What Body Language Can Tell You That Words Cannot翻译和原文.doc

What Body Language Can Tell You That Words Cannot什么是肢体语言能告诉你而语言不能的Interview With David Givens, AnthropologistBy David GivensQ. Mr. Givens, why is it important for people to understand body language-that is, communication by means of movements and gestures? 吉文斯先生，为什么对人们来说理解用动作和姿势来沟通的体态语言是重要的？A. The best salespeople, the best teachers, the best business managers have an innate ability to read body language and put it to profitable use. They adapt their presentation to the messages they pick up.A.最好的推销员，最好的老师和最好的商务经理都有读体态语言的本能，而且应此受益匪浅。他们根据获得的信息来调节他们的演讲。 For example, the most successful trial lawyers are those who can look at a jury and a judge and pick up little cues that tip off what people are thinking. An observant lawyer may notice that the judge is compressing his lips into a thin line as the lawyer is speaking. This is a common sign people use when they disagree or are becoming annoyed. A smart lawyer will quickly try a new approach. 例如，最成功的出庭律师就是这样一个人。他们只要扫视一下陪审团和法官，就能看出暴露这些人思想的微妙的情绪变化。一个善于观察的律师，在他说话的同时，可能会注意到法官正在把他的嘴唇越闭越紧，这是人们意见不一致，或是很恼火的时候的共同信号，聪明的律师这时候会迅速地试试新方法。 Such signals are used constantly, even though people generally dont realize they are communicating through their movements, posture and mannerisms. 这些信号常常被运用，即使人们通常都不能意识到他们是通过动作，姿势和言谈举止来交流的。Q. What kinds of information is nonverbal language likely to reveal? 什么样的信息可能通过非言语语言显示出来？A. Very often it signals a persons true feelings, which may be contrary to what is actually being spoken. For example, a person may hunch the shoulders, angle the head to one side and compress the lips. Thats a good indication that he or she is uncertain about an idea or perhaps disagrees with it, even without saying so in words. 常常它能传达人们的真实想法，这种想法很可能与人们实际表述的相反。例如，一个人也许会耸着肩，把头偏向一侧，紧闭双唇，即使不用语言这已是一个很好的暗示，表明他不确定或是不同意某个主意。Q. Would you give some examples of the most common indicators of approval and disapproval? 你能举一些最常见的关于赞成与反对的信号的例子吗？A. When people show rapport with each other, they swivel their upper bodies toward each other and align their shoulders in parallel. They face each other squarely, they lean slightly toward each other, and there is more eye contact. If they disagree, they unwittingly or unconsciously turn their bodies away from each other. Such signs are unmistakable forms of body language. 当人们表示出相互相处融洽时，会把上身转向对方使自己的肩膀与对方平齐，使脸正对着对方，身体微微倾向对方，并且会有更多的目光接触。如果人们相互意见不一，他们会不经意或无意识地将身体转离对方，这些都是体态语言显而易见的传达方式。Q. Do people more often than not try to exhibit dominant behavior in the presence of others? 在其他人面前，人们会经常设法表现出统治性的行为吗？A. Some people do, but many also assume a submissive stance. The head, arms, legs and feet tell the true intent. When the boss pats an employee on the back, the employees toes will invariably pigeon-toe inward-a classic sign of submission-and the boss will toe out, a sign of dominance. 有些人会这样，但是很多人也会表现出谦恭的姿态。头，手臂，腿和脚都会述说人们真正的意图。当上司拍员工的后背时，员工的脚趾总是向内收的，这是一个典型的顺从的标志，而上司的脚趾是外伸的，这是一个典型的统治性地位的标志。 By contrast, people in submissive roles will tend to crouch slightly and display self-protective stances. They may fold their arms or hug themselves, cross their legs or reach up and touch their throats. People with a more dominant attitude will use more-expansive gestures, spreading the arms and legs, creating an air of openness. 相比之下，处于顺从地位中的人们倾向于微微屈膝，表现出自我保护的姿态。他们会交叉双臂或者拥抱自己，交叉双腿或者伸手触摸自己的喉咙。处于统治性姿态的人们会使用更畅谈的姿势，展开手臂和腿，创造一种开放的氛围。Q. What are some other universal nonverbal signals? 还有一些其他的非语言性的信号吗？A. One is an automatic raising of the eyebrows that a person does when he or she meets someone else. It takes place very quickly at the instant when recognition takes place, and it is a natural and universal form of greeting.一个例子是当人们遇见其他人的时候会无意识的提起眉毛。这种行为发生得很快，当你一认出对方它就发生了，它是一种普遍的打招呼的方式 Another obvious cue is known as the hand behind head, which signals uncertainty or stress. When someone is disturbed or startled by something, the first reaction is to reach up and touch the back of the head. It is a totally unconscious reflex. 另一个明显的暗示被称为“手放头后”，它传达了人们没把握或紧张的状态。当某人被某事打扰或是惊吓到的时候，第一个反应就是伸出手放到脑后，这是个完全无意识的反应。About 125 nonverbal signals of this type have been cataloged as recognizable.大概有125种这之类的非语言信号已经被编录为可识别的信号。Q. Where do we get mannerisms such as these? Are they learned as a part of our culture? 我们从哪里学到像这样的举止的呢？我们是把它当成文化知识的一部分来学习的吗？A. No, they are almost entirely inborn. Nonverbal behavior occurs naturally, without being taught, and even shows up in newborn infants and in lower animals. It is firmly grounded in evolutionary development. Its something that Mother Nature provides to help us get along with each other.不是的，它们基本上是我们与生俱来的。非语言行为是自然产生的，无论是对于新生的婴儿还是低等动物，这种行为都不需要被教导或是示范。在人类的进化发展的过程中，它已经被牢牢地打好基础。这是自然力量给予我们互相融洽相处的帮助。Nonverbal communication is also what we call culture-free: it applies worldwide. People can go anywhere and understand these signals, even if they dont know the spoken language.非语言交流也是我们所说的非文化限制或影响的交流：它适用于全世界。人们去到任何地方都能明白这种信号即使它们不懂那儿的语言。Q. Is courtship one of the situations that is strongly influenced by nonverbal skills? 求爱也是一种深受非语言技巧影响的情况吗？A. Yes. In fact, early courtship is almost entirely made up of nonverbal actions. Men and women unconsciously shrug their shoulders when they find each other attractive. It is an I give up signal, almost a childlike gesture that shows they are harmless.是的，实际上，早期的求爱几乎完全由非语言行为构成。男人和女人会无意识地对着有吸引力的异性耸肩。这是“我屈服”的信号，几乎 是以一种孩子般的姿态来表现他们没有恶意。 Early courtship is filled with shy, juvenile, awkward behavior between the man and the woman. A woman attracted to a man will tilt her head down and to the side, then look in his direction in a coy or coquettish way. A man at a party or at a bar will stake out his territory by putting cigarettes or cash in front of him, to show females his status relative to other men. 男女之间早期的求爱充满了害羞，幼稚和笨拙的行为。女人吸引男人会将头斜向一边，然后用故作娇柔或是卖弄风情的眼神望过去。而男人在聚会或是酒吧上会把香烟或是现金放在面前以示自己的地盘，从而向异性展示出自己相对于其他男人的地位。Q. What if a woman decides that she isnt interested in a mans overtures? 如果一个女人对男人的表示不感兴趣，她会怎样表示出来呢？A. The simplest gesture is simply to turn her body away from him. Its the cold shoulder, one of the most recognizable gestures in the entire animal kingdom. It is really one of the kindest yet most effective ways to dampen someones ardor. And men can use it, too. 最简单的姿势就是完全将她的身体转离他。这是整个动物王国最可辨认的姿态之一“冷漠”。 这确实是一个温和但却最有效的方式抑制人的热情。当然男人也可以使用这种方式。Q. Would you include touching in the vocabulary of nonverbal communication? 身体接触也被包括在非语言交流的例表中吗？Yes. And it should be used very carefully. Skin is our oldest sense organ, and when it is touched by someone it carries a strong emotional impact. It is a very sexually loaded form of communication.是的。这种接触要十分小心。皮肤是我们最老的感觉器官，被某人触碰时它会产生强烈的情感冲击。他在沟通中是性别上一种非常具有加载性的形式。 In a business or social setting, a casual touch can be almost electric, even in a professional relationship. When someone is touched, he or she immediately stops for an instant and wonders, What did that mean? In such settings, hands off is the best policy because even a well-intentioned touch can be badly misconstrued. 在商业或社会环境中，一个随意的接触都几乎能令人紧张兴奋，即使是在职业关系里。当某人被触碰后，他们很快会停顿片刻并疑惑：“那是什么意思？”在这种情况下，“收回手”是最精明的行为，因为即使是一个出于好意的接触也可能会被严重地误解。WORD STUDYApproach v.1. to move, come, or go near移动，到达，走近The car approached the traffic lights at top speed.汽车以最快的速度接近了红绿灯。As I approached, she gave me a nod of greeting.当我走近时，她点头向我打招呼As they crossed the bridge, they heard the whistle of the approaching train.过桥时，她们听见越来越近的火车所发出的汽笛声。2. to come or go to in order to talk about, suggest, ask for something为了谈话，建议或要求某事而来或去Have you approached the manager about taking a day off next week?你已经向经理说了下个星期请一天假的事情吗？Approach to: approximate接近，近似The number of new student this term approaches to two thousand.本学期的学生人数接近两千。Approach n.1. the act of coming near走近，接近The boys ran off at the approach of a policeman.当警察靠近时男孩们跑走了。2. a road, path leading to a place 通向某地的通道或路The approaches to the port of Southampton are always busy.南安普顿海港的入口总是很繁忙。3. way of doing做某事的方法In our approaches to problems, we must not forget to draw lines of distinction.我们解决这个问题的方法，一定要记得把区别划出来。Approachable adj.1. friendly, ready to listen 有好的，愿意倾听的I find him very approachable.我觉得他很平易近人。2. that can be reached 能到达的In the winter the village is sometimes not approachable by road.在冬天，这个村庄的路有时候不能通行。Indicate v.1. to point out or show展示或指出You can indicate the direction by pointing your finger.你能用手指指出方向。The signpost indicates the direction of London from here.路标指出了从这儿到伦敦的方向。2. to be a sign of象征In many writing systems a circle indicates the sun.在很多写作手法里，圆都象征了太阳。The flashing beacon indicated that a stretch of road was undergoing repairs.闪光标灯表明有一段路正在维修。3. to make clear解释清楚The senator indicated that he might resign.参议员表示他可能会辞职。Indication n. a sign or suggestion迹象或暗示Indications are that there will be a good harvest.迹象表明这儿将会有好的收成。There is not much indication that there will be a typhoon.没有任何迹象表明台风的到来。Indicative adj. showing or suggesting the existence of表明或暗示.存在The change in her manner was indicative of a new attitude towards us.他举止的变化表明对我们有新的态度。Indicator n. a pointer, sign, instrument which indicates something or gives information about something能指示某事或供给信息的指示,标记或工具Dont you think that s an indicator of fine weather tomorrow?你不认为那是明天有好天气的标志吗？Dominate v.1. to have command or influence over, to have the most important place拥有掌握权,影响力或重要地位Her desire to do her duty dominates everything else.她那尽守职责的愿望占据了所有其他事情的首位。Although the cathedral and the castle are both noticeable, the cathedral dominates.虽然大教堂和城堡都令人注目，但前者具重要性。2. to rise or to be higher than; to provide a view from a height above 更高的或从高处俯瞰.The castle on its rock dominates the town.岩石上的城堡俯瞰了城镇。Dominant adj. ruling, most important or most influential统治的，最重要的，最有影响力的The theme of nationalism was dominant in his speech.爱国主义这个主题主导了他的演讲。From his dominant position as chairman of the board, he neglected the information of the foremost authorities.占据着董事长职位的他忽视了重要当局的消息。Domination n. the act of dominating; the power to dominate统治行为，统治权力That nation once wanted world domination.那个国家曾经想统治世界。Recognize v.1. to remember the name, nature of, when seeing, hearing 当看到或听到时而记起I failed to recognize his voice when he rang me up.当我接到他的电话时，差点没有认出他的声音。I recognized John in the photograph.我在照片里认出了约翰。2. accept as true接受事实You must surely recognize the danger of what you are doing!你必须真正地认识到你正在做的事情的危险性。He was not recognized as a great writer until after his death.直到离世，他才被公认为一位伟大的作家。3. accept officially官方承认Many countries were unwilling to recognize the new republic.许多国家不愿意承认新的共和政体。Mr Jackson refused to recognize the authority of that court.杰克逊先生拒绝承认法院的权威性。Recognition n. the act or state of recognizing or being recognized承认或被承认的动作或状态Recognition of that government by ours is not likely.要我们承认那个政府是不可能的。The village has changed beyond recognition.这个已经变得我们无法认识了。Recognizable adj. able to be recognized能够认出来的She had changed so much that she was barely recognizable.她变得太多了，我们几乎人不出来。recomposition：Q: Mr. Givens, why is it significant for people to know body language which means communicating trough the ways of movements and gestures?A: All the salesmen, teachers and businessmen who are excellent can understand body language by the instinctive capability. They can avail it to the most. Thus, they are flexible to adjust their ways in explaining or behaving when they got the messages. For example, the trial lawyers who are most successful can gain the cues just by looking at a jury and a judge and know their thought through these cues. If a lawyer is observant, he will pay attention to the judges face. Once he found that the judge is compressing his lips into a thin line, he will change his speaking approach immediately. Because compressing lips is a common sign to show peoples disapproval. These kinds of signs are used frequently, even if people dont know that they generally use these methods such as movements, postures and mannerisms to communicate with others.Q: what is the information that the nonverbal language probably to unveil?A: More often, the nonverbal language reveal a persons true feelings, which may be different with what is actually being spoken. For example, when a person arch the shoulders, angle the head to one side and compress the lips, it means that this person is not knowing something or even hold a different opinion. However, he wont speak it out.Q: could you list some example about the most common signals of the agreement and the disagreement?A: when people express harmony with each other, they will turn their upper bodies to each other, and place their shoulder in parallel line. They directly face each other, slightly lean towards each other and more eye contact will be of the appearance. If they disapprove, they will swivel their body from each other unwarily and intentionally. Such kind of indicators can be obviously signal by the body language.Q: Do people most likely attend to display dominate behavior in front of others?A: Some people like to do this, but most of the people show a compliant appearance. Their true thought will be told by the head, arms, leg and feet. If the boss pats an employee on the back, the employee will always keep his toes inward which is a typical symbol of compliant, while the boss will always keep his toes be out, it is a symbol of dominance. By comparison, people who are submissive will incline to bend their knee slightly and be the air of self-protective. They will fold their arms to surround themselves, make the legs crossed or use one hand to touch their throats. People who are in the role of dominant will take more expansive postures, loosing the arms and legs, make the open atmosphere.Q: Are there any other common nonverbal signals?A: One of the common examples is to raise their eyebrows when they meet with someone else. This kind of reaction is happening rather fast as soon as the recognition occur, and this is also a common form to greet to others. Another evident hint is termed as the “hand behind head,” which shows the unsure and stressful feeling. When someone is disturbed or agazed by something, they will immediately reach up and touch the back of the head. This is a completely unwarily reaction.By now, there have been 125 nonverbal signals defined as recognizable.Q: How do we know to use these kinds of mannerisms? Do we learn it as a part of our culture?A: No, these mannerisms are attached to us once we were born. We use nonverbal behavior naturally without being taught, even we have known how to use it when we are newborn infant, so do the lower animals. It have been stably formed since people began to evolutionary develop. It is natures power give our aid to be rapport with each other.Nonverbal communication will not be limited by the culture, so it is applied all over the world. People can understand these signals no matter where they go, even though they dont know the foreign language.Q: If courtship is one of the example that is heavily affected by nonverbal skills?A: Yes, As a matter of fact, in the early time courtship is nearly expressed by the nonverbal action. When men and women are attracted by each other, they will shrug their shoulders unconsciously. This signal means “I give up”, which is all but a childish posture to appear that they are not harm. Man and woman were full of the coy, childlike and clumsy behavior in their early courtship. If a woman wanted to attract a man, she will lean her head down to one side, then, look at the man with a shy and coquettish expression. A man at a party or at a bar will always line out his own realm by place the cigarettes or cash in front of him, which is aim to show his status by comparison with other man.Q: How does a woman show their disinterest to a mans gesture? A: the most ordinary postures are barely to turn aside her body from him. It is known as the “cold shoulder,” which is one of the most recognizable posture all around the animal world. It is indeed one of the politest while most useful methods to diminish someones enthusiasm. Men can use this method as well.A: Is the touching the kind of nonverbal signal that can be included in the list of the nonverbal communication?Yes, and it ought to be used in a rather careful way. Skin is our longtime organ of feeling. If it is touched by something, it will produce a strong emotional feeling. It is the form of communication which will be easily influenced sexually. In a business or social occasion, a casual touch will make people sudden produce the feeling of thrilling excitement. When people are touched by someone, they will soon to stop for a moment and amaze at the intention of that touching. During such situation, “hand off” is the best method because even a kind intention touch may be produce severe misconstruction.Composition:Asceticism or Hedonism Before I wrote this paper, I have done a small research. To everybody I know, I asked them the same question that the asceticism and the hedonism which opinion they will support mor