短语分类.doc

1名词短语（1）简单的名词短语的结构：【限定词】+【形容词、名词、现在分词、过去分词、代词】+【中心词】限定词可分为前位限定词：包括all, both, half, doubt, twice, three times等, one-third, two-fifths等, what, such(a, an)等。中位限定词：包括a, an, the, zero, this, that, these, those, my, your, Marys, my friends, some, any, no, every, each, either, neither, enough, what(ever), which(ever), whose等。后位限定词：包括one, two, three等, first, second, third等, next, last, other, another等, many, much, (a)few, (a)little, fewer, (the)fewest, less, (the)least, more, most, several, such等, 此外还有plenty of, a lot of, lots of, a great number of, a great deal of, a great(good) many of, a large number of, a great quantity of等。比如： all the four teachers 前 中 后 all these last few days 前 中 后 后举例：ausefulbook（形容词）ashoefactory（名词）boilingwather（现在分词，表主动、进行）abrokenbike 一辆坏了的自行车（过去分词，表完成）pollutedriver 污染的河流（过去分词，表被动）astatisfiedexpression 满意的表情（过去分词，表感受）tryonesbest（代词）（2）复杂的名词短语的结构：【限定词】+【形容词、名词、现在分词、过去分词、代词】+【中心词】+【后置定语】2介词短语（1）结构：【介词】+【所有在句子中可以充当宾语的结构，如名词、名词短语、动名词、宾格代词、现在分词短语、动词不定式短语，句子；此外，还有动词不定式、疑问词+动词不定式短语】举例：I cant see the tower clearlyfromhere.（名词）She often studiestillaftermidnight.（名词，till after构成二重介词）Wherever he went, he carried the photowithhim.（宾格代词）He entered the roomwithouttaking off his hat.（现在分词短语）He did nothingbutcry.（动词不定式，这里to省略了）The problemofhow to get enough moneyis difficult to settle.（疑问词+动词不定式短语）Man differs from other animalsinthat man can laugh and speak.（that引导的从句）（2）介词短语的语法功能：可以作后置定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语、一个介词的宾语（即与另一个介词构成介词短语，介词短语=介词+介词短语）举例：The skyscraperin the distance（远处的摩天大楼）is a five-star hotel（定语）Her eyes were tiredfrom long reading（状语）The decision isof great importanceto me（表语）They found the machinein a bad state（宾语 补足语）A pretty girl appearedfrom behind the curtain（窗帘）（状语）介词的分类简单介词：指由一个单词构成的介词at, about, above, across, after, among, against, before, behind, below, beside, between, beyond, but, despite, during, except, for, in, of, on, over, near, past,round, since, through, till, until, with, up等合成介词：指由介词+其它介词或副词构成的介词inside, into, onto, outside, throughout, towards, within, without等二重介词：指由两个单一的介词并列在一起，作为一个介词使用并表达一个完整意思的介词from among, from behind, from under, until/till after等短语介词：介词短语是由介词加宾语构成,本身可作句子成分,如定语或状语等,可单独使用；而短语介词是用作介词的短语,不可独立使用,本身不能作句子成分,后面要跟名词,动名词或代词等结构如下：【介词】+【名词】+【介词】by means of, in front of, in spite of, with regard to【副词】+【介词】with, according to, along with【形容词】+【介词】owing to3短语动词：由动词加介词、副词或其他词构成的词组，其作用和动词差不多。有些短语动词相当于及物动词，有些则相当于不及物动词结构如下：（1）【be，连系动词】+【形容词】+【介词】这类动词短语相当于及物动词,宾语位于介词后面,形容词是短语动词的真正词义be patient withbe good at =do well in (在方面好)be weak in (在方面差)be good for (对有益)be bad for (对有害)be late for (迟到)be sorry for (为遗憾,抱歉)be full of (充满)be busy with (忙于)be angry with sb. (对某人生气)be angry at/about (for doing) sth. (对某事生气)be afraid of (害怕)be interested in (对感兴趣)be different from (与不同)be strict with sb. (对某人严格)be strict in sth.(对某事严格)be famous for (因而闻名)be/ get ready for (为作好准备)注意与be able to和be gald to这类形式很相近的短语进行区分，它们的to不是介词举例：I know he is slow at understanding,but you have tobe patient withhim我知道他理解力差,但你得对他耐心些.（2）【动词】+【介词】动词与介词构成的词组在词义上相当于一个及物动词,宾语总是在介词后面look at 看着listen to听stick to坚持举例：I dont muchcare fortelevision.我不很喜欢电视（3）【动词】+【副词】有些只能做及物动词，有些只能做不及物动词，还有些既能做及物动词，又能做不及物东西put up举起,张贴put on穿上put down放下put away放好,收拾好give up放弃,戒掉give away捐出,放出give back归还举例：作及物动词：宾语位置有两种情况：宾语如是名词,则可置于副词后面,亦可置于动词和副词之间.而如果宾语是代词,只能置于动词后面,即动词和副词之间Hebrought uphis children strictly.作不及物动词Something unexpectedhasturned up.出现了令人意外的情况既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词The barrel of gunpowderblew up.（不及物）火药桶爆炸了The soldiersblew upthe bridge.（及物）士兵们把桥炸毁了（4）【动词】+【副词】+【介词】在这类动词短语中,动词、副词、介词紧密结合,是动副词组和动介词组的合成体,词义上相当于一个及物动词，宾语总是位于介词之后look forward to盼望,期望look down upon轻视,看不起举例：We must work hard tomake up forlost time.我们必须努力工作来弥补失去的时间注意：【动词】+【名词，代词】+【介词】不是短语动词。通常后面会接名词（名词短语），构成谓+宾+宾补spend on把时间/金钱花在上pay for花钱买pay attention to重视,注意make contributions to为做贡献devote oneself to投身于举例：Keep an eye onthe baby while I am out.我不在家时请照看一下小孩子.4形容词短语：形容词短语是指由几个形容词或形容词及其修饰语构成的短语结构如下：（1）【形容词】+【and，but】+两个或多个形容词可以由and,but等对等连词连接，构成形容词短语.Your room islargeandbeautiful.你的房间大且美丽.（large and beautiful是形容词短语.）He isyoungbutclever.他年轻但聪明.（young but clever是形容词短语.）（2）very等程度副词作修饰语,可与形容词构成形容词短语.It isveryhottoday.今天很热.（very hot是形容词短语.）The room wasawfullydirty.这屋子太脏了.（awfully dirty是形容词短语.）The road islongenough.这路够长的.（long enough是形容词短语,enough在形容词后作修饰语.）（3）介词可用在形容词后修饰形容词，可与形容词构成形容词短语，即【形容词】+【介词】+【名词】I amsureof success.我确信会成功的.（sure of success是形容词短语.）The bottle isfullof water.瓶子里装满了水.（full of water是形容词短语.）（4）不定式在形容词后作修饰语,可与形容词构成形容词短语.He issureto come.他一定会来的.（sure to come是形容词短语.）5副词短语结构如下：（1）名词与副词构成副词短语hands backwards（背着手）（2）副词与表示比较的结构可构成副词短语as carefully asas soon as possible 尽快地much better than 比好得多even more beautiful than 比更漂亮not as/so old as 不如大shorter and shorter 越来越短the more, the better 越多越好more and more careful 越来越小心the best book of all 最好的书6现在分词短语结构如下：（1）【现在分词】+【名词】（2）【现在分词】+【介词】+【名词】（3）【现在分词】+【句子】7过去分词短语结构如下：（1）【过去分词】+【名词】（2）【过去分词】+【介词】+【名词】（3）【过去分词】+【动词不定式短语】8动词不定式短语：动词不定式短语内部的动词可以跟自己的宾语、状语、表语等成分。动词不定式短语整体上在句中起名词，形容词和副词的作用，可以担任除谓语以外的其它任何成分。结构为：to+do+【名词】举例：(1)动词不定式短语做主语：To master a languageis not an easy thing。掌握一门语言不是一件容易的事情。Its my pleasureto help you。帮助你是我的乐趣。动词不定式做主语时可以放在后面，而用 it 作形式主语放在原主语的位置上。Its necessaryto find the witness。有必要找到目击者。(2)动词不定式短语作宾语：I liketo help othersas much as possible。如果有可能的话，我喜欢帮助别人。(3)动词不定式短语作宾语补足语带to的动词不定式短语作宾语补语：表示不定式的动作是由宾语发出。We expect youto be with us.我们希望你和我们在一起。不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语：感官动词：see, watch, notice, look at，hear;使役动词：make, let, have(使得)，help(可带to, 也可不带to)The teacher has his studentswrite a compositionevery other week。老师让同学们每隔一周写一篇作文。Many things make peoplethink artists are weird.很多事情使人们觉得艺术家们很奇怪。(4)动词不定式短语作表语：The most urgent thing isto take legal measuresimmediately。当务之急是马上采取法律措施。(5)动词不定式短语作定语：There are many waysto solve the problem. 有许多方法能解决这个问题。(6)动词不定式短语作状语：经常表示目的。We went to the hospitalto see our teacher. 我们去医院看了我们的老师。She is making a testto get a kind of useful medicinefrom a Tibet flower。她在做试验，以从一种西藏花中提取某种有用的药物。(7)带疑问词的动词不定式短语：疑问词who, what, which, when, where, how, why 以及whether可以加在动词不定式短语的前面，构成不定式短语，使含义更加具体。整体上相当于一个名词短语。Where to gois not known yet.（作主语）去什么地方还不知道。I dont knowwhen to begin. （作宾语）我不知道什么时间开始。(8)带逻辑主语的动词不定式短语：为了特别说明动词不定式短语动作的发出者，动词不定式可以带有自己的逻辑主语，构成方法是： for + 逻辑主语 + 不定式。注意：逻辑主语用宾格形式， for 本身无实际意义，它只表明后面的主语从逻辑上分析是不定式的主语。Its necessaryfor usto help each other.我们互相帮忙是必要的。There is much workfor meto finish.有许多工作要我去完成。动词不定式短语的时态：(1)动词不定式短语一般时态：表示动作和句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或在之后发生。I helped himto put the things into the car. 我帮助他把东西放进了汽车.I wantto see youagain. 我想再见到你。(2)动词不定式短语的完成时：表示动作在句中谓语动词的动作之前发生。9动词不定式：可以作主语、定语结构：to+【动词】举例：She has everythingto loseand nothingto gain.（定语）To seeis a fact.（主语）10独立主格结构：在过去分词短语和现在分词短语前加上一个单独的名词11动名词：相当于一个名词，可以在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语结构：v+ingswimming举例：Swimmingis my favorite sport.12连词短语片语连接词是起连接词作用的片语,常见的有:as soon as(一.就), as long as (so long as)(只要;在.期间), in case(假如), as if(好像), even if (even though)(即使), as far as (so far as)(就