011501Copper, mg666666Manganese, mg404040404040Zinc, mg100100100100100100Iodine, mg0.20.20.20.20.20.2Selenium, mg20.20.20.350.350.350.351 Of this, at least 100 mg easily soluble iron salt.2 According to the Danish Feedstuff Act, diets must not contain more than 0.5 mg selenium per kg complete diet. Depending on the composition of the diet, this means that 0.2 to 0.35 mg selenium can be added per feed unit.Table 7. Mineral standards for growers and finishers, total amount per feed unit (FUgp)20-45 kg30-45 kg30-100 kg45-100 kg65-100 kgCalcium, g8.07.57.07.06.5+ addition of phytase, g7.57.06.56.56.0Dig. phosphorus, g2.62.32.22.12.0Sodium, g1.51.51.51.51.5Chloride, g2.52.52.52.52.5Potassium, g2.52.52.52.52.5Magnesium, g0.40.40.40.40.4Iron, mg8080808080Copper, mg66666Manganese, mg4040404040Zinc, mg100100100100100Iodine, mg0.20.20.20.20.2Selenium, mg10.20.20.350.350.351 According to the Danish Feedstuff Act, diets must not contain more than 0.5 mg selenium per kg complete diet. Depending on the composition of the diet, this means that 0.2 to 0.35 mg selenium can be added per feed unit.As the content of digestible phosphorus in the feed cannot be analysed,the feeds content of digestible phosphorus should be assessed on the basis of the total content of phosphorus. Table8 shows the guiding minimum content of total phosphorus in diets with phytase.Table 8. Guiding minimum content of total phosphorus in complete diets with adiditon of phytase, g per feed unitComplete diet with phytase*Weaners, 6-30 kg5.4 gGrowers and finishers, 30-100 kg4.1 gGestating sows4.1 gLactating sows4.9 g* The prerequisites of the calculations are:- The use of traditional diets based on grain and soybean meal.- The use of a phosphorus source (monocalcium phosphate) with a phosphorus digestibility of 67%.- The addition of 500 FTU (Natufos) or 500 PPU (Phyzyme) or 750 FYT (Ronozyme-P) to heat-treated feed. In meal feed that is not heat-treated, addition of the following amounts of phytase were implied: 300 FTU or 300 PPU or 450 FYT (please note, the smallest legal dosage is 500 FYT).VitaminsBesides the pigs minimum requirements, the standards include a safety margin to ensure maximum productivity and reproduction. The standards for certain vitamins also take into consideration maximum health to the extent that this is documented. The standards were revised in 1990. However, the standard for vitamin E for lactating