旅游英语结业报告.docx

课程结业报告课程名称：涉外旅游英语文化教程 学号：08091201姓名:习琴芳老师:韩娇阳 2011年6月12日Part one: a brief introduction of the courseThis book focuses on brief introduction of global culture tourism and uniqueness of different countries. It has six chapters, each of which can be divided into three parts: brief introduction, culture and tourism.1. Chapter one introduce the tourism and culture of Asia. Asia is the worlds largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres. It covers 8.6% of the Earths total surface area (or 29.9% of its land area) and with approximately 4 billion people, it hosts 60% of the worlds current human population. During the 20th century Asias population nearly quadrupled. Asia is traditionally defined as part of the landmass of Eurasiawith the western portion of the latter occupied by Europelocated to the east of the Suez Canal, east of the Ural Mountains and south of the Caucasus Mountains (or the Kuma-Manych Depression and the Caspian and Black Seas. It is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Indian Ocean and on the north by the Arctic Ocean. Given its size and diversity, Asiaa toponym dating back to classical antiquityis more a cultural concept incorporating a number of regions and peoples than a homogeneous physical entity (see Subregions of Asia, Asian people). The wealth of Asia differs very widely among and within its regions, due to its vast size and huge range of different ethnic groups, cultures, environments, historical ties and government systems. Asia has been the historical birthplace of all major world religions.2 Chapter two introduce the tourism and culture of Europe Europe is the sixth largest continent in size and the third largest in population. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the south, Asia to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the West. Europe is a wealthy continent and is the center of the West and Western Democracy. Europe has been the home to some of the earths greatest civilizations from Ancient Greece to the Roman Empire. It is also the home to the birth of democracy. Europe has also been the central point two of the biggest wars in modern history: WWI and WWII. Recently Europe has united under the common union called the European Union. This union allows independent European countries to have a single currency and to combine their economic and military power. Europe is the worlds second-smallest continent in terms of area, covering about 10,180.000 square kilometers or 2%of the earths surface. It hosts a large number of sovereign states, whose precise amount depends on the underlying definition of Europes border, as well as on the in-or exclusive of semi-recognized states. Of all European countries, Russia is the largest by both area and population, while the Vatican is the smallest. Europe is the third most populous continent after Asia and Africa with a population of 710,000,000 or about 11% of the worlds population. However, Europes border and population are in dispute, as the term continent can refer to a cultural and political distinction or physiographic one.3 Chapter three introduce the tourism and culture of Africa Africa is the worlds second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km (11.7 million sq mi) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earths total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area. With 1.0 billion people (as of 2009, see table) in 61 territories, it accounts for about 14.72% of the worlds human population. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent has 54 sovereign states, including Madagascar and various island groups. Africa, particularly central Eastern Africa, is widely regarded within the scientific community to be the origin of humans and the Hominidae clade (great apes), as evidenced by the discovery of the earliest hominids and their ancestors, as well as later ones that have been dated to around seven million years ago including Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Australopithecus africanus, A. afarensis, Homo erectus, H. habilis and H. ergaster with the earliest Homo sapiens (modern human) found in Ethiopia being dated to circa 200,000 years ago.Africa straddles the equator and encompasses numerous climate areas; it is the only continent to stretch from the northern temperate to southern temperate zones. The African expected economic growth rate is at about 5.0% for 2010 and 5.5% in 20114 Chapter four introduce the tourism and culture of North AmericaNorth America is the third largest continent in area and the fourtj ranked in population. It is bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the south by the Caribbean Sea, and on the west by the North Pacific Ocean. It covers an area of 9,355,000square miles. As of July 2008, its population was estimated at nearly 529million people.North America occupies the northern portion of the landmass generally referred to as the New World, the Western Hemisphere, the Americas, or simply America. Northern Americas only land connection is to South America at the narrow Isthmus of Panama. According to some authorities, North America begins not at the Isthmus of Panama but at the narrows central America as a subcontinent or region of Northern America.The continent is filled with history, culture, tourist attraction, and activities, a vacation to America offers tourists the opportunity to experience several cultures and explore a wide variety of sights and activities. The major two countries of Northern America; the United States and Canada offer hundreds of exciting tourist locations. 5 chapter five introduce the tourism and culture of South America South America is the fourth largest continent in size and the fifth largest in population. It is located primarily n the southern hemisphere, is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Pacific Ocean in the west. The geography of South America is dominated by the Ands Mountain Range and the Amazon River.Prior to European colonization, the Incan Civilization was a dominant force in South America. In the 1500s, Spain and Portugal colonized much of South America. The colonies gained independence in the 1800s with the help of leaders such as Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin. As a result, much of South America still speaks Spanish and Portuguese is the primary language of Brazil.6 Chapter six introduce the tourism and culture of Oceania Oceania is a region centered on the islands of the tropical Pacific Ocean. Conceptions of what constitutes Oceania range from the coral atolls and volcanic islands of the South Pacific (ethnologically divided into the subregions of Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia) to the entire insular region between Asia and the Americas, including Australasia and the Malay Archipelago. The term is sometimes used more specifically to denote a continent comprising Australia and proximate islands, or biogeographically as a synonym for either the Australasian ecozone (Wallacea and Australasia) or the Pacific ecozone (Melanesia, Polynesia, and Micronesia apart either from New Zealand or from mainland New Guine.Part 2 thoughts after the coursecultural globalizationAfter learning this course, I know that different country has its specialty. With the development of globalization, the world is becoming smaller and smaller. People from different country have a lot of chances to interact with each other. There may be some conflictions because they have different culture. In this aspect people should be tolerant to each other. Here comes the necessity of learning different culture in the world. When we try to keep our own culture, we can also learn good things from others and keep the bad side away. As globalization is not only an economic phenomenon, a multivariate approach to measuring globalization is the recent index calculated by the Swiss think tank KOF. The index measures the three main dimensions of globalization: economic, social, and political. In addition to three indices measuring these dimensions, an overall index of globalization and sub-indices referring to actual economic flows, economic restrictions, data on personal contact, data on information flows, and data on cultural proximity is calculated. Data is available on a yearly basis for 122 countries, as detailed in Dreher, Gaston and Martens. According to the index, the worlds most globalized country is Belgium, followed by Austria, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. Among all kinds of globalization, cultural globalization is very important as it can change the mind of thinking. Cultural Globalization refers to the transmission of ideas, meanings and values across national borders. This process is marked by the spread of commodities and ideologies, which become standardized around the world. Mass consumption serves as a facilitator between different people and cultures around the globe as a result of the exponential growth of the human population. Through technological advancement, culture has been moving beyond borders and boundaries, transforming through locations the shared meanings of culture. Through the process of sharing the ideas and values of one culture to another ultimately leads to an inter-connectedness between various populations from diverse cultures. According to Inda and Rosaldo, globalization refers to the intensification of connections within the global, regional, and local level. These aspects of social life contain multidimensional processes that are quite complex. To better understand the complexity of culture, Stuart Hall defines it as the process of sharing meanings in society. Culture used to be confined to local regions in premodern society, but technological advances now allow us to tear down the barriers of time and space. Today in modern society cultures move freely from the most remote areas in the world to the biggest cities. Acculturation or the mixing of cultures in modern society is commonly seen in many countries from the West. The domination of a culture over another can be referred to as colonial imperialism; which greatly impacts our understanding of globalization. Cultural globalization thus modifies the meaning given to a representation by a particular culture, and gives it the dominant cultures own meaning. Jan Nederveen Pieterse believes that globalization should be viewed as a long term historical process.3 He conceived globalization as a human integration and hybridization, arguing that it is possible to detect cultural mixing across continents and regions back many centuries. These ideas refer to the movement of religious practices, language and culture brought by Spanish colonization of the Americas. This, however contrast with many economist and sociologist, who trace the origins of globalization to capitalism as well as modernity, which have been facilitated through technological advances. One of the dominant perspectives of globalization, asserts that this is a process of the transfiguration of worldwide diversity into a pandemic westernized consumer culture. 4 Many critics argue that through the dominance of American culture influencing the entire world, this will ultimately result in the end of cultural diversity. This has been associated with the destruction of cultural identities, dominated by a homogenized and westernized, consumer culture. The global influence of American products, businesses and culture upon other countries around the world has been referred to as Americanization. This influence is represented through that of American-based Television programs which are rebroadcasted throughout the world. Major American compan