探析现代电力电子及电源技术的发展.doc

探析现代电力电子及电源技术的发展现代电源技术是应用电力电子半导体器件,综合自动控制、计算机(微处理器)技术和电磁技术的多学科边缘交又技术。在各种高质量、高效、高可靠性的电源中起关键作用,是现代电力电子技术的具 体应用。Modern power technology is the application of power electronic semiconductor devices and integrated automatic control, computer (microprocessor) and electromagnetic technology of multidisciplinary edge in technology. In all kinds of high quality, high efficiency, high reliability of power supply plays a key role, is the concrete application of modern power electronic technology.当前,电力电子作为节能、节才、自动化、智能化、机电一体化的基础,正朝着应用技术高频化、硬件结构模块化、产品性能绿色化的方向发展。在不远的将来,电力电子技术将使电源技术更加成熟、经 济、实用,实现高效率和高品质用电相结合。Current, power electronics as an energy-saving, section, automation, intelligent, electromechanical integration, the basis of the application technology is moving in high-frequency, modular hardware structure and the direction of green product performance. In the near future, power electronic technology will enable power technology more mature, economic, practical, achieve high efficiency and high quality.1. 电力电子技术的发展1. The development of power electronics technology现代电力电子技术的发展方向,是从以低频技术处理问题为主的传统电力电子学,向以高频技术处理问题为主的现代电力电子学方向转变。电力电子技术起始于五十年代末六十年代初的硅整流器件,其发展先后经历了整流器时代、逆变器时代和变频器时代,并促进了电力电子技术在许多新领域的应用。八十年代末期和九十年代初期发展起来的、以功率MOSFET和IGBT为代表的、集高频、高压和大电流于一身的功率半导体复合器件,表明传统电力电子技术已经进入现代电力电子时代。The development direction of modern power electronic technology, is given priority to with low frequency technology deal with the problem of traditional power electronics, to give priority to with high frequency technology deal with the problem of modern power electronics. Power electronic technology began in the early 50 s, 60 s of the silicon rectifier device, its development has experienced the era of era of rectifier and inverter and converter, and promoted the power electronic technology in many new areas of application. Developed in the late eighty s and early ninety s, represented by power MOSFET and IGBT and high frequency, high voltage and large current of power semiconductor compound device, show that traditional power electronic technology has entered the era of modern power electronics.1.1 整流器时代1.1 the age of rectifier大功率的工业用电由工频(50Hz)交流发电机提供,但是大约20%的电能是以直流形式消费的,其中最典型的是电解(有色金属和化工原料需要直流电解)、牵引(电气机车、电传动的内燃机车、地铁机车、城市无轨电车等)和直流传动(轧钢、造纸等)三大领域。大功率硅整流器能够高效率地把工频交流电转变为直流电,因此在六十年代和七十年代,大功率硅整流管和晶闸管的开发与应用得以很大发展。当时国内曾经掀起了-股各地大办硅整流器厂的热潮,目前全国大大小小的制造硅整流器的半导体厂家就是那时的产物。High-power industrial power is provided by (50 hz) power frequency ac generators, but about 20% of electricity consumption in the form of dc, one of the most typical is the electrolysis (non-ferrous metal and chemical raw materials need to dc solution), traction, electric scooter, electric drive the internal combustion engine car city, metro locomotives, trolley buses, etc.) and dc transmission (rolling, papermaking, etc.) the three areas. High-power silicon rectifier can effectively put the alternating current into direct current (dc) power frequency, therefore in the 60 s and seventy s, the development and application of high power silicon rectifier and brake pipe to great development. Was raised - used to domestic DaBan silicon rectifier plant around the boom, at present the national greatly small manufacturing silicon rectifier semiconductor manufacturers is the product of at that time.1.2 逆变器时代1.2 inverter era七十年代出现了世界范围的能源危机,交流电机变频惆速因节能效果显著而迅速发展。变频调速的关键技术是将直流电逆变为0100Hz的交流电。在七十年代到八十年代,随着变频调速装置的普及,大功率逆变用的晶闸管、巨型功率晶体管(GTR)和门极可关断晶闸管(GT0)成为当时电力电子器件的主角。类似的应用还包括高压直流输出,静止式无功功率动态补偿等。这时的电力电子技术已经能够实现整流和逆变,但工作频率较低,仅局限在中低频范围内。Appeared in the seventy s a worldwide energy crisis, the ac motor variable frequency Radcliffe speed rapid development because of the energy saving effect is remarkable. The key technology of variable frequency speed regulation is to direct current (dc) of 0 100 hz ac inverter. In the seventy s and seventy s, with the popularity of variable frequency speed regulating device, power inverter with thyristor, giant transistor (GTR) power and gate turn off thyristor (GT0) was cast in the role of power electronics device. Similar applications include high voltage dc output, static reactive power dynamic compensation etc. At this time of the power electronic technology has been able to realize rectifier and inverter, but working frequency is low, limited in the low-frequency range.1.3 变频器时代1.3 inverter era进入八十年代,大规模和超大规模集成电路技术的迅猛发展,为现代电力电子技术的发展奠定了基础。将集成电路技术的精细加工技术和高压大电流技术有机结合,出现了一批全新的全控型功率器件、首先是功率M0SFET的问世,导致了中小功率电源向高频化发展,而后绝缘门极双极晶体管(IGBT)的出现,又为大中型功率电源向高频发展带来机遇。MOSFET和IGBT的相继问世,是传统的电力电子向现代电力电子转化的标志。据统计,到1995年底,功率M0SFET和GTR在功率半导体器件市场上已达到平分秋色的地步,而用IGBT代替GTR在电力电子领域巳成定论。新型器件的发展不仅为交流电机变频调速提供了较高的频率,使其性能更加完善可靠,而且使现代电子技术不断向高频化发展,为用电设备的高效节材节能,实现小型轻量化,机电一体化和智能化提供了重要的技术基础。Into the eighty s, large scale and very large scale integrated circuit technology rapid development, laid the groundwork for the development of modern power electronic technology. Fine processing technology and integrated circuit technology will combine high voltage large current technology, appeared a batch of new type all control the power device, the first is the advent of power M0SFET, led to the small and medium-sized power sources to the development of high frequency, and insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), and high frequency development opportunity for the large and medium-sized power sources. Thereafter, MOSFET and IGBT of power electronics is the traditional to the modern power electronic transformation. According to statistics, by the end of 1995, power M0SFET and GTR in power semiconductor devices on the market has reached the point of vie, and replace GTR with IGBT have been established in the field of power electronics. The development of the new device not only provides a high frequency ac motor frequency control of motor speed, make its function more perfect and reliable, and makes the development of modern electronic technology constantly to high frequency change, for efficient energy saving, material saving of electrical equipment to achieve small, lightweight, mechanical and electrical integration and intelligentization provides important technical foundation.2. 现代电力电子的应用领域2. The application field of modern power electronics2.1 计算机高效率绿色电源2.1 computer efficient green power supply高速发展的计算机技术带领人类进入了信息社会,同时也促进了电源技术的迅速发展。八十年代,计算机全面采用了开关电源,率先完成计算机电源换代。接着开关电源技术相继进人了电子、电器设备领域。Rapid development of computer technology bring human into the information society, but also promoted the rapid development of power technology. In the eighty s, the computer fully used the switching power supply, take the lead in complete machine power generation. Then switch power technology successively in the area of electronics, electrical equipment.计算机技术的发展,提出绿色电脑和绿色电源。绿色电脑泛指对环境无害的个人电脑和相关产品，绿色电源系指与绿色电脑相关的高效省电电源,根据美国环境保护署l992年6月17日“能源之星计划规定,桌上型个人电脑或相关的外围设备,在睡眠状态下的耗电量若小于30瓦,就符合绿色电脑的要求,提高电源效率是降低电源消耗的根本途径。就目前效率为75%的200瓦开关电源而言,电源自身要消耗50瓦的能源。The development of computer technology, the computer put forward green and green power supply. Green computer refers to personal computers and related products is harmless to the environment, green power refers to the green computer related efficiently save electricity power supply, according to the U.S. environmental protection agency (epa) in l992 on June 17, energy star program, desktop personal computers or related peripheral equipment, the power consumption in the sleep state, if less than 30 watts, accord with the requirement of green computer, improve the efficiency of power supply is the fundamental way to reduce the consumption of power. Current efficiency is 75% of 200 w switching power supply, power supply itself consumes 50 watts of energy.2.2 通信用高频开关电源2.2 communication of high frequency switching power supply通信业的迅速发展极大的推动了通信电源的发展。高频小型化的开关电源及其技术已成为现代通信供电系统的主流。在通信领域中,通常将整流器称为一次电源,而将直流-直流(DC/DC)变换器称为二次电源。一次电源的作用是将单相或三相交流电网变换成标称值为48V的直流电源。目前在程控交换机用的一次电源中,传统的相控式稳压电源己被高频开关电源取代,高频开关电源(也称为开关型整流器SMR)通过MOSFET或IGBT的高频工作,开关频率一般控制在50-100kHz范围内,实现高效率和小型化。近几年,开关整流器的功率容量不断扩大,单机容量己从48V/12.5A、48V/20A扩大到48V/200A、48V/400A。Telecommunication industry has been heavily promoted by the rapid development of the development of communication power supply. High-frequency miniaturization of switch power supply and its technology has become the mainstream of modern communication power supply system. In the field of communication, often will be called a rectifier power supply, and DC - DC (DC/DC) converter referred to as the secondary power supply. Is the role of a power single-phase or three-phase ac power grid transformation into a nominal value of 48 v dc power supply. In SPC exchange with a power supply at present, the traditional phased type regulated power supply has replaced by the high frequency switching power supply, high-frequency switching power supply (also known as switch mode rectifier SMR) by MOSFET and IGBT high frequency work, general control switch frequency in 50-100 KHZ range, to achieve high efficiency and miniaturization. Expands unceasingly in recent years, the power switch rectifier capacity, capacity of f from 48 v / 12.5 A 48 v / 20 A, extended to the 48 v / 200 A, 48 v / 400 A.因通信设备中所用集成电路的种类繁多,其电源电压也各不相同,在通信供电系统中采用高功率密度的高频DC-DC隔离电源模块,从中间母线电压(一般为48V直流)变换成所需的各种直流电压,这样可大大减小损耗、方便维护,且安装、增加非常方便。一般都可直接装在标准控制板上,对二次电源的要求是高功率密度。因通信容量的不断增加,通信电源容量也将不断增加。Because there are many types of integrated circuit used in communication equipment, the power supply voltage is also each are not identical, in the communication power supply system with high power density of the high frequency DC - DC isolation power supply module, from the middle busbar voltage (generally of 48 v DC) into the various DC voltages, it can greatly reduce the loss, convenient maintenance, and installation, increase is very convenient. Generally can be directly mounted in the standard control panel, the secondary power supply requirements is high power density. Because of communication increasing, the capacity of communication power supply capacity will also continue to increase.2.3 直流-直流(DC/DC)变换器2.3 DC - DC converter (DC/DC)DC/DC变换器将一个固定的直流电压变换为可变的直流电压,这种技术被广泛应用于无轨电车、地铁列车、电动车的无级变速和控制,同时使上述控制获得加速平稳、快速响应的性能,并同时收到节约电能的效果。用直流斩波器代替变阻器可节约电能(2030)%。直流斩波器不仅能起调压的作用(开关电源), 同时还能起到有效地抑制电网侧谐波电流噪声的作用。DC/DC converter to a fixed DC voltage transformation as a variable DC voltage, this technology has been widely applied in the trolley buses, subways, trains, stepless variable speed and control of electric vehicle, and to make the control to obtain smooth acceleration and fast response performance, and at the same time receive electrical energy saving effect. Use the dc chopper instead rheostat can save electric energy (20 30) %. Dc chopper can not only ACTS as voltage regulation (switching power supply), but also can effectively inhibit the action of the grid side harmonic current noise.通信电源的二次电源DC/DC变换器已商品化,模块采用高频PWM技术,开关频率在500kHz左右,功率密度为5W20W/in3。随着大规模集成电路的发展,要求电源模块实现小型化,因此就要不断提高开关频率和采用新的电路拓扑结构,目前已有一些公司研制生产了采用零电流开关和零电压开关技术的二次电源模块,功率密度有较大幅度的提高。Communication power supply in the secondary power supply DC/DC converter has been commercialized, modules using high frequency PWM technology, switching frequency about 500 KHZ, the power density of 5 w to 20 w/in3. With the development of large scale integrated circuit, power supply module to realize miniaturization, thus will improve the switch frequency and using the new circuit topology, there are some of the company development and production with zero current switch and zero voltage switching technology of secondary power supply module, power density is greatly improved.2.4 不间断电源(UPS)2.4 uninterruptible power supply (UPS)不间断电源(UPS)是计算机、通信系统以及要求提供不能中断场合所必须的一种高可靠、高性能的电源。交流市电输入经整流器变成直流,一部分能量给蓄电池组充电,另一部分能量经逆变器变成交流,经转换开关送到负载。为了在逆变器故障时仍能向负载提供能量,另一路备用电源通过电源转换开关来实现。Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is a computer and communications systems and required to provide necessary occasions could not interrupt a high reliable, high performance power supply. Ac mains input into dc rectifier, part of the energy to the battery charging, the another part of the energy to ac inverter, the switch to the load. For the inverter failure can still provide the energy to the load, the other standby power by the power switch on the way.现代UPS普遍了采用脉宽调制技术和功率M0SFET、IGBT等现代电力电子器件,电源的噪声得以降低,而效率和可靠性得以提高。微处理器软硬件技术的引入,可以实现对UPS的智能化管理,进行远程维护和远程诊断。Modern UPS M0SFET generally adopts the pulse width modulation technology and power, modern power electronic devices such as IGBT, power supply noise is reduced, and the efficiency and reliability. The introduction of microprocessor hardware and software technology, can realize the UPS intelligent management, remote maintenance and remote diagnosis.目前在线式UPS的最大容量已可作到600kVA。超小型UPS发展也很迅速,已经有0.5kVA、lkVA、2kVA、3kVA等多种规格的产品。The current maximum capacity has on-line UPS can do 600 kva. Subminiature UPS is also very rapid development, already has 0.5 kVA, lkVA, 2 kVA, 3 kVA and various specifications of the products.2.5 变频器电源2.5 inverter power supply变频器电源主要用于交流电机的变频调速,其在电气传动系统中占据的地位日趋重要,已获得巨大的节能效果。变频器电源主电路均采用交流-直流-交流方案。工频电源通过整流器变成固定的直流电压,然后由大功率晶体管或IGBT组成的PWM高频变换器, 将直流电压逆变成电压、频率可变的交流输出,电源输出波形近似于正弦波,用于驱动交流异步电动机实现无级调速。Inverter power supply is mainly used in ac motor frequency control of motor speed, which occupy a position has become increasingly important in electric drive system, has obtained huge energy saving effect. Inverter main circuit power supply adopt ac - dc - ac solution. Variable frequency power supply through the rectifier into a fixed dc voltage, and then made up of high-power IGBT transistor or PWM high frequency converter, inverter dc voltage into variable ac output voltage, frequency, power supply output waveform similar to sine wave, used to drive ac asynchronous motor to realize stepless speed regulation.国际上400kVA以下的变频器电源系列产品已经问世。八十年代初期,日本东芝公司最先将交流变频调速技术应用于空调器中。至1997年,其占有率已达到日本家用空调的70%以上。变频空调具有舒适、节能等优点。国内于90年代初期开始研究变频空调,96年引进生产线生产变频空调器,逐渐形成变频空调开发生产热点。预计到2000年左右将形成高潮。变频空调除了变频电源外,还要求有适合于变频调速的压缩机电机。优化控制策略,精选功能组件,是空调变频电源研制的进一步发展方向。Under international 400 kva inverter power supply series of products has been available. In the early eighty s, Japans Toshiba first ac variable frequency speed regulation technology was applied to the air conditioner. Japan to 1997, its share has reached more than 70% of household air conditioning. Frequency conversion air conditioning has the advantages of comfortable, energy-saving. Beginning in the early 90 s research frequency conversion air conditioning, frequency conversion air conditioner, introduced in 96 production line production gradually formed frequency conversion air conditioning development and production of hot spots. By 2000 or so would be a climax. In addition to variable frequency power supply, frequency conversion air conditioning also requires suitable for frequency control of motor speed of compressor motor. Optimization control strategy, the selection of functional components, air conditioning variable frequency power supply is developed by further development direction.2.6 高频逆变式整流焊机电源2.6 high frequency inverter rectifier welding machine power supply高频逆变式整流焊机电源是一种高性能、高效、省材的新型焊机电源,代表了当今焊机电源的发展方向。由于IGBT大容量模块的商用化,这种电源更有着广阔的应用前景。High-frequency rectifier inverter welding power source is a kind of new type welding machine power supply of high performance, high efficiency, save material, represents the development direction of welding power source. Because of the large capacity IGBT module, the power supply has a broad application prospect.逆变焊机电源大都采用交流-直流-交流-直流(AC-DC-AC-DC)变换的方法。50Hz交流电经全桥整流变成直流,IGBT组成的PWM高频变换部分将直流电逆变成20kHz的高频矩形波,经高频变压器耦合, 整流滤波后成为稳定的直流,供电弧使用。Most of the welding inverter power supply adopt AC - DC - AC - DC - AC - DC - AC - DC) transformation method. 50 hz alternating current through the whole bridge rectifier into a dc, IGBT PWM high frequency transformation of dc inverter into 20 KHZ high frequency rectangular wave and the high-frequency transformer coupling, have become the stable dc rectifier filter, power supply of arc is used.由于焊机电源的工作条件恶劣,频繁的处于短路、燃弧、开路交替变化之中,因此高频逆变式整流焊机电源的工作可靠性问题成为最关键的问题,也是用户最关心的问题。采用微处理器做为脉冲宽度调制(PWM)的相关控制器,通过对多参数、多信息的提取与分析,达到预知系统各种工作状态的目的,进而提前对系统做出调整和处理,解决了目前大功率IGBT逆变电源可靠性。The frequent because of the bad working conditions of the welding machine power supply is in short circuit, arc, open circuit changes, so the high frequency inverter rectifier welding machine reliability problems become the key problem of the power supply, is also the most concern of the user. USES the microprocessor as the pulse width modulation (PWM) controller, based on the parameter, information extraction and analysis, to predict various working status, the purpose of system to make adjustments to the system and processing in advance, solved the high power IGBT inverter power supply reliability.国外逆变焊机已可做到额定焊接电流300A,负载持续率60%,全载电压6075V,电流调节范围5300A,重量29kg。Abroad can be done in inverter welding machine has rated welding current is 300 a, duty rate is 60%, the load voltage 60 75 v, current adjusting range is 5 300 a, 29 kg in weight.2.7 大功率开关型高压直流电源2.7 high pressure high-power switch mode dc power supply大功率开关型高压直流电源广泛应用于静电除尘、水质改良、医用X光机和CT机等大型设备。电压高达50l59kV,电流达到0.5A以上,功率可达100kW。High pressure high-power switch mode dc power supply is widely used in electrostatic dust removal, water quality improvement, medical X-ray and CT machine and other large equipment. Voltage up to 50 l59kV, current of 0.5 A above, power up to 100 kw.自从70年代开始,日本的一些公司开始采用逆变技术,将市电整流后逆变为3kHz左右的中频,然后升压。进入80年代,高频开关电源技术迅速发展。德国西门子公司采用功率晶体管做主开关元件,将电源的开关频率提高到20kHz以上。并将干式变压器技术成功的应用于高频高压电源,取消了高压变压器油箱,使变压器系统的体积进一步减小。Since the 70 s, Japanese companies began to adopt inverter technology, the grid inverter for about 3 KHZ frequency after rectification, then the booster. Into the 80 s, high-frequency switching power supply technology rapid development. Germanys Siemens company adopts power transistor is done advocate switching element, to increase the frequency of switching powe