托福听力逻辑信号词汇总.doc

因果关系：因为（原因, 源于）: due to，as，for, because (of), since, owing to, thanks to, come from, result from, initiate from, derive from, arise from, originate from, in that, on account of, be attributed to所以（结果，导致）：therefore, thereby, thus, hence, consequently, as a consequence, so, so that, as a result (of), result in, bring about, accordingly, account for, give rise to, contribute to, lead to, spark, prompt, be responsible to, stimulate, cause, make, render, spur, push, motivate对比转折关系: in contrast to, while, whereas, nevertheless, instead of, but，yet, conversely, alternatively, on the contrary, contrary to, in contrast, different from, differ from, however, rather than, unlike, in fact, while, meanwhile并列比较关系：or, vice versa, also, as well as, both and, either or, neither nor, in the same way, equally, similarly, similar to, like, just like, unlike，likewise, not only but also, more than.条件关系：if, unless, providing, provided, until, suppose, supposing that, in case, as long as, on condition that, only if, when让步关系：Although, though, even though/if, even, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, anyway, as while(尽管，虽然，即使), still(尽管如此) , now that递进Still, also, indeed, furthermore, moreover, even, besides, additionally, in addition, whats more经常考察的逻辑关系有: 因果, 转折&让步, 并列&递进, 举例因果关系: 两个事物A和B, A导致了B的发生 -常见的表示因果关系的词语: -1. 表示前因后果的逻辑连接词: thus/therefore/hence/consequently, lead to, so, so . that ., in order to(前为手段, 后为目的), result in, .-2. 表示前果后因的逻辑连接词: because, result from, subject to, for/as/since, . -3. 表示逻辑意味的动词: 作者常在表示因果的逻辑连接词和表示因果的动词之间替换 -1. 表示”造成, 确定”意味的动词: determine, cause,make, have, come from, arise from, . -2. 表示”刺激, 影响”意味的动词: inuence, stimulate, trigger, inspire, . -3. 表示”思考, 联系”意味的单词: establish connections between, reasoning that, . -常见的因果关系的错误选项: -1. 因果颠倒(常见): 把原句的因果调换位置构成一个错误选项, 所以我们读到因果关 系的句子时一定要先明确何者为因, 何者为果 -2. 把因果关系替换成必要条件关系: 假如原句的逻辑关系为因果关系, 那么只要在选 项中出现了unless, only if等表示必要条件关系的词语, 这个选项就一定为错误选项 -3. 把因果关系替换成并列关系: 假如原句中的A和B两个事物之间成因果关系, 但是选 项中A和B两个事物呈现并列关系, 那么这个选项就一定为错误选项 -4. 遗漏因果关系: 假如原句中含有因果关系, 但是某个选项中却不存在因果关系, 那 么这个选项很有可能为错误选项转折关系&让步关系: A + 转折/让步词 + B, 表示A和B的内容相反 -转折关系和让步关系的差别: 转折关系强调的是紧接在转折词之后的内容(I love you, but I cant marry you.), 让步关系强调的是不与让步词紧密连接的内容(I love you, although I cant marry you.), 也就是说, 这两种关系的强调重点不同 -常见的表示转折关系的逻辑连接词: but, however, whereas, while, contrary to, . -常见的表示让步关系的逻辑连接词: even, even though, although, despite, in spite of, . -一般来说, 原句中的转折/让步关系都在正确选项中得到保留 -在复述题中, 转折关系和让步关系是可以互换的(也就是说, 假如原句中出现了转折关系, 但是选项中出现了让步关系, 那么该选项仍然有可能为正确选项)并列关系&递进关系: A和B两个事物的性质/地位相同 -并列关系和递进关系之间的差别: 并列关系表示两个事物之间性质/地位完全相同, 递进关 系除此之外还表示两个事物之间的程度存在差别 -常见的表示并列关系的逻辑连接词: and, also, both, as well as, either . or ., neither ., nor, . -常见的表示递进关系的逻辑连接词: not only . but also ., in addition to, even+比较 级, . -复述题只考察性质的判断, 而不考察程度的差别; 所以在复述题中, 并列关系和递进关系是 可以互换的 -并列关系假如被替换成了其他关系(因果/转折), 那么这个选项一定是错误选项 -一般不作为主考的逻辑关系, 只可能作为出错误选项的一个要点举