特殊名词变复数.doc

名词的词形变化1.不规则复数形式1）来自古英语的复数形式，如：child-children foot-feet tooth-teeth goose-geese man-men woman-women mouse-mice louse-lice ox-oxen penny-pence analysis-analyses appendix-appendicesparenthesis-parentheses basis-bases stimulus-stimuli ellipsis-ellipses axis-axes hypothesis-hypotheses oasis-oases crisis-crises criterion-criteria phenomenon-phenomena datum-data medium-mediabacterium-bacteria nucleus-nuclei fungus-fungi alumnus-alumni focus-foci radius-radii terminus-termini larva-larvae alga-algae formula-formulae data-datas lens-lenses。2）词尾读音为f并以f或0fe结尾的名词复数形式有以下几种情况： a）规则形式：belief-beliefs chief-chiefs cliff-cliffs grief-griefsb）不规则形式，即把f或fe变成v，再加es,读音为vz:calf-calves half-halves leaf-leaves life-lives loaf-loaves self-shelves thief-thieves wife-wives wolf-wolvesc）既可是规则形式又可是不规则形式：dwarf-dwarfs/dwarves hoof-hoofs/hovesscarf-scarfs/scarves wharf-wharfs/wharves3）词干以o结尾的名次有三种情况：a）附属形式为s：这类词包括缩略词kilos, photos；表示国籍或民族的词Filipinos, Eskimos以及radios ,solos, sopranos, studiosb）复数形式为es，如：heroes, potatoes, tomatoes, Negroes。c）复数有规则的和不规则的两种形式，如：cargo-cargos/cargoes mosquito-mosquitos/mosquitoes volcano-volacbos/volcanoes2.单复数同形的名词 1）某些动物名词，如：deer, grouse, salmon, trout, carp, bison, sheep等2）以ese或ss结尾的表示民族或国籍的名词，如：Chinses, Japanese, Portuguese, Swiss, Vietnamese等3）某些以s结尾的名词，如：barracks, corps, crossroads, gallows, headquarters, means, series, species, works等4）某些表示计量单位的名词，如：horsepower, hertz, kilohertz, li, mu等其他一些名词，如：aircraft, spacercarft, craft, offspring等。其中请特别注意s结尾的单复数同形的名词，它们是考试的重点！3.不可数名词不可数名词前一般不需要加定冠词，永远不能加不定冠词！不可数名词作主语，谓语要用单数形式。如：Water is important.但如果不可数名词前面被piece, drop, set等词修饰时，谓语应该与piece, drop, set等的单复数形式保持一致例如：Few drops of water are needed to save the flower.下面是典型的不可数名词，是应该熟记的！air,smoke,steam,vapor,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen,water,oil,soup,juice,ink,rain,snow,ice,tea,coffee,wine,sunlight,sunshine,lightning,thunder,weather,darkness,heat,light,electricity,energy,power,sugar,salt,rice,corn,powder,flour,sand,dust,dirt,garbage,grass,hair,furniture,luggage,clothing,mail,equipment,food,meat,fruit,bread,toast,stone,iron,copper,chalk,paper,glass,wood,money,poetry,jewelry,machinery,weaponry,personnel,scenery,happiness,kindness,honesty,friendship,attention,wisdom,success,courage,bravery,health,wealth,ignorance,trouble,ease,luck,laughter,love,peace,news,information,knowledge,intelligence,fun,pleasure,entertainment,enjoyment,recreation,relaxation,progress,room,work,homework,population,percent,mathematics,econmics,statistics,meteorology,anthropology,architecture,physics,photography,ethics,politics,mechanics,genetics,geology,geography,chemistry,philosophy,biolo