工程管理专业英语.docx

The Project Life Cycle1.1A real estate developer may be regarded as the sponsor(赞助商) of building projects(建设项目), as much as a government agency(政府机构) may be the sponsor of a public project(公共项目) and turns it over to another government unit upon its completion.As a unique innovative product or service, a project has a definite beginning and a definite end, the process of which is known as the project life cycle.“Project managers or the organization can divide projects in phases to provide better management control with appropriate links to the ongoing operations of the performing organization. Collectively, these phases are known as the project life cycle. Many organizations identify a specific set of life cycles for use on all of their projects”.From the viewpoint of project management, the terms “owner” and “sponsor” are synonymous(同义的) because both have the ultimate(最终的) authority to make all important decisions.Of course, the stages of development in Figure 1-1 may not be strictly sequential.Some of the stages require iteration(反复), and others may be carried out in parallel(平行) or with overlapping(重复) time frames(时间框架), depending on the nature, size and urgency of the project.The project life cycle may be viewed as a process through which a project is implemented from cradle to grave.This process is often very complex; however, it can be decomposed into several stages.Owners must recognize that there is no single best approach in organizing project management throughout a projects life cycle.1.2Residential Housing Construction(住宅类房屋建设):The residential housing market is heavily affected by general economic conditions, tax laws, and the monetary and fiscal policies of the government.Often, a slight increase in total demand will cause a substantial investment in construction, since many housing projects can be started at different locations by different individuals and developers at the same time.Institutional and Commercial Building Construction(办公和商业用房建设) encompasses a great variety of project types and sizes, such as schools and universities, medical clinics and hospitals, recreational facilities and sports stadiums, retail chain stores and large shopping centers, warehouses and light manufacturing plants, and skyscrapers for offices and hotels.Because of the higher costs and greater sophistication of institutional and commercial buildings in comparison with residential housing, this market segment is shared by fewer competitors.Since the construction of some of these buildings is a long process which once started will take some time to proceed until completion, the demand is less sensitive to general economic conditions than that for speculative housing.Consequently, the owners may confront an oligopoly of general contractors who compete in the same market. In an oligopoly situation, only a limited number of competitors exist, and a firms price for services may be based in part on its competitive strategies in the local market.Specialized Industrial Construction(专业化工业项目建设) usually involves very large scale projects with a high degree of technological complexity, such as oil refineries, steel mills, chemical processing plants and coal-fired or nuclear power plants.Although the initiation of such projects is also affected by the state of the economy, long range demand forecasting is the most important factor since such projects are capital intensive and require considerable amount of planning and construction time.Infrastructure and Heavy Construction(重大基础项目建设) includes projects such as highways, mass transit systems, tunnels, bridges, pipelines, drainage systems and sewage treatment plants.Most of these projects are publicly owned and therefore financed either through bonds or taxes. This category of construction is characterized by a high degree of mechanization, which has gradually replaced some labor intensive operations.1.3Financial Planning Consultants财务规划咨询Architectural and Engineering Firms建筑和工程设计公司Design/Construct Firms设计/施工公司Professional Construction Managers职业化建设项目管理Operation and Maintenance Managers运营维护管理Facilities Management设施管理Words and Expressionsperceived 感知到的，感观的conceptual 概念上的feasibility 可行性；可能性procurement 采购，获得，取得occupancy 居住，占有，占用maintenance 维护，保持disposal 处理，支配，清理，安排facility 设施definition 定义objective 目的，目标scope 范围，余地，视野，眼界，导弹射程preliminary 准备，预赛，初步措施specification 规格，说明书completion 完成，结束，实现acceptance 接纳，赞同，容忍fulfillment 履行，实行Translation1. From the viewpoint of project management, the terms “owners” and “sponsor” are synonymous because both have the ultimate authority to make all important decisions.从项目管理的角度看，“业主”和“发起方”是同义的，因为两者的基本权力是制定所有重大决策。2. After the scope of the project is clearly defined, detailed engineering design will provide the blueprint for construction, and the definitive cost estimate will serve as the baseline for cost control.项目范围界定后，详细的工程设计将提供建设蓝图，最终费用估计将作为控制成本的基准。3. Furthermore, an owner may have in-house capacities to handle the work in every stage of the entire process, or it may seek professional advice and services for the work in all stages.此外，业主可用内部能力处理整个过程中每一个阶段的工作，或者它可能会在各个阶段寻求专业意见及服务。4. The owner may choose to decompose the entire process into more or less stages based on the size and nature of the project, and thus obtain the most efficient result in implementation.业主可以根据项目的规模和性质选择把整个过程或多或少的分解到各个阶段上，从而获得在实践中最高效的结果。5. All organizational approaches have advantages and disadvantages, depending on the knowledge of the owner in construction management as well as the type, size, and location of the project.所有的组织方法各有利弊，这取决于在施工管理中的业主的知识以及项目的类型、规模和位置。6. In planning for various types of construction, the methods of procuring professional services, awarding construction contracts, and financing the constructed facility can be quiet different.各类建筑的规划、采购的专业服务、建筑合同的制定、以及建筑设施融资的方法都可以完全不同。7. Specialized industrial construction usually involves very large scale projects with a high degree of technological complexity, such as oil refineries, steel mills, chemical processing plants and coal-fired or nuclear power plants, as is shown in Figure 1-4.专门的工业建筑，通常涉及技术复杂程度高，如炼油厂、钢铁厂、化学处理厂和燃煤或核电厂等的大型项目，如图1-4所示。8. Traditionally, the owner engages an architectural and engineering (A/E) firm or consortium as technical consultant in developing a preliminary design.传统上，业务会聘请建筑和工程设计（A/E）公司或财团做前期设计和技术咨询。9. By integrating design and construction management into a single organization, many of the conflicts between designers and constructors might be avoided.通过将设计管理和施工管理统融为一体，就可以避免设计方和施工方的许多矛盾。10. In recent years, a new breed of construction managers (CM) offers professional services from the inception to the completion of a construction project.近年来，出现了为项目从启动到完工全过程服务的职业化建设项目经理（CM）。11. Hence, an owner must understand its own responsibility and the risk it wishes to assign to itself and to other participants in the process.因此，业主必须懂得项目当中属于其自身的义务和风险须有其自己来承担。12. Unless the owner performs this function or engages a professional construction manager to do so, a good general contractor who has worked with a team of superintendents, speciality contractors or subcontractors together for a number of projects in the past can be most effective in inspiring loyalty and cooperation.除非业主自己发挥这项职能或聘请职业化的CM做这件事，一个经验丰富的总承包商是能够协同专业承包商和分包商尽职尽责地完成任务的。13. In the State of New York, for example, speciality contractors, such as mechanical and electrical contractors, are not subjected to the supervision of the general contractor of a construction project and must be given separate prime contracts on public works.例如在纽约州，诸如机械和电气等专业承包商并不直接由总承包商监督管理，并且在公共工程中必须授予其独立的合同。14. Major material suppliers include specialty contractors in structural steel fabrication and erection, sheet metal, ready mixed concrete delivery, reinforcing steel bar detailer, roofing, glazing etc.主要原料供应商，包括钢结构、网架、金属结构，预拌混凝土输送，预应力钢筋，房屋架，以及电气照明等。2.1Project management is the art of directing and coordinating human and material resources throughout the life of a project by using modern management techniques to achieve predetermined objectives of scope, cost, time, quality and participation satisfaction.The basic ingredients for a project management framework may be represented schematically in Figure 2-1.2.2Please briefly describe these three organizations: functional organization, matrix organization and project organization.施工单位项目管理的组织形式1.直线式组织形式 2.职能式组织形式 3.直线职能式组织形式 4.矩阵式组织形式 5.项目式组织形式 6.事业部式组织形式2.3The project manager often gains the support of his/her team through a combination of the following: Formal authority; Reward and/or penalty power; Expert power; Attractive power.In general, the project managers authority must be clearly documented as well as defined, particularly in a matrix organization where the functional division managers often retain certain authority over the personnel temporarily assigned to a project. The following principles should be observed: The interface between the project manager and the functional division managers should be kept as simple as possible; The project manager must gain control over those elements of the project which may overlap with functional division managers; The project manager should encourage problem solving rather than role playing of team members drawn from various functional divisions.Translation1 Generally, project management is distinguished from the general management of corporations by the mission-oriented nature of a project.总的来说，项目管理有别于公司的宏观管理，它取决于项目以任务（目标）为导向的这一特征。2 By contrast, the general management of business and industrial corporations assumes a broader outlook with greater continuity of operations.与此形成对照，一般的工商企业的管理更广泛地着眼于业务的更加连续性。3 Similarly, many operations research techniques such as linear programming and network analysis are now widely used in many knowledge or application domains.同样，许多如线性规划和网络分析等运筹学中的技术也已在其他知识或应用领域广为应用。4 Contractual relationships among members of the team are intended to minimize adversarial relationships and contribute to greater response within the group.团队成员之间的合同关系是打算计量减少敌对关系，并有助于提高本团队内的合作响应。5 Consequently it is important to recognize the changing nature of the organizational structure as a project is carried out in various stages.6 Formal authority resulting from an official capacity which is empowered to issue orders.7 Reward and/or penalty power resulting from his/her capacity to dispense directly or indirectly valued organization rewards or penalties.根据个人能力对其实施直接或间接阻止奖励或惩罚的权力。8 When contending issues or more fundamental nature are developed, the must be brought to the attention of a high level in the management and be resolved expeditiously.如果矛盾冲突有升级的趋势，则应立即引起高层管理的注意并予以及时化解。3.1The labor characteristics include: Age, skill and experience of workforce. Leadership and motivation of workforce.These different factors could each be assessed on a three point scale: recognized strength, meets expectations, area needing improvement.Job-site labor productivity can be estimated either for each craft( carpenter, bricklayer, eta.) or each type of construction( residential housing, processing plant, etc. ) under a specific set of work conditions.3.3The degree of difficulty depends on physical characteristics of the rock type to be excavated, such as grain size, planes of weakness, weathering, brittleness and hardness.Basic types of equipment for paving include machines for dispensing concrete and bituminous materials for pavement surfaces.Translation1. Job-site productivity is influenced by many factors which can be characterized either as labor characteristics, project work conditions or as non-productive activities.现场劳动生产率受许多因素的影响，它们表现为劳动力的特点、项目作业条件或非生产性的活动。2. Job-site accessibility often may reduce the labor productivity index if the works must perform their jobs in round about ways, such as avoiding traffic in repaying the highway surface or maintaining the operation of a plant during renovation.如果工人必须绕避完成其工作，例如在重铺高速公路路面时避开车辆往来，或者在工厂更新改造中维持其运行，现场道路的易达性可能降低劳动生产力指数。3. The contractual agreements play an important role in the utilization of union or non-union labor, the use of subcontractors and the degree of field supervision, all of which will impact job-site labor productivity.合同协议在使用工会或非工会劳动力，使用分包商和现场监督程度中发挥重要的作用，所有这些都将影响现场劳动生产率。4. Bulk materials refer to materials in their natural or semi-processed state, such as earth work to be excavated, wet concrete mix, etc. which are usually encountered in large quantities in construction.散装材料是指在其自然或半加工状态下的材料，如土工开挖、湿混凝土混合物等，这些材料在施工中经常遇到。5. For projects involving the large scale use of critical resources, the owner may initiate the procurement procedure even before the selection of a constructor in order to avoid shortages and delays.对于涉及大规模使用关键资源的项目，业主可以在选择施工人员之前启动采购程序，以避免短缺和延误。6. The selection of the appropriate type and size of construction equipment often affects the required amount of time and effort and thus the job-site productivity of a project. It is therefore important for site managers and construction planners to bee familiar with the characteristics of the major types of equipment most commonly used in construction.选择合适的型号和尺寸的施工设备往往会影响所需的时间和工作量，从而影响项目的现场生产率。因此，现场管理人员和施工规划师必须熟悉施工中最常用的主要设备的特点。7. The function of grading equipment is to bring the earthwork to the desired shape and elevation. Major types of grading equipment include motor graders and grade trimmers. The former is an all-purpose machine for grading and surface finishing, while the latter is used for heavy construction because of its higher operating speed.分级设备的作用是使土方达到预期的形状和高度。分级设备的主要类型包括机动平地机和分级修整器。前者是一种用于分级和表面精加工的通用机床，后者由于其较高的运行速度而被用于重型结构。4.1The period of time to which the management of a firm or agency wishes to look ahead is referred to as the planning horizon.Once the management has committed funds to a specific project, it must forgo other investment opportunities which might have been undertaken by using the same funds.The opportunity cost reflects the return that can be earned from the best alternative investment opportunity foregone.4.2必考The MARR is used for compounding the estimated cash flows to the end of the planning horizon, or for discounting the cash flow to the present.The profitability is measured by the net future value(NFV) which is the bet return at the end of the planning horizon above what might have been gained by investing elsewhere at the MARR.The net present value(NPV) of the estimated cash flows over the planning horizon is the discounted value of the NFV to the present.The equivalent uniform annual cast(EUAC) can be obtained by multiplying the present value of costs by an appropriate capital recovery factor.It is sometimes referred to as the savings-to-investment radio(SIR) when the benefits are derived from the reduction of undesirable effects.For cash flows with two or more (sign reversals) of the cash flows in any period, there may exist multiple values of IRR; in such cases, the multiple values are subject to various interpretations.4.3The objective of facility investment in the private sector is generally understood to be profit maximization within a specific time frame.Wordsthe planning horizon 规划期cash flow profile 现金流量图sign reversals 变号（正负反转）MARR 最低收益率NPV 净现值NFV 净终值EUAC 等值年费用SIR 节省投资比率profit maximization 利润最大化project alternatives 备择项目5.1The procurement method selected depends on a number of factors including the type of goods or services being procured, the value of the goods or services being procured, the potential interest of foreign bidders and even the cost of the procurement process itself.Other methods for procuring goods and civil works include Limited International Bidding, National Competitive Bidding, International Shopping, and Direct Contracting.（全选）The objective of International Competitive Bidding(ICB) is to provide all eligible prospective bidders with timely and adequate notification of a Borrowers requirements and an equal opportunity to bid for the require goods and works.（填空）For projects which include procurement on the basis of ICB, the Borrower is required to prepare and submit to the Bank a draft General Procurement Notice.（B卷填空）The Notice shall contain information concerning the Borrower( or prospective Borrower) , amount and purpose of the loan, scope of procurement under ICB, and the name and address of the Borrowers agency responsible for procurement and the address of the Website where specific procurement notices will bee posted.（全选）Prequalification is usually necessary for large or complex works, or complex works, or in any other circumstances in which the high costs of preparing detailed bids could discourage competition, such as custom-designed equipment, industrial plant, specialized services, and contracts to be let under turnkey, design and build, or management contracting.（全选）Prequalification shall be based entirely upon the capability and resources of prospective bidders to perform the particular contract satisfactorily, taking into account their (i) experience and past performance on similar contracts, (ii) capabilities with respect to personnel, equipment, and construction or manufacturing facilities, and (iii) financial position.（全选）Firstly, The Borro