现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter7.doc

Chapter 7 Sense Relations Between Words n 7.1 Synonymy同义关系n 7.2 Antonymy反义关系n 7.3 Hyponymy上下义关系n 7.4 Semantic Field 语义场7.1 SynonymySynonyms: words differing in sound form but identical or similar in meaning. *Synonymy: a relationship of sameness of meaning that may hold between two words.Synonym: a word that means the same as another. *Or exactly one of two or more words which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning.l Kinds of synonyms There are two kinds of synonyms1) Complete synonyms: are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects.*Theyre rare .Two words are totally synonyms only if they are fully identical in meaning and interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in connotative ,affective and stylistic meanings .Eg. spirants fricative (phonetics ) caecitis typhlitis (medicine ) word-formation word-building (lexicology )2) Relative synonyms : also called quasi-synonyms.Differ from complete synonyms in the following respects:a) In degree of a given quality or in shade of meaning;Eg. small ,tiny ,diminutive ,minute ,microscopic ,infinitesimal -they denote different degrees of smallness anger ,rage ,fury ,indignation ,wrath they denote the emotional excitement induced by intense displeasure .b) In affective meaning, and stylistic meaning;i. affective meaning(emotive meaning )Eg. little small little emotion is associate with the designation small has no affective meaning thrifty /frugal niggardly /miserly black nigger ii. stylistic meaning: words which refers to the same thing but belong to different stylistic layers :neutral (common ),colloquial ,literary ,slang ,vulgar ,scientific and technical ,ect.Eg. chide (literary ) berate (neutral ) scold (neutral ) blame (neutral)carpet (colloquial ,esp. BrE)tell off (colloquial) bawl out (AmE.,slang ) c) In collocation and distribution: Eg. pretty girl /child /flower /garden /colour /village/cottage handsome boy /masterpiece /car /table /overcoat /airliner /house d) Some sets of synonyms belong to different dialects of the language l Synonymous patterns a) The double scale patternEg. Native Latin friendship amity help aid inner conceal same identical b) The triple scale pattern Eg.Native French Latin ask question interrogate fire flame conflagration fear terror trepidation goodness virtue probity holy sacred consecrated l The choice and appropriate use of synonyms 1) Difference in denotationSynonyms may differ in the range and intensity of meaning. Some words have a wider range of meaning than others. comprehend / understandextend / increase / expandlaugh: chortle, chuckle, giggle, guffaw, snicker/snigger, titter2) Difference in connotation.By connotation, we mean the stylistic and emotive coloring of words. Some words share the same denotation but differ in their stylistic (emotional) appropriateness. unlike / dissimilar homely / domesticLook at that lovely little boy.Look at that small boy.Look at that tiny boy.3) Difference in application.Many words are synonymous in meaning but different in usage in simple 4) Difference in applicationMany words are synonymous in meaning but different in usage in simple terms. They form different collocations and fit into different sentence patterns (distribution: pre- or post- modifier). empty (box, street, room), vacant (seat, chair, apartment), blank (check, a blank sheet of paper)accuse.of, chargewith, rebukefor, reproachwith/for*synonyms also includes three other aspects:(1) synonyms of different word-class (jealous jealousy)(2) words synonymous with phrases (to tolerate to put up with )(3) different sentence patterns expressing roughly the same idea eg. He was the sole provider of the family . He alone had to support the family . He was the only person to provide for the family .7.2 Antonymy反义关系Antonyms: words which are opposite in meaning.(oppositeness of meaning )l Types of antonyms A. antonyms classified on the basis of semantic contrasta) Contraries相对反义词Antonyms of this type are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes. The two opposites are gradable. hot, warm, cool, cold beautiful, pretty, good-looking, plain, ugly old-young, open-close, big-small, poor-rich b) Complementaries绝对反义词/互补反义词These antonyms truly represent oppositeness. They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them (non-gradable).The assertion of one is the denial of the other. dead-alive, present-absent, male-female, true-false, approval-disapproval capable-incapable Prefixes: dis-, in-, il-, ir-, im-, un-c) Coversives 换位反义词/关系反义词This third type consists of relational opposites.one member of the antonyms pair presupposes the other member. Husband-wife, fianc-fiance, employer-employee, debtor-creditor Above-below, in front of-behind, up-down Buy-sell, give-receive, go-come, gain-loseB. antonyms classified on the basis of the morphological structurea) Marked and unmarked members (有标记项和无标记项)E.g.: tiger(unmarked), tigress(marked) The unmarked member is used much more widely than merely as a contrast with the marked one, which is more specific in denotation. Old/young; “How old / young are you?” big/small; “How big ?” wide/narrow;“How wide ?” Heavy/light*The cover term is called “unmarked”, i.e. usual; and the covered “marked”, or unusual.b) Some words without antonyms*Not all words have antonyms: Eg. House, window, forest, book, coald) Different antonyms under different circumstance Eg. an old man a young man an old house a modern /new house a thin slice a thick slice a thin man a fat man a tall building a low building a tall man a short man e) Lexical antonyms vs syntactic negation Lexical antonyms is often stronger than syntactic negation.(using not )Eg. impossible not possible unfair not fair disloyal-not loyal to disobey not to obey f) Word order of antonymous pairs Eg. heaven and earth 天地 man and wife 夫妻 cause and effect 因果 come and go 来去 far and near /wide 远近 black and white 黑白thick and thin 厚薄fire and water 水火heat and cold 寒暑eat and drink 饮食right and left 左右rich and poor 聘夫old and new 新旧heavy and light 轻重sooner or later 迟早现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter7l Use of antonyms Antonyms are often used for the sake of contrast to impress one s listeners or readers.Eg. in proverbial sayings Sweet as honey ,bitter as gall . Art is long ,life is short More haste ,less speed .Light come ,light go .7.3 Hyponymy上下义关系Hyponymy: is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items Eg. cat is a hyponymy of animal ,flute of instrument ,chair of furniture Food is a superordinate (上义词), meat, vegetable and fruit are hyponyms(下义词) or subordinates of food, and they are co-hyponyms(共下义词). But their status either as superordinate or subordinate is relative to other terms. 7.4 Semantic Field 语义场 Semantic Field Theory语义场理论-德国 Jost Trier 20世纪30年代 The set of terms which are hyponyms of the same superordinate terms are called co-hyponyms, which are also knows as semantic fields. The words of language can be classified into sets which are related to conceptual fields and divide up the semantic space or the semantic domain in certain ways. For example, apple, pear, date and etc. make up the semantic field of “fruits”. The German linguist Jost Trier saw vocabulary as an integrated system of lexemes interrelated in sense. Therefore, the words of language can be classified into semantically related sets of fields. Eg. -Semantic field of colours: red, orange -Semantic field of kinship: son,father -The semantic field of kinship: father, mother, son, daughter, brother, sister -联系性 I like lemon. orange，apple， grape red，black，green -层次性 禽兽 鸟、鱼、昆虫、哺乳动物 猪、牛、马母场 子场 Characteristics1) Words in the