type II learning is intended to reduce possibilities of transmission.doc

These patterns are important because many ecosystem services require landscape scale policy interventions, yet policies traditionally target only individual farmers (thus delivering field scale or farm scale interventions). These patterns are also important because they provide a proxy indicator for (the strength of) existing neighbourhood networks, through which policies can be communicated more effectively and farmers can be enticed to join more quickly (thus making the policy more efficient). Case study application identifies spatio-temporal patterns of uptake in different parts of Scotland. Much stronger patterns are found in mountainous areas and on small islands, which is consistent with the expectation of stronger communities of place and neighbourhood networks in more remote places.103Technology-based design and scaling for RTGs for space exploration in the 100W rangeOriginal Research ArticleActa Astronautica, Volume 68, Issues 7-8, April-May 2011, Pages 873-882Leopold Summerer, Jean Pierre Roux, Alexey Pustovalov, Viacheslav Gusev, Nikolai RybkinClose preview| Related articles|Related reference work articles AbstractAbstract | Figures/TablesFigures/Tables | ReferencesReferences AbstractThis paper presents the results of a study on design considerations for a 100W radioisotope thermo-electric generator (RTG). Special emphasis has been put on designing a modular, multi-purpose system with high overall TRL levels and making full use of the extensive Russian heritage in the design of radioisotope power systems. The modular approach allowed insight into the scaling of such RTGs covering the electric power range from 50 to 200We (EoL). The retained concept is based on a modular thermal block structure, a radiative inner-RTG heat transfer and using a two-stage thermo-electric conversion system.Article Outline1. Introduction 1.1. Scope and objectives2. Methodology 2.1. Administrative and legal design requirements2.2. Safety design requirements2.3. Physical design requirements3. Physical design choices 3.1. Radioisotope selection3.2. Choice of PuO24. Technical design choices 4.1. Radioisotope fuel considerations4.2. Modular approach4.3. He-vented RHS4.4. Choice of structural material for RHS shells4.5. RHU design4.6. Thermal to electric conversion system4.7. Thermal insulation4.8. RTG outer casing choices4.9. Correlation of RHU and TEC structures within the RTG4.10. Final RTG-100W design4.11. RTG scaling5. ConclusionsReferencesPurchase$ 31.50104Semantic-based information retrieval in support of concept designOriginal Research ArticleAdvanced Engineering Informatics, Volume 25, Issue 2, April 2011, Pages 131-146Rossitza Setchi, Qiao Tang, Ivan StankovClose preview| Related articles|Related reference work articles AbstractAbstract | Figures/TablesFigures/Tables | ReferencesReferences AbstractThis research is motivated by the realisation that semantic technology can be used to develop computational tools in support of designers creativity by focusing on the inspirational stage of design. The paper describes a semantic-based image retrieval tool developed for the needs of concept cars designers from two renowned European companies. It is created to help them find and interpret sources of inspiration. The core innovation of the tool is its ability to provide a degree of diversity, ambiguity and uncertainty in the information gathering and idea generation process. The tool is based on the assumption that there is a semantic link between the images in a web page and the text around them. Furthermore, it uses the idea that the more frequently a term occurs in a document and the fewer documents it occurs in, the more representative this term is of that document. The new contribution is linking the most meaningful words in a document with ontological concepts, and then finding the most powerful set of concepts representing that document and consequently the images in it. This is based on the observation that monosemic words (with a single meaning) are more domain-oriented than polysemic ones (that have multiple meanings), and provide a greater amount of domain information. The tool tags images by first processing all significant words in the text around them, extracting all keywords and key phrases in it, ranking them according to their significance, and linking them to ontological concepts. It generates a set of concept numbers for each text, which is then used to retrieve information in a process called semantic expansion, where a keyword query is also processed semantically. The proposed approach is illustrated with examples using the tool developed for the needs of Stile Bertone and Fiat, Italy, two of the industrial partners in the TRENDS project sponsored by the European Community.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Information requirements of concept designers3. State-of-the-art review 3.1. Content-based image retrieval3.2. Text-based image retrieval4. Semantic-based image retrieval 4.1. Algorithm4.2. Ontologies4.3. Illustrative example4.4. Industrial implementation and evaluation5. Conclusions and future workAcknowledgementsReferencesPurchase$ 39.95105Snow cover, snowmelt timing and stream power in the Wind River Range, WyomingOriginal Research ArticleGeomorphology, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 27 March 2011Dorothy K. Hall, James L. Foster, Nicolo E. DiGirolamo, George A. RiggsClose preview| Related articles|Related reference work articles AbstractAbstract AbstractEarlier onset of springtime weather, including earlier snowmelt, has been documented in the western United States over at least the last 50years. Because the majority (70%) of the water supply in the western U.S. comes from snowmelt, analysis of the declining spring snowpack (and shrinking glaciers) has important implications for the management of streamflow. The amount of water in a snowpack influences stream discharge which can also influence erosion and sediment transport by changing stream power, or the rate at which a stream can do work, such as move sediment and erode the stream bed. The focus of this work is the Wind River Range (WRR) in west-central Wyoming. Ten years of Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow-cover, cloud-gap-filled (CGF) map products and 30years of discharge and meteorological station data are studied. Streamflow data from streams in the WRR drainage basins show lower annual discharge and earlier snowmelt in the decade of the 2000s than in the previous three decades, though no trend of either lower streamflow or earlier snowmelt was observed within the decade of the 2000s. Results show a statistically-significant trend at the 95% confidence level (or higher) of increasing weekly maximum air temperature (for three out of the five meteorological stations studied) in the decade of the 1970s, and also for the 40-year study period as a whole. The extent of snow-cover (percent of basin covered) derived from the lowest elevation zone (2500 3000m) of the WRR, using MODIS CGF snow-cover maps, is strongly correlated with maximum monthly discharge on 30 April, where Spearmans Rank correlation, rs, = 0.89 for the decade of the 2000s. We also investigated stream power for Bull Lake Creek above Bull Lake; and found a trend (significant at the 90% confidence level) toward reduced stream power from 1970 to 2009. Observed changes in streamflow and stream power may be related to increasing weekly maximum air temperature measured during the 40-year study period, possibly contributing to a reduction in snow cover. In addition, the strong relationship between percent of basin that was snow covered, and maximum monthly streamflow indicates that MODIS snow-cover maps are useful for predicting streamflow, and can be used to improve management of water resources in the drought-prone western United States.Purchase$ 31.50106Systematic Review of Guidelines on Imaging of Asymptomatic Coronary Artery DiseaseOriginal Research ArticleJournal of the American College of Cardiology, Volume 57, Issue 15, 12 April 2011, Pages 1591-1600Bart S. Ferket, Tessa S.S. Genders, Ersen B. Colkesen, Jacob J. Visser, Sandra Spronk, Ewout W. Steyerberg, M.G. Myriam HuninkClose preview| Related articles|Related reference work articles AbstractAbstract | Figures/TablesFigures/Tables | ReferencesReferences ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to critically appraise guidelines on imaging of asymptomatic coronary artery disease (CAD). BackgroundVarious imaging tests exist to detect CAD in asymptomatic persons. Because randomized controlled trials are lacking, guidelines that address the use of CAD imaging tests may disagree. MethodsGuidelines in English published between January 1, 2003, and February 26, 2010, were retrieved using MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, the National Guideline Clearinghouse, the National Library for Health, the Canadian Medication Association Infobase, and the Guidelines International Network International Guideline Library. Guidelines developed by national and international medical societies from Western countries, containing recommendations on imaging of asymptomatic CAD were included. Rigor of development was scored by 2 independent reviewers using the Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation (AGREE) instrument. One reviewer performed full extraction of recommendations, which was checked by a second reviewer. ResultsOf 2,415 titles identified, 14 guidelines met our inclusion criteria. Eleven of 14 guidelines reported relationship with industry. The AGREE scores varied across guidelines from 21% to 93%. Two guidelines considered cost effectiveness. Eight guidelines recommended against or found insufficient evidence for testing of asymptomatic CAD. The other 6 guidelines recommended imaging patients at intermediate or high CAD risk based on the Framingham risk score, and 5 considered computed tomography calcium scoring useful for this purpose. ConclusionsGuidelines on risk assessment by imaging of asymptomatic CAD contain conflicting recommendations. More research, including randomized controlled trials, evaluating the impact of imaging on clinical outcomes and costs is needed.Article OutlineMethods Data sources and searchesStudy selectionData extraction and quality assessmentData synthesis and analysisResults Selected guidelinesGeneral findings among the recommendationsCT calcium scoringElectrocardiography and exercise tolerance testingMyocardial perfusion imagingCT angiography and MR angiographyStress echocardiographyDiscussionConclusionsReferencesPurchase$ 31.50107Human resources for health in southeast Asia: shortages, distributional challenges, and international trade in health servicesReview ArticleThe Lancet, Volume 377, Issue 9767, 26 February 2011-4 March 2011, Pages 769-781Churnrurtai Kanchanachitra, Magnus Lindelow, Timothy Johnston, Piya Hanvoravongchai, Fely Marilyn Lorenzo, Nguyen Lan Huong, Siswanto Agus Wilopo, Jennifer Frances dela RosaClose preview| Supplementary content| Related articles|Related reference work articles AbstractAbstract | Figures/TablesFigures/Tables | ReferencesReferences SummaryIn this paper, we address the issues of shortage and maldistribution of health personnel in southeast Asia in the context of the international trade in health services. Although there is no shortage of health workers in the region overall, when analysed separately, five low-income countries have some deficit. All countries in southeast Asia face problems of maldistribution of health workers, and rural areas are often understaffed. Despite a high capacity for medical and nursing training in both public and private facilities, there is weak coordination between production of health workers and capacity for employment. Regional experiences and policy responses to address these challenges can be used to inform future policy in the region and elsewhere. A distinctive feature of southeast Asia is its engagement in international trade in health services. Singapore and Malaysia import health workers to meet domestic demand and to provide services to international patients. Thailand attracts many foreign patients for health services. This situation has resulted in the so-called brain drain of highly specialised staff from public medical schools to the private hospitals. The Philippines and Indonesia are the main exporters of doctors and nurses in the region. Agreements about mutual recognition of professional qualifications for three groups of health workers under the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Framework Agreement on Services could result in increased movement within the region in the future. To ensure that vital human resources for health are available to meet the needs of the populations that they serve, migration management and retention strategies need to be integrated into ongoing efforts to strengthen health systems in southeast Asia. There is also a need for improved dialogue between the health and trade sectors on how to balance economic opportunities associated with trade in health services with domestic health needs and equity issues.Article OutlineIntroductionData and methodsOutstanding challenges: shortages and maldistribution The stock of human resources for healthProduction and employmentInequality in distribution of the health workforceTrade in health services An overview of trade in health services in southeast AsiaMedical tourismExport of doctors and nursesDiscussionSearch strategy and selection criteriaAcknowledgementsWeb Extra MaterialReferencesPurchase$ 31.50108Importance of algae oil as a source of biodieselOriginal Research ArticleEnergy Conversion and Management, Volume 52, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 163-170Ayhan Demirbas, M. Fatih DemirbasClose preview| PDF (275 K) | Related articles|Related reference work articles AbstractAbstract | Figures/TablesFigures/Tables | ReferencesReferences AbstractAlgae are the fastest-growing plants in the world. Industrial reactors for algal culture are open ponds, photobioreactors and closed systems. Algae are very important as a biomass source. Algae will some day be competitive as a source for biofuel. Different species of algae may be better suited for different types of fuel. Algae can be grown almost anywhere, even on sewage or salt water, and does not require fertile land or food crops, and processing requires less energy than the algae provides. Algae can be a replacement for oil based fuels, one that is more effective and has no disadvantages. Algae are among the fastest-growing plants in the world, and about 50% of their weight is oil. This lipid oil can be used to make biodiesel for cars, trucks, and airplanes. Microalgae have much faster growth-rates than terrestrial crops. the per unit area yield of oil from algae is estimated to be from 20,000 to 80,000l per acre, per year; this is 731 times greater than the next best crop, palm oil. The lipid and fatty acid contents of microalgae vary in accordance with culture conditions. Most current research on oil extraction is focused on microalgae to produce biodiesel from algal oil. Algal-oil processes into biodiesel as easily as oil derived from land-based crops.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Algae technology3. Availability of algae for biodiesel production4. Biodiesel from algal oil5. Acceptability of microalgal biodiesel6. Economics of algae biodiesel production7. ConclusionReferences109A power analysis and data acquisition system for ocean wave energy device testingOriginal Research ArticleRenewable Energy, Volume 36, Issue 7, July 2011, Pages 1922-1930Ean Amon, Ted K.A. Brekken, Annette von JouanneClose preview| Related articles|Related reference work articles AbstractAbstract | Figures/TablesFigures/Tables | ReferencesReferences AbstractIn the testing of ocean wave energy devices, the demand for a portable and robust data acquisition and electrical loading system has become apparent. This paper investigates the development of a 30kW inclusive system combining loading capabilities, real-time power analysis, and data acquisition for the testing of deployed ocean wave energy devices. Hardware results for ocean testing are included.Article Outline1. Introduction2. System requirements and novel aspects of the research 2.1. Electrical loading system and real-time control2.2. Portability2.3. Data acquisition system2.4. Environmental considerations3. Converter topologies4. PADA system 4.1. Three-phase rectifier and DCDC buck converter4.2. System protection4.3. System input and output inductance4.4. Voltage and current transducers4.5. DC bus charge limiting resistors with parallel IGBT4.6. Opal-RT PC/104 Rapid Prototyper4.7. System enclosure5. System control 5.1. Three-phase rectifier active control 5.1.1. Vector control5.1.2. Three-phase impedance emulation5.1.3. Buck converter control5.2. Three-phase passive rectifier control 5.2.1. Passive rectifier and electronically controllable DC bus load resistor5.2.2. Diode-bridge rectifier constant current amplitude6. Hardware results7. ConclusionsAcknowledgementsNomenclatureReferencesPurchase$ 35.95110Indias energy security: A sample of business, government, civil society, and university perspectivesOriginal Research ArticleEnergy Policy, Volume 39, Issue 3, March 2011, Pages 1254-1264Malavika Jain Bambawale, Benjamin K. Sovac