牛仔何以成为美国神话 英文.doc

How did cowboys become myth in America? analysis about the character of American cowboysAbstract: What is the reason why cowboy, a character that only exists in American historyforabout 30 years, became classic and permanent after it disappeared till now? This article tells us the deep effect by the spirits including freedom, heroism and the courage of starting careers, of cowboys on the Americans in these aspects of the cowboys generation, development, historical significance and influence. So that we can know how it becomes myth.Key word: Cowboy culture, Short-lived, Far-reaching influence When it refers to cowboys, a huge strong and heroic character who wears broad brimmed(宽边的) hat on the head, wears neckerchief around the neck, dresses with doublet（紧身上衣） and wears leather boots. He can ride horse into the troop of robbers and shoot them with no miss. When every robber fell down dead, he will slightly blow the smog coming out from the gunpoint and turned about, leaving. This usual and short-lived image accompanied with every generation of Americans, became the epic character, raised the deep emotion of American and caused lots of mentality campaigns. It raised an interesting question for us that what make cowboy, a character only existing 30 years, become the strongest backbone of American and what make cowboy enduring myth. We can solve the problems in the aspect of history first.A、 the background of cowboys coming into being American cows were firstly brought to western Indies by Columbus, and then they expended to northern America. Another part of American cows were brought to Mexico by a explorer Coronado（科罗纳多） in the exploration and then expended to the northern America. With the expending of the American territory, cows were everywhere in America. Beef price in the northeast America is ten times much than that in south and west America. The high price attract many people to do cow business, in the meantime, the accomplishment of pacific railway promote the fast development of cow business. To make much profit, the landlord began to transport the cow toward the railway to tread them. In the process of transporting cows, cowboys came into being. Because of wining the two wars between America and Mexico in 1846 and 1853, America bought about 1 million square kilometers land that in the east of Mississippi from Mexico, so that there were a lot of cheap land in the south and west America. Because of the cheap land, many landlords came here to raise cows. The fertile soil and flat landform accelerate the development of cow business. The amount of cows even reached 50 million in 1886, because of which， lots of cow boys were required. It is easy to be found that peoples longing for cowboy is based on the need of money and survival and it is this need that promotes the development of cowboy and became the original energy of epic cowboy.However, after several years flourishing, cowboy had to quit their job. Because the fast increasing of cows caused the surplus and the competence with other countries, the price dropped quickly, which made many landlords quit raising cows. Convenient transportation not only promoted the development of cow business but also brought many farmers there doing farming as well as many goatherds（牧羊人）. They competed with cow raisers for fields, which made less land to raise cows and lower amount of cow production. But why Americans will be excited when heard cowboys until now? We can analyse this problem from the profound（影响深远的） historical significance of cowboy. B、 the historical significance of cowboy1、 cowboy is a signal of the Westward MovementNot like Chinese west development, American Westward Movement is a process of inveigling（诱骗） people to the west and expending territory. In 1803, Napoleon was busy fighting with other European countries and, at this time, America extorted（诈骗） 1.5 million square kilometers land from Napoleon. So, the land in the east of Mississippi belongs to America. During this time, cowboy had appeared in the exceptional place and moved to the west to raise cows. In 1850s, after the war with Mexico, America expanded its territory to the eastside of Pacific Ocean and during this time, professional cowboys came into being and had a happy life raising cows. Cowboys just existed in the history for about 30 years (about 18651895), but they saw all the process of expansion of America. After annexing（吞并） Hawaii in 1898, cowboy left the historical stage in due form. So when it comes to cowboy who can survey（纵览） all the splendid process of expansion of America, doesnt it make Americans excited? 2、 cowboy saw the process of the modernization of American economyThe Westward Movement is a process of promoting industrialization and making harmonious development between industry and agriculture. The landlords who went to the west firstly engaged in agriculture and stockbreeding（畜牧业）, which brought the job cowboy to the world. Then modern vehicles such as railway and advanced technology led agriculture to mechanical prosperity（繁荣） while led cowboy to disappear. Cowboy is a tragic role because he saw the development of lots of things and also be buried by them. Maybe the mercies for the cowboy make him so attractive.3、 cowboy is the history of establishing business by AmericaIn the early time, cowboys were poor Indians Mexicans and black people who took this job to pursue the happiness. Their life was hard and dirty. They dressed uniquely not because of showing off but the need of the life that require them to ride horses in the bramble（荆棘）. They were easily fell from horses and hurt by the livestock. They would also undertake blustering pouring or sandy weather on horses for about 3 months. In the tough situations, they kept the spirit of iron and independence and pursuit the happy life belong to them. In my opinion, because of the ironic and independent spirit, Americans never quit cowboy.4、 cowboy is cultural revolutionSince the first colony was established in northern America in the 17s century, frictions between Europeans and Indians were much more than ever before. At last, because Indians were drove to the west, conflicts between them became relaxed. So that big culture differences came into being in America. That is, culture in the west America is the aboriginal Indian culture while in the east is advanced modern culture. With the development of the westward movement, cowboy went to the far west and in the process, people including cowboys who took part in the movement negotiated and conflicted with the Indians, when transported the cows, cowboys should not only pay attention to the safety of cows but the Indians attack. So the government set some preservation for Indians and at last, slaughtered（屠杀） the Indians. With the Indians being drove and slaughtered, advanced modern culture came to the west with cowboys. As pioneers, cowboys became the symbol of modern culture and are doom to be loved and appreciated.C、 the difference between cowboy and Chinese knight-errant(侠客)1、 the difference on the choice between romance and realityIn the common sense and in these two characters and two cultures, romance is usually put in the first place. Cowboys are often thought to be a cool and handsome man who, under the splendid sunset beside the desert and on the wide grassland, rides good horse in the sands that caused by the running horses and drove the hoses together with the long string in his hand. At night, he will play guitar and sing pleasant songs for the girl he loves beside bonfire. How romantic it is! However in reality their life is very hard and dangerous because new cowboys are often easily hurt by the animals and undertake the hardship of rainy and cold. Sometimes they can come across robbers and Indians attack. Chinese knight-errant is thought to travel all over the world alone with a sword（剑） and a bamboo flute（箫） and rob the rich but evil person to help the kindhearted poor people. They maybe dress inferior clothes and drink wine in a corner of a restaurant or dresses straw rain cape（蓑衣） and wonders in the rain alone. How carefree and leisurely it is! However the reality is usually reverse because they are often regarded as prisoners and be caught everywhere. They try all the best to accomplish their ambitions but died of failure. Common people are full of imaginations for things and longing for the fine but they neglect the reality or can not know the reality clearly. Their crazily appreciating and longing for cowboy, which is reasonless more or less, is the reason why cowboys become popular and unforgettable. 2、 the difference between cowboy and chivalrous(侠义的) spirit in ideology（思想观念） Cowboys are the signals of individualism and heroism, but chivalrous spirit emphasizes the collectivism and nationalism. In the book Shaan, which is a classic American cowboy novel, when the landlord Fletcher wants to accroach (强占) Bobs land, Shaan throws himself into the breach and fights with Fletcher and Fetchers servants alone. At last, Shaan wins but is hurt seriously. In the Chinese novel TianLongBaBu(), Xiao Feng suicides himself for the peace between Dynasty Song and Liao, which shows collectivism perfectly. These spirits are acceptable by the people of the two countries. Americans are the descendants of English new nobleman and the bourgeoisie(资产阶级)，so that they are born with freedom. They advocate developing personalities. They come from the public and know what the public need. So cowboys who are enterprising（上进的） can be accepted by Americans and are deeply planted in the mind of Americans. Collectivism that agreed by Chinese knight-errant is consistent with the thoughts of conventional education and can be accepted by Chinese people. They are high-hearted (清高的) and stand out of the queue of the common people. So they are appreciated by Chinese. Another reason why cowboys are appreciated by the Americans is that cowboy leave a great impact on the society.D、 the Great influence of cowboy 1、 on literatureThe smart and handsome cowboy whose life is free is liked by the public people, which reflects on the literature is the flourishing of cowboy novels and movies. Virginian written by Owen Westwood was regarded the origin of the western novels and made the character cowboy classic permanence. Movie Not Forgive directed by Eastwood (伊斯特伍德) got four Oscar prizes and determined its first place in the cowboy movies. Because of the peoples longing and appreciation for cowboy, many novels and movies were created and also influenced by the touching and exciting novels and movies, people gradually became from longing for to respect for the cowboys. It is inter-influence between cowboy and literature that leave the deepest impression on the public.2、 on economyWhen it comes to economy, rag trade can be regarded the most affected. Since 19s century, the first jeans appearing in the miners in California, however the society changes, jeans always the classic clothes. Jeans are practical and fashionable. Not only are they convenient, but they dont fall behind the time for frequently updating from color to style. They also became a method and way for younger to show themselves to others. Whats more, cowboy literature and movies bring huge economic benefit such as the movie Not Forgive. In 2006, a film Brokeback Mountain directed by Li An, drew the publics attention again. The cowboy economy in America can not be neglected. Such as steak restaurant in Houston earns good reputation from world. The performance of bullfight and horsemanship is a way of promoting the economic increase.3、 on the social psychologyBecause of the free life, cowboy is always regarded as a character that is not afraid of hardship and willing to explore. Their cowboy