建筑 土木工程 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 能源与高层建筑.doc

energy and the tall build the tall building is emblematic of the modern city. tall buildings are symbolic; they are iconic celebrations of achievement for corporations , cities and entire nations. the tall building typology has reached a scale of enormity and diversity of use .functionally, the tall building responds to variable conditions as a result of our rapidly changing world market economy. infrastructure must support a scalable reconfigurable workplace that facilitates expanding information and communication networks and must be designed to perform at optimum impact on the environment. buildings today consume far more resources than nature can sustain, causing an extreme imbalance in our natural ecosystems sustainable design in architecture balances the ebbs and flows of natural ecosystems with economic and social mechanisms , so that what a building consumes in resources is balanced with the resources ability to recover ,leaving ample reserve for the needs of future generations.globally, total energy demand is set to increase by 62% by the year of 2030 as rapid economic growth continues to expand the urban boundaries of cities around the world co2 and smog-causing emissions from fossil fuel-based energy consumption threaten the health of our cities and feed the intensifying environmental devastation caused by global warming .neutralizing the harmful effects of such energy use and transitioning towards a low carbon economy appears to be a daunting task. the issue is economically sensitive and of an enormous scale that crosses international boarders .as architects can we really have a positive impact on this complex issue and help transit the world to a low carbon economy .？the building industry represents 10% of the world economy. huge amounts of resources are consumed by the building industry: 17% of potable water, 25% of timber, and 50%of total global co2 emissions, the most of any sector. this is where architects have a great opportunity. this is where architects have a great opportunity:architects have a great opportunity: architects can control and reduce building energy consumption by design .the issues ranging from how we commute to work to the kind of light bulb we turn on when we arrive home from work. the central plant and mixed use standard energy delivery systems have become antiquated and grossly inefficient conventional thermoelectric stations convert only about 30% of the fuel energy into electricity. the remaining 70% is lost into electricity. the remaining 70 % is lost in the form of waste heat. moving energy production to a central plant within the building stars to reduce these inefficiencies. adding tri-generation technology that provides simultaneous production of power heat and cooling from a single energy source yields additional savings .waste heat from energy production is recover and used for free domestic hot water and space heating ,or in warmer climates waste heat can be run through heat absorption chillers for supplemental cooling. maximum reuse of waste energy depends on the building use.the typical tall building often function as a mono-use tower for either commercial or residential use. the single use typology has been driven for the most part by zoning and floor plates size requirements. office floor plates are very deep to maximize structural efficiency while residential floor plates are shallower to allow for ample access to fresh air, daylight and views. with the new generation of super tower,we are now seeing multi-use programs with combined commercial office and residential components. the bottom third may contain offices, followed by condominiums, then topped with a hotel. while this can be a design challenge, the energy use profile of the mixed use tower yields great potential for energy sharing. design processthe environmental impact of building is a global problem that must be addressed regionally. unique climatic, social and economic conditions and their potential impact on a project must be carefully analyzed for unique design opportunities. for example, the arid climate of spain is ideal for passive ventilation and cooling systems, while the pervasive humidity of hong kong may prove a technical challenge for such a strategy.at the design phase, the energy performance of a project must be approached intelligently and holistically. there is no single universal solution, and every project is unique. an integrated multidisciplinary approach that views the building as a system made up of interdependent architectural and engineering component yields higher performance and optimizes the management of energy and resources. in looking at the energy use profile of a typical office building, lighting, heating and cooling represent 2/3 of the total load. targeting reductions in these categories yield the most value. however, indoor environmental quality for the occupant has a direct relationship to these loads, and occupant comfort must be not be compromised. typical building energy use profilethe value of technology is often measured in terms of a cost benefit analysis, or payback period. as the payback extends for a specific design strategy these is less financial incentive for applying the technology. in regions where energy costs are low, extended payback periods remain an obstacle to investing in many high performance system. however, there are several low tech/low cost strategies that can have significant impact on a buildings energy performance. building form , orientation, and fenestration are component of every building. proper building orientation alone can reduce a buildings cooling loads by 5%. proper fenestration and shading can help protect a structure from unwanted heat gain caused by direct solar exposure during cold months .well designed fenestration can also maximize daylight penetration and reduce use of artificial lighting. 能源与高层建筑高层建筑是现代城市的象征。它们是一种符号，标志着众多企业、城市乃至整个国家所取得的成就。其类型已经达到前所未有的数量。应用非常的广。高层建筑从功能上回应了外部环境的转变。这都是由急速变换的世界市场经济引起的。建筑的基础结构必须能够支持可灵活重新配置的工作场地。以利于扩张信息与通信网络，它还必须适应新的建筑技术。同时，高层建筑必需具有最优效能，尽可能降低对环境的影响。如今的建筑所消耗的能量比大自然能承受的要多的多，从而在我们的自然生态系统中造就了一种严重的不平衡状态。可持续性建筑设计可以平衡自然生态系统的盛衰与经济体系、社会机制之间的关系，以便使一座建筑所消耗的能源与自然界的恢复能力吻合，并为子孙后代留下充足的资源储量。由于经济的迅速增长导致世界众多城市边界的扩张，到2030年，全球总能源需求预计会增长62%。燃烧矿物燃料所释放出来的二氧化碳和烟尘正在威胁着城市居民的健康，并使由全球变暖引起的环境破坏加剧。消除能源利用的有害影响、转而发展低碳型经济，似乎是一项比较艰难的任务。该课题对经济影响很大。而涉及面很广，需要跨国合作。作为建筑师，我们真的能对这一复杂课题产生正面影响，并对全球经济转为低碳型经济做出贡献吗？建筑工业占据全球经济总量的10%。它消耗着大量的自然资源：17%的饮用水、25%的木材以及50%的能源。这些消耗可产生占全球一半的二氧化碳排放量，比其他任何产业都多。这正是建筑师发挥作用的所在：建筑师可以通过设计来控制并降低建筑能源消耗。这一课题虽然相当广泛，但是建筑是有能力来影响诸多方面的。中央设备和多功能设备标准的能源供应系统已经过于陈旧，而且效率很低。传统的电力发电站只能将燃料产生