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美国文学知识一殖民地时期(The Literature of Colonial American)北美的第一本书:海湾圣诗(The Bay Psalmbook)约翰史密斯(John Smith):被誉为美国文学的第一位作家。代表作关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述(A True Relation of Virginia)是美国文学第一书。纳撒尼尔沃德(Nathaniel Ward):被誉为“北美讽刺文学第一笔”。代表作北美的阿格瓦姆鞋匠(The Simple Cobbler of Aggawam in America)。威廉布拉福德(William Bradford):被誉为“美国历史之父”。代表作普利茅斯种植园史(History of Plymouth Plantation)。安妮布拉德斯特里特(Anne Bradstreet):殖民地时期的第一位诗人。代表作最近在北美出现的第十位缪斯(The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America)。迈克尔威格尔斯沃斯(Michael Wigglesworth):诗人。代表作判决日(The Day Of Doom)。爱德华泰勒(Edward Taylor):诗人。代表作上帝对其选民有影响的决定(Gods Determinations Touching His Elect)。乔纳森爱德华兹(Jonathan Edwards):“大觉醒”(The Great Awakening)运动中的主要思想家。代表作愤怒是上帝手中之罪人。二独立战争到南北战争(American Literature between the War of Independence and the Civil War)本杰明富兰克林(Benjamin Franklin):美国启蒙运动的开创者、科学家、实业家、政治家和革命家,参与撰写了独立宣言(Declaration of Independence)。代表作自传(Autobiography),格言历书(Poor Richards Almanac)。托马斯潘恩(Thomas Pain):代表作常识(Common Sense)。托马斯杰佛逊(Thomas Jefferson):美国第三任总统,“重农主义”(Agrarians)的代表人物,执笔完成了独立宣言(Declaration of Independence)。约翰伍尔曼(John Woolman):代表作日记(Journal of John Woolman)。菲利普弗瑞诺(Philip Freneau):爱国诗人,革命诗人。代表作美国的荣耀蒸蒸日上(The Rising Glory of America)。菲利斯惠特利(Phillis Wheatley):美国文学史上第一位黑人女诗人。代表作胡塞先生和棺木(On Messrs Hussey and Coffin)。威廉邓拉普(William Dunlap):被誉为“美国戏剧之父”。代表作美国剧院史(History of the American Theatre),安德雷少校(Major Andre)。华盛顿欧文(Washington Irving):被誉为“美国文学之父”。代表作见闻札记(The Sketch Book),短篇小说睡谷的传说(The Legend of Sleepy Hollow)、瑞普凡温克尔(Rip Van Winkle)。詹姆斯菲尼莫尔库珀(James Fenimore Cooper):小说家,以“皮裹腿”(leatherstocking)小说著称。代表作开拓者(The Pioneers),最后一个莫西干人(The Last of the Mohicans),探路人(The Pathfinder)。威廉克伦布莱恩特(William Cullen Bryant):浪漫主义诗人,享有“美国的华兹华斯”美誉。代表作死亡随想曲(Thanatopsis),诗选(Poems),黄色的堇香花(The Yellow Violet),致水鸟(To a Waterfowl)。埃德加艾伦坡(Edgar Allen Poe):诗人,小说家,被认为是侦探小说的鼻祖。代表作厄舍古厦的倒塌(The Fall of the House of Usher),乌鸦(The Raven)。拉尔多华尔多爱默生(Ralph Waldo Emerson):超经验主义(Transcendentalism)思想家。代表作论自然(Nature),演讲论美国学者(The American Scholar)、代表人物(Representative Men)。亨利大卫梭罗(Henry David Thoreau):超经验主义(Transcendentalism)的另一位重要代表。代表作沃尔登湖,或林中生活(Walden, or Life in the Woods)。亨利华兹沃斯朗费罗(Henry Wadsworth Longfellow):19世纪美国最受欢迎的诗人。代表作伊凡吉林(Evangeline),海华沙之歌(The Song of Hiawatha)。纳撒尼尔霍桑(Nathaniel Hawthorne):19世纪美国影响最大的浪漫主义小说家。代表作范肖(Fanshawe),红字(The Scarlet Letter),带七个尖角阁的房子(The House of the Seven Gables),福谷传奇(The Blithedale Romance)。赫尔曼麦尔威尔(Herman Melville):代表作白鲸(Moby Dick)。哈利耶特比彻斯托(Harriet Beecher Stowe):小说家。汤姆叔叔的小屋(Uncle Toms Cabin)。沃尔特惠特曼(Walt Whitman):杰出的诗人,创造了“自由体”(free verse)诗歌。代表作草叶集(Leaves of Grass)。三南北战争到第一次世界大战(American Literature between the Civil War and World War )威廉迪安豪威尔斯(William Dean Howells):美国现实主义(Realism)文学的奠基人。代表作塞拉斯拉帕姆的发迹(The Rise of Silas Lapham)。亨利詹姆斯(Henry James):代表作黛西密勒(Daisy Miller),贵妇人的画像(The Portrait of a Lady),美国人(The American)。马克吐温(Mark Twain):杰出的幽默讽刺作家。代表作汤姆索亚历险记(The Adventures of Tom Sawyer),哈克贝里费恩历险记(The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn),王子与贫儿(The Prince and the Pauper),密西西比河上(Life on the Mississippi)。赫姆林加兰(Hamlin Garland):“乡土文学”(Local Colorism)的代表人物。代表作大路(Main-Traveled Roads)。弗兰克诺里斯(Frank Norris):开创了“自然主义”(Naturism)文学的先河。代表作章鱼(The Octopus)。史蒂芬克莱恩(Stephen Crane):受到“自然主义”的影响,代表作红色英勇勋章(The Red Badge of Courage)。欧亨利(O. Henry):现代短篇小说的创始人。代表作麦琪的礼物(The Gift of the Magi)。杰克伦敦(Jack London):受到“自然主义”的影响,代表作短篇小说热爱生活(Love of Life),野性的呼唤(The Call of the Wild),马丁伊登(Martin Eden)。西奥多德莱赛(Theodore Dreiser):美国现代小说的先驱。代表作嘉莉美眉(Sister Carrie),欲望三部曲(Trilogy of Desire)包括金融家(The financier)、巨人(The Titan)、司多葛(The Stoic),美国的悲剧(An American Tragedy)。艾米丽迪金森(Emily Dickson):诗人。代表作艾米丽迪金森诗集(Poems by Emily Dickson)。四第一次世界大战到第二次世界大战(American Literature between World War and)罗伯特弗罗斯特(Robert Frost):诗人,曾经四次获得“普利策奖”(Pulitzer Prize)。代表作波士顿以北(North of Boston),修墙(Mending Wall),雪夜林边小驻(Stopping by the Woods on a Snowy Evening),荒芜地带(Deserted Places),未选之路(The Road Not Taken)。伊兹拉庞德(Ezra Pound):诗人,“意象派”(Imagism)的代表人物。代表作地铁站里(In a Station of the Metro),诗章(The Cantos)。华莱士史蒂文斯(Wallace Stevens):诗人。代表作簧风琴(Harmonium),星期日早晨(Sunday Morning)。爱德华爱斯特林肯明斯(Edward Estlin Cummings):诗人,具象诗(concrete poetry)的先驱。代表作郁金香与烟囱(Tulips and Chimneys)。尤金奥尼尔(Eugene ONeil):1936年诺贝尔文学奖获得者。代表作天边外(Beyond the Horizon),送冰人来了(The Iceman Cometh),长夜漫漫路迢迢(Long Days Journey Into Night)。辛莱克刘易斯(Sinclair Lewis):1930年诺贝尔文学奖获得者,同时也是首个获此殊荣的美国作家。代表作大街(Main Street),巴比特(Babbitt)。欧内斯特海明威(Ernest Hemingway):小说家,1954年诺贝尔文学奖获得者,提出了著名的“冰山原理”(the principle of the iceberg)。代表作死在午后(Death in the Afternoon),老人与海(The Old Man and the Sea),太阳照常升起(The Sun Also Rises),永别了,武器(A Farewell to Arms),丧钟为谁而鸣(For Whom the Bell Tolls)。弗兰西斯斯科特菲茨杰拉德(Francis Scott Fitzgerald):代表作人间天堂(This Side of Paradise),了不起的盖茨比(The Great Gatsby),夜色温柔(Tender Is the Night)。托马斯沃尔夫(Thomas Wolfe):代表作天使,望家乡(Look Homeward, Angel)。赛珍珠(Pearl S. Buck):1938年诺贝尔文学奖获得者,同时她也是第一个获此殊荣的美国女作家。代表作大地(The Good Earth)。约翰斯坦贝克(John Steinbeck):1962年诺贝尔文学奖获得者。代表作天堂的牧场(The Pastures of Heaven),煎饼坪(Tortilla Flat),愤怒的葡萄(The Grapes of Wrath),月落(The Moon Is Down),烦躁的冬天(The Winter of Our Discontent)。威廉福克纳(William Faulkner):曾获“普利策奖”(Pulitzer Prize),1949年诺贝尔文学奖获得者。代表作喧哗与骚动(The Sound and the Fury),押沙龙,押沙龙!(Absalom, Absalom),下去,摩西(Go Down),在我弥留之际(As I Lay Dying),八月之光(Light in August),村子(The Hamlet),小镇(The Town),大宅(The Mansion),寓言(A Fable)。兰斯顿休斯(Langston Hughes):杰出的黑人诗人。代表作疲惫的布鲁斯(The Weary Blues),哈莱姆的莎士比亚(Shakespeare in Harlem),耽搁了的梦想蒙太奇(Montage of a Dream Deferred)。理查德莱特(Richard Wright):杰出的黑人作家。代表作土生子(Native Son),局外人(The Outsider),黑色权力(Black Power)。五第二次世界大战后(American Literature after World War )杰克凯鲁亚克(Jack Kerouac):“垮掉的一代”(Beat Generation)的代表人物。代表作在路上(On the Road)。约翰厄普代克(John Updike):现实主义文学大师。代表作兔子,跑吧(Rabbit, Run),马人(The Centaur),在农场(Of the farm),兔子归来(Rabbit Redux),兔子富了(Rabbit is Rich),兔子安息了(Rabbit at Rest)。乔伊斯卡罗尔欧茨(Joyce Carol Oates):代表作北门边(By The North Gate),人间乐园(A Garden of Earthly Delight)。杰罗姆大卫塞林格(Jerome David Salinger):“垮掉的一代”(Beat Generation)的代表人物。代表作麦田里的守望者(The Catcher in the Rye)。威廉巴斯勒(William Burroughs):“垮掉的一代”(Beat Generation)的代表人物。代表作裸露的午餐(Naked Lunch)。弗拉基米尔纳博科夫(Vladimir Nabokov):代表作洛丽塔(Lolita)。约瑟夫海勒(Joseph Heller):“黑色幽默”(Black Humor)的代表人物。代表作第22条军规(Catch-22)。库特冯尼格(Kurt Vonnegut):小说家,“黑色幽默”(Black Humor)的代表人物。自动钢琴(Player Piano),泰坦族的海妖(The Sirens of Titan),夜母亲(Mother Night),五号屠场(Slaughterhouse Five)。约翰霍克斯(John Hawkes):小说家。代表作吃人的人(The Cannibal)。约翰巴斯(John Barth):“实验主义”(experimentalism)的代表人物。代表作漂浮的歌剧(The Floating Opera)。托马斯品钦(Thomas Pynchon):“黑色幽默”(Black Humor)的代表人物。代表作万有引力之虹(Gravitys Rainbow)。尤多拉韦尔蒂(Eudora Welty):杰出的女作家。代表作庞德的心(The Ponder Heart)。卡森麦卡勒斯(Carson McCullers):杰出的女作家。代表作心是一个孤独的猎人(The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter)。费兰纳里奥康纳(Flannery OConnor):杰出的女作家。代表作慧血(Wise Blood),强暴夺走了它(The Violent Bear It Away),好人难寻(A Good Man Is Hard to Find)。威廉斯泰伦(William Styron):美国南方作家。代表作躺在黑暗中(Lie Down in Darkness),苏菲的选择(Sophies Choice)。艾萨克巴什维斯辛格(Isaac Bashevis Singer):犹太作家,1978年诺贝尔文学奖获得者。代表作鲁柏林的魔术师(The Magician of Lublin)。索尔贝娄(Saul Bellow):犹太作家,1976年诺贝尔文学奖获得者。代表作晃来晃去的人(Dangling Man),雨王汉德逊(Henderson the Rain King),赫尔索格(Herzog),奥吉玛奇历险记(The Adventures of Augie March),勿失良机(Seize the Day)。伯纳德马拉默德(Bernard Malamud):犹太小说家。代表作店员(The Assistant)。菲利普罗斯(Philips Roth):犹太讽刺小说家。代表作再见吧,哥伦布(Good-bye, Columbus),美国牧歌(American Pastoral)。拉尔夫埃里森(Ralph Ellison):黑人作家。代表作看不见的人(Invisible Man)。詹姆斯鲍德温(James Baldwin):黑人散文家,小说家。代表作向苍天呼吁(Go Tell It On The Mountain)。托尼莫里森(Toni Morrison):1993年诺贝尔文学奖获得者,同时也是第一位获此殊荣的美国黑人作家。代表作最蓝的眼睛(The Bluest Eye),所罗门之歌(Song of Solomon)。田纳西威廉斯(Tennessee Williams):美国战后杰出的剧作家。代表作玻璃动物园(The Glass Menagerie),欲望号列车(A Street Car Named Desire),热铁皮屋顶上的猫(Cat on a Hot Tin Roof)。阿瑟米勒(Arthur Miller):杰出的戏剧家。代表作都是我的儿子(All My Sons),推销员之死(Death of a Salesman)。爱德华阿尔比(Edward Albee):戏剧家。代表作动物园的故事(The Zoo Story),谁害怕弗吉尼亚伍尔夫(Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf ?)。西尔维娅普拉斯(Sylvia Plath):“自白派”(confessional)诗人。代表作诗集巨人(The Colossus and Other Poems)。艾里斯沃克(Alice Walker):杰出的黑人作家,女权主义者(feminist)。代表作紫色(The Color Purple)。4. American Naturalism: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. American naturalism had been shaped by the war; by the social upheavals that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age. Americas literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity. In presenting the extremes of life, the naturalists sometimes displayed an affinity to the sensationalism of early romanticism, but unlike their romantic predecessors, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.5. American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them. They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind. American Puritanism also had an enduring influence on American literature.6. American Realism: in American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.7. American Romanticism: The Romantic Period covers the first half of the 19th century. A rising America with its ideals of democracy and equality, its industrialization, its westward expansion, and a variety of foreign influences were among the important factors which made literary expansion and expression not only possible but also inevitable in the period immediately following the nations political independence. Yet, romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics: moral enthusiasm, faith in value of individualism and intuitive perception, an

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