美国文学之惠特曼《船长》 Walt Whitman O Captain!My Captain!.ppt

itopic waltwhitmanandocaptain mycaptain a introductiontowaltwhitmanb majorworksandspecialfeaturesc studyofocaptain mycaptain waltwhitman 1819 1892 topic1 introductiontowaltwhitman literaryposition manofthepeople work thecountry sdemocraticspirit leavesofgrassalteredthecourseofamericanpoetry free verseform sexuality democraticsensibility extremeromanticassertion whitmanisoneofthemostimportantfiguresinamericanpoetichistory choosingfreeverseashismediumofexpression iamnotblindtotheworthofthewonderfulgiftofleavesofgrass ifindincomparablethingssaidincomparablywell ifindthecourageoftreatmentthatsodelightsusandwhichlargeperceptiononlycaninspire igreetyouatthebeginningofagreatcareer emerson agreatcareer whichyetmusthavehadalongforegroundsomewhere forsuchastart emerson emersonfreedwhitmanformysticalinsightsthatwerebeyondhisownken spiller whitman becauseofthefavoringcircumstancesofademocraticidealandanopensociety becameperhapsthegreatestofmodernbards spiller d h lawrence thebritishnovelistandpoet accuratelycalledhimthepoetofthe openroad notonlytheformofwhitman sfreeversebutalsohisthoughtofdemocracyhavebeeninfluentialinworldliterature andremaintheinspiringsourcesoftwentieth centuryliterature topic1 introductiontowaltwhitman brooklyn longisland newyork sonofcarpenter personofmixedblood dutchandnewenglandbritish anofficeboy thelongislander americanfreeversepoet ademocrat anindividualist anationalist apantheist pointsofview 1 worldoutlook whitmanwasstronglyopposedtothesouthernsideduringthecivilwar favoringthedemocraticnorth forhim slaveryabusedhumanity peopleshouldbeequallytreated whethersouthernersornortherners whitesorblacks songofmyself canbestudiedasacaseinpoint whichrevealssuchaworldofequality voidofrankandhierarchy heisfirstlyanindividualist asanindividualist artistically hetriedtofindawaytoexpresshisuniquefeelingsabouthimself thenation andthecosmos accordingly hecreatedastyleandlanguageofhisown whitmanwasgreatlyinfluencedbyemerson thetranscendentalmaster buthisindividualismisnotself exclusion instead hethinksthatmanypeoplecouldrealizeacommunitywhileremainingindividuals pointsofview heisalsoanationalist oneofthemostobviouscharacteristicsofleavesofgrassisindeedthatitisfirmlyanddeeplyrootedinamericansoil theword america and american recuragainandagain theunitedstatesandthesestatesareconstantlyreferredto moreover herespondsenthusiasticallytotheexpansionofamerica thenewlyfoundedprogressiverepublic heisveryconsciousofhismissionasapoet forheconsidersthatpoetrycouldplayavitalpartintheprocessofcreatinganewandbetternation heisveryoptimisticofthefutureofamerica whichheidentifiesasachildwhowentfortheveryday thischild theyoungamerica wouldsurelygrowstrongerwitheachpassingday however whitmanisnotanarrowindividualist noraradicalnationalist theequalitythathecelebratesisthatofallpeoplenotonlyinamericabutalsointhewholeworld heattachedsomuchimportancetothefraternityofallpeopleandallracesthathesaid allnationshere ahomeforeveryraceonearth british german scandinavian spanish french italian mydearestdreamisfortheinternationalizationofpoemsandpoets pointsofview 2 pantheisticideasreligiously whitmanisapantheist inthefirsteditionofleavesofgrass 1855 theauthordeclaresintheprefacethattheidealpoetmustbeacompleteloveroftheuniverseanddrawhismaterialsfromnature whenheusedthewordheaven usuallyplural hemostlydesignatedtheregionofthestarsandplanets theideaofresurrectionalsooccursfrequentlyinhispoems butitmainlyappliestotheanalogyofthelifecyclesofplantsandanimals thatis thesequenceofseed germination growth death andrebirthfromanotherseed whitmangottoknowevolutionfromlecturesandbooksongeology hewastaughtthatgod struerevelationwasinnature notinthebibleorotherreligiousdocuments therefore hesometimesjuxtaposedthenotionofhistoricalchangesandnaturalchanges tohimtheriseandfallofnationsarejustlikethebirthanddeathofplants pointsofview 3 artisticinnovationliterally whitmanisoneofthemostimportantfiguresinamericanpoetichistory hedeclaresthatthemostimportantfeatureofanyartisticworkissimplicity nothingisbetterthansimplicity andthesunlightoflettersissimplicity hecarriedonasortofexperimentontheformofpoetrybychoosingfreeverseashismediumofexpression freeverseisamoreflexibleandvariablepoeticform simpleandprose like whichallowshimtoexpressfreelyhisideasincolloquialenglish regardlessoftheprevailingprinciplesofrhymeormeter inhiscaseitprovestobethemosteffectivewaytoconveystrongfeelingsofthecommonpeoplethroughthemouthofthepoet topic2 majorworksandspecialfeatures majorworks 1 leavesofgrassitisacollectionofwhitman spoems hislifelongachievement themostfamouspiecesare songofmyself therewasachildwentforth pioneers pioneers whenlilackslastinthedooryardbloom d etc whitmanexperimentedinhisworkswithnewpoeticformoffreeverseandorallanguage thusleavesofgrasshasbecomealandmarkinamericanliteraryhistory whichrepresentsthepoet thepeople andthenationinthe19thcenturyamericaandcelebratesthefutureofthenationandtheidealsofequalityanddemocracy songofmyself isthelongestpoeminleavesofgrass myself isthecentralandprincipalimageinthispoem itrefersnotonlytothepoethimselfbutalsotoagroupofpeoplewhohadtheamericannationalcharacteristicsandthedemocraticidealslikewhitman theywerepioneersontheamericancontinent theironsmiths thecarpenters thebutchers andthewaiters etc aslistedinthepoem thesepeoplewereoptimisticinspiritandstrongphysically theyliveharmoniouslywithotherpeopleinthisworldaswellaswithnature inthispoem whitmansingsofnationalismandofthenatureoftheselfinrelationtothecosmosandthemeaningandpurposeofbirthanddeath individualism nationalism andinternationalismorcosmopolitanism thethreecontradictingbeliefsarereasonablyunited 2 democraticvistas 1871 themainthemesaretheidealsofdemocracyandindividualism whichtheauthorconsiderstobecompatible whitmanoutlinesanewcultureorderfortheu s hecondemnsthedegradationofdemocracyandthegrowthofmaterialwealthduringthepost civilwarperiod prophesiesafuturegreatnessandannouncesthattheremustbeadeclarationofculturalindependencetoachieveatrulynationalindigenousliterature specialfeaturesofhiswork 1 formwhitman soriginalityliesfirstinthenewpoeticformheinnovates freeverse i e poetrywithoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme bymeansoffreeversewhitmanhasturnedpoetryintoanareaofvitalandlimitlesspossibilitieswherethepoetcouldbeconversationalandcasualwhilethereadercouldparticipateintheworkseasilythroughimagination sowhenwereadhispoems wecanfeeltherhythmofwhitman sthoughtandcadencesofhisfeeling parallelismandphoneticrecurrenceatthebeginningofthelinesalsocontributetothemusicalityofhispoems 2 thefirstpersonnarratorwhitman spoetryisdistinctivelynotedfortheuseofthefirstpersonnarrator i speakinginthevoiceof i hemakeshispoemsdirectandsympathetictothereader 3 languagewhitman slanguageischaracteristicallyoralandpowerful hetendstouseeverydayenglishinhispoemsthatwouldmakeaneasycontactwiththeaverageamericans andhisuseofpowerfulandsometimesunusualwordsmightgivethereaderasensethathispoemsarenotshallowbutdeep 4 sexualitywhitman stopicissometimessexual heisboldenoughtobreakthetabooinpoetrywriting becausehecelebratestheself whitmanconsidersthehumanbodyassacredandinnocent heinfusestheabstractionsofdemocracywiththeintensityoferoticpassion givingliteraturesomeofitsfirstandmostpotentimagesofdemocraticcomradeship andbylinkinghomoeroticismwithademocraticbreakingofbounds hepresentsoneofthemosttenderandmovingaccountsofhomosexualloveinwesternliterature towhitman man snaturemustberespected thereforethethemesofhissexualpoemsaremorethanphysical topic3 studyofthepoem ocaptain mycaptain 1 introductionattheendofthecivilwarin1865 abrahamlincoln thesymbolofdemocracyandprogress wasassassinatedbytheobstinateslaveownersofthesouthstates lincoln sdeathshockedthewholecountry thedemocraticpoetwaltwhitmanwrotethepoetrycollectionelegycollect includingocaptain mycaptain andwhenlilacslastinthedooryardbloom d toeulogizethebelovedpresident toconfidehisownsorrowatthedeathofthepresident theabolishmentofslaveryisnotonlytheprogressoftheamerican butofthehumankind thenlincoln sdeathisnotonlythesorrowoftheamerican butofthehumankind therefore whitmanrevealedthegriefofhisown oftheamerican ofallthehumankind inthepoemwaltwhitmanuseswritingskillsofsymbol imagery andrepetitiontogetawonderfuleffectofart thismakesreadersenjoyauniquebeautyofartfromvision hearing languageandmetre 2 themes 2 themes thispoemeulogizeslincoln smonumentalcontributionsandexpressesthepoet smourningforlincoln sdeathwiththebackgroundofthevictoryofthecivilwar 3 specialfeatures 3 specialfeatures a thepoemiscomposedofthreeoctaves thatis fourlonglinesandfourshortones thelatterbeingusedasarefrain b themeterisiambicandtherhymingschemeisroughlyrepresentedasaabbcded c phoneticrecurrenceisthemainfeatureofthepoem i e thesystematicrepetitionofwordsandphrasesatthebeginningoftheline inthemiddleorattheend d oralenglishisalsoappliedinhisfreeversetomakeitaneffectivewaytoexpressfreelythefeelingsofcommonpeople sowaltwhitmanwasregardedasapioneeringfigureofamericanpoetry hisinnovationfirstofallliesinhisuseoffreeverse poetrywithoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme 5 compression ocaptain mycaptain 啊 船长 我的船长 ocaptain mycaptain ourfearfultripisdone 啊 船长 我的船长 我们惊心动魄的航行已返航 theshiphasweatheredeveryrack theprizewesoughtiswon 我们的航船冲破重重苦难 我们已夺得谋求的奖赏 theportisnear thebellsihear thepeopleallexulting 港口咫尺在望 我已听见钟声在敲 民众在狂欢 whilefolloweyesthesteadykeel thevesselgrimanddaring 无数眼光跟着这艘巨舰 坚固稳定 严峻骄勇的航船 butoheart heart heart 可是 啊 我的船长 我的亲人啊 我的心啊 othebleedingdropsofred 啊 血哟 鲜红的血在滴淌 whereonthedockmycaptainlies 我的船长倒在甲板上 fallencoldanddead 全身冰冷 已经阵亡 furtherexplanation 1 byusingthefirstpersonthepoetdescribesthemagnificentsightofthetriumphantreturningofthecaptainlincolnandhiscrewandhisastonishmentatlincoln sdeath 2 ocaptain mycaptain therepetitionofthenoun captain conveysthepoet sinfinitesorrowoverlincoln sdeathandyearningforhim 3 thetwowords ship and captain suggestamericaandthepresidentlincoln stressingthetriumphantreturningandimplyinglincoln smonumentalcontributions furtherexplanation 4 thecombinationofvowelandnasalin done and won soundsimpleandsonorous powerfulandinspiring fillingwithheroicoptimisticspirit conveyingamusicalbeauty 5 therepetitionofthewordswiththesimplesyllable heart heart heart achievesthegreatchangefromexcitationtosorrow stressingaheart breakingatmosphereofart 6 theoverlappingappearanceofthewordswiththestressedvowels port follow bells steady vessel near hear and grim playupthepleasureofthepeople notes 1 ourfearfultrip civilwar 2 theship america 3 hasweather deveryrack hassurvivedallthedangers 4 theprize thefreedomoftheblackslaves theabolishmentoftheslaveryandthedemocraticreform 5 whilefolloweyesthesteadykeel whileeyesfollowthesteadyship 6 grimanddaring sternandbrave 7 oheart heart heart omydear mysweet mydarling expressionofstrongfeeling ocaptain mycaptain riseupandhearthebells 啊 船长 我的船长 起来吧 倾听钟声 riseup foryoutheflagisflung foryouthebugletrills 起来吧 号角为您长鸣 旌旗为您高悬 foryoubouquetsandribbon dwreaths foryoutheshoresa crowding 迎接您 多少花束花圈 候着您 千万人峰拥岸边 foryoutheycall theswayingmass theireagerfacesturning 他们向您高呼 拥来挤去 仰起殷切的脸 herecaptain dearfather 啊 船长 亲爱的父亲 thisarmbeneathyourhead 我的手臂托着您的头 itissomedreamthatonthedeck莫非是一场梦 在甲板上you vefallencoldanddead 您全身冰冷 已经阵亡 furtherexplanation 1 byusingthesecondpersonthepoetparticipatesintheconversationwiththecaptaintoexpresshislongingforthecaptainandhissorrowfulmourningoverthedeathofthecaptain heissosadthatheisnotclearontherealityanddream theyearningmingledwiththemourningformsaconfoundedstateofmind 2 thecontinuoususeof foryou notonlyexpressesthelove supportandvenerationfromtheamericanpeopleforlincolnbutalsosuggeststhepoet sdoubtaboutlincoln sdeath bringingthesadfeelingtotheclimax 3 thesewords bells trills crowding and turning soundnaturalanddrawn outlikeaharmoniousflowofnotesfromastringedinstrument makingarhythmicalbeauty furtherexplanation 4 do bouquetsandribbon dwreaths predictwelcomeormourning thisbringsthereaderstoadeepthought 5 variouscoloursof flag ribbon dwreaths and bouquets createawarmandsplendidsight enrichingthereaders visionandimagination 6 dearfather conveysastrongaffectionbetweenfatherandson notes 1 theflagisflung theflagisflying 2 bouquets bu