MFC入门培训手册.doc

一.学习MFC所应具备的基础知识1.Win32程序基础.2.面向对象与C+语言基础.1.Win32程序基础一) 几个重要概念:API:系统开放出来给程序员调用的函数.SDK:开发工具包，以API编写的程序也叫SDK程序.MFC:是一个构建在Windows API上的C+类库.Application Framework:指一个关连,包装良好的类库(MFC就是一个FrameWork).GUI:MDI:SDI:UI:二)Windows 编程模型1)以消息为基础,事件为驱动.(message base, event driven)2)用Win32 实现”Hello World!”.3)消息映射模型(message map)-一个重要的MFC概念.1.定义一个消息实体typdef struct MSGMAP_ENTRY_UINT nMessage;LONG (*pfn) (HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM); MSGMAP_ENTRY ;2.把消息和消息处理函数关联起来.MSGMAP_ENTRY messageEntries =WM_CREATE, OnCreate,WM_PAINT, OnPaint,WM_SIZE, OnSize,WM_COMMAND, OnCommand,WM_CLOSE, OnClose,WM_DESTROY, OnDestroy;MSGMAP_ENTRY commandEntries =IDM_ABOUT, OnAbout,IDM_EXIT, OnExit,#define dim(x) (sizeof(x)/sizeof(x0);3.更好的消息处理函数LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT nMessage, WPARAM wParam,LPARAM lParam)int i;for (i = 0; i dim(messageEntries); i +)if (nMessage = messageEntriesi.nMessage)return (*messageEntriesi.pfn)(hWnd,nMessage,wParam,lParam);return DefWindowProc(hWnd,nMessage,wParam,lParam);LONG OnCommand(HWND hWnd, UINT nMessage, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)int i;for(i = 0; i dim(commandEntries); i +)if (nMessage = commandEntriesi.nMessage)return (*commandEntriesi.pfn)(hWnd,nMessage,wParam,lParam);return DefWindowProc(hWnd, nMessage,wParam,lParam);LONG OnCreate(HWND hWnd, UINT nMessage, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam).LONG OnAbout(HWND hWnd, UINT nMessage, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam).4.Windows 程序的生死5.空闲的处理while(1)if (PeekMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE)if (msg.message = WM_QUIT)break;TranslateMessage();DispatchMessage(); elseOnIdle();4)第一个MFC程序- “Hello World!”/Hello.hclass CMyApp : public CWinApppublic: virtual BOOL InitInstance ();class CMainWindow : public CFrameWndpublic: CMainWindow ();protected: afx_msg void OnPaint ();afx_msg void OnLButtonDown(UINT nFlags,CPoint point);afx_msg void OnLButtonUp(UINT nFlags,CPoint point);afx_msg void OnMouseMove(UINT nFlags,CPoint point);afx_msg void OnNcDestroy(); DECLARE_MESSAGE_MAP ();#include #include #include Hello.hCMyApp myApp;/ CMyApp member functionsBOOL CMyApp:InitInstance () m_pMainWnd = new CMainWindow; m_pMainWnd-ShowWindow (m_nCmdShow); m_pMainWnd-UpdateWindow (); return TRUE;/ CMainWindow message map and member functionsBEGIN_MESSAGE_MAP (CMainWindow, CFrameWnd) ON_WM_PAINT ()ON_WM_LBUTTONDOWN()ON_WM_LBUTTONUP()ON_WM_MOUSEMOVE()ON_WM_NCDESTROY()END_MESSAGE_MAP ()CMainWindow:CMainWindow () Create (NULL, _T (The Hello Application);void CMainWindow:OnNcDestroy()delete this;2.面向对象与C+语言基础.1)成员变量与成员函数-封装class CShapeprivate:int m_nColor;public:virture void Display() cout ”shapen”;int SetColor(int nColor) m_nColor = nColor;2)代码复用-继承class CSquare : CShapepublic:virtual void Display() cout m_nColor = nColor;4)虚拟函数与多态1.如何实现这样一个动作:CShape shape5;/包含五个对象分别为正方形,矩形,椭圆行,圆形,三角行for (int i = 0; i SetPosition();pSquare = (CShape *)&shape;pSquare-SetColor(3);pShape = new CShape();pShape-Display();pSquare-Display();pShape = (CShape *)□pShape-Display();/为什么5)类型与实例剖析1.虚函数表（VTABLE-虚函数的实现基础）每个含虚函数的对象都有一个虚函数表，在内存中所占空间如下:每一个由此派生的类都有一个这样的虚函数表。当调用虚函数时，首先透过vptr找到虚函数表，再从虚函数表中找出虚函数的地址。当从基类派生时会继承基类的虚函数表，而当派生类改写虚函数时，编译器会用派生类的虚函数地址改写虚函数表。6）类的静态成员（静态成员函数与静态成员变量）静态成员属于类，而不属于对象。所以可以在还没创建对象之前就处理静态成员。1.静态变量的初试化静态成员的初始化只能放在实现档中，类的外面。因为放在类的构造函数中或在头文件中都可能被多次调用。Int Cshape:m_nStatic = 0;main().2.静态函数因为静态函数在对象生成之前就已经存在，所以无法处理对象的非静态变量。7)各种对象的生存周期（构造函数与解析函数）1.在栈中的对象 void func()Static int i;i +;Cfoo foo;/对象在栈(stack)中2.在堆中的对象void func()Cfoo *pfoo = new Cfoo;/对象在堆(heap)中3.全局对象(包括全局静态对象)Cfoo foo;在进入程序入口点之前创建；退出程序之前释放。4.局部静态对象 void func()static Cfoo foo;/局部静态对象8）执行期间类型识别C+ 的实现方式#include void process(CObject *pObject)if (typeid(CObject) = typeid(*pObject);else if (typeid(CDocument) = typeid(*pObject);else if (typeid(CMyDoc) = typeid(*pObject);MFC的实现方式DECLARE_DYNCREATE, IMPLEMENT_DYNCREATE与CRuntimeClass9)异常处理try,catch,throwTRYCATCH(type, object)AND_CATCH(type,object)END_CATCHCATCH_ALL(object)AND_CATCH_ALL(object)END_CATCH_ALLEND_TRYTHROW()THROW_LAST()10)template请参考C+手册二.MFC入门MFC概观一.MFC类的层次结构。1.CObject1)RTTI(执行期类型识别)CAge a;a.IsKindOf(RUNTIME_CLASS(CAge)2)Persistence(对象保存)DECLARE_SERIAL(CMYCLASS)IMPLEMENT_SERIAL(CMYCLASS, CBASECLASS, VERSIONABLE_SCHEMA | 2)void Cline:Serialize(CArchive &ar)Cobject:Serialize(ar);/must call parents serialize firstif (ar.IsStoring()arm_Point1;版本控制如下：void CLine:Serialize (CArchive& ar) CObject:Serialize (ar); if (ar.IsStoring () ar m_Point1 m_Point1; break; case 2: / Version 2 CLine ar m_Point1 m_Point2; break; default: / Unknown version AfxThrowArchiveException (CArchiveException:badSchema); break; PS.MFC的CArchives 可以插入和提取CObject的指针, 但不能处理CObject对象。这意味着下面可以正常工作：CLine *pLine = new Cline(CPoint(0, 0), Cpoint(100, 50);ar pLine;但下面不行CLine Line = Cline(CPoint(0, 0), Cpoint(100, 50);ar Line;但可以采用下面的变通方法：/serializeCLine line(CPoint(0, 0), Cpoint(100, 50);ar pLine;Cline line = *pLine; /CLine must has a copy constructordelete pLine;更通用的方法是直接调用对象的Serialize 方法:/SerializeCline line(CPoint(0,0), Cpoint(100,50);line.Serialize(ar);/DeserializeCline line;line.Serialize(ar);3)Dynamci Creation(动态生成)DECLARE_DYNAMIC(CMyClass)IMPLEMENT_DYNAMIC(CMyClass, CBaseClass)run-time access to the class name and its position in the hierarchydiagnostic dumpingeg:dynamically create an object given its run-time classCRuntimeClass *pRuntimeClass = RUNTIME_CLASS(CMyClass);Cobject *pObject = pRuntimeClass-CreateObject();ASSERT(pObject-IsKindOf(RUNTIME_CLASS(CMyClass);4)Diagnostic(错误诊断)You must supply a CdumpContext argument here the dump output will go. The Debug version of MFC supplies a predefined CdumpContext object name afxDump that sends output to the debugger WindowCperson *pMyPerson = new Cperson;#ifdef _DEBUGpMyPerson-Dump(afxDump)#endif/dump to fileCFile f;if ( !f.Open(“dump.txt”, Cfile:modeCreate | Cfile:modeWrite)afxDump “unable to open file” GetActiveDocument()(CMainFrame *)(CMainFrame *)AfxGetMainWnd()-GetActiveFrame()(CMyView *)(CMainFrame *)AfxGetMainWnd()-GetActiveView()(CMainFrame *)(CMainFrame *)AfxGetMainWnd()-GetActiveWindow()(CMyApp *)AfxGetApp()CFrameWnd 元素CStautsBarCtoolBarCMenu作