汽车驱动桥设计检索的英文翻译.doc

随着社会的不断发展，人民的生活水平的提高，汽车已成为人们生活中的一种方便、快捷的交通工具。汽车的保养与修理是必不可少的，良好的保养与及时的修理不仅能延长汽车的使用寿命，更重要的是能保证人们的生命安全。汽车的日常保养与修理需要大量的汽车零配件，中小型的汽配店也随之形成。一家汽配店最基本的运营方式是产品的“进”、“存”、“销” ，还需要有市场的调查、预测和良好的售后服务。只有这样才能在行业中长久的发展下去。驱动桥作为汽车四大总成之一，它的性能的好坏直接影响整车性能，而对于载重汽车显得尤为重要。当采用大功率发动机输出大的转矩以满足目前载重汽车的快速、重载的高效率、高效益的需要时，必须要搭配一个高效、可靠的驱动桥。所以采用传动效率高的单级减速驱动桥已成为未来重载汽车的发展方向。本文参照传统驱动桥的设计方法进行了载重汽车驱动桥的设计。本文首先确定主要部件的结构型式和主要设计参数；然后参考类似驱动桥的结构，确定出总体设计方案；最后对主，从动锥齿轮，差速器圆锥行星齿轮，半轴齿轮，全浮式半轴和整体式桥壳的强度进行校核以及对支承轴承进行了寿命校核。本文不是采用传统的双曲面锥齿轮作为载重汽车的主减速器而是采用弧齿锥齿轮，希望这能作为一个课题继续研究下去。随着汽车对安全、节能、环保的不断重视，汽车后桥作为整车的一个关键部件，其产品的质量对整车的安全使用及整车性能的影响是非常大的，因而对汽车后桥进行有效的优化设计计算是非常必要的。 驱动桥处于动力传动系的末端，其基本功能是增大由传动轴或变速器传来的转矩,并将动力合理地分配给左、右驱动轮，另外还承受作用于路面和车架或车身之间的垂直力力和横向力。驱动桥一般由主减速器、差速器、车轮传动装置和驱动桥壳等组成。 驱动桥作为汽车四大总成之一，它的性能的好坏直接影响整车性能，而对于载重汽车显得尤为重要。驱动桥设计应当满足如下基本要求： a)具有合适的主减速比，以保证汽车由最佳的动力性和燃料经济性。 b)外形尺寸要小，保证有必要的离地间隙。 c)齿轮及其它传动件工作平稳，噪声小。 d)在各种转速和载荷下具有高的传动效率。 e)在保证足够的强度、刚度条件下，应力求质量小，尤其是簧下质量应尽量小，以改善汽车平顺性。 f)与悬架导向机构运动协调，对于转向驱动桥，还应与转向机构运动协调。 g)结构简单，加工工艺性好，制造容易，拆装，调整方便。 本设计是基于电动汽车而进行的驱动桥的设计。在设计中首先对驱动桥的结构方案进行了分析与选择，确定采用最成熟、最普通的单级齿轮式减速器，然后根据机械设计的理论知识对主减速器、半轴、差速器、驱动桥壳、驱动桥的结构元件进行了具体设计，主要包括结构形式确定、参数选择、材料选择、结构尺寸设计与计算，并进行了必要的强度校核，利用AutoCAD软件绘制了装配图和主要零件图。设计计算起动机传动系统之中的行星齿轮同内嵌齿圈紧紧的咬合在一起，从而将电枢轴的旋转动力转移给发动机曲轴。但是，在引擎发动之后，这些齿轮必须保持分离状态。因为运转中的引擎将会带动启动马达并且将它破坏掉。为了避免这种情况，过速离合总成起到一个将启动传动系统和电枢轴分离的作用。就在引擎启动之后和释放点火开关之前的瞬间，行星齿轮同内齿圈迅速分离。过速离合总成是一个壳体，和螺旋柱一起被固定在电枢轴上。带弹簧的滚轮被嵌在壳体内部与行星齿轮相对的位置。当电枢轴开始转动，滚轮紧紧的附着在壳体和行星齿轮之间。这时行星齿轮同电枢轴保持着相同的转速，这个starter-drive插齿网格的环形齿轮的转移到旋转电枢曲轴的。然而,这些齿轮啮合后不得发动机启动。运行引擎将自旋起动机的太快了。这将会破坏它。为防止这种情况,一个overrunning-clutch分离的starter-drive装配系统电枢轴。齿轮,齿轮断开或移除了环的发动机的启动后,就在释放点火的关键。 这个overrunning-clutch总成是壳和套管,锁和螺旋刺电枢轴。弹簧辊均对小齿轮式的壳内。当电枢开始旋转的轮之间,紧紧地适应了壳和小齿轮。现在的小齿轮转向以相同的速度作为电枢轴。但是一旦引擎启动,环形齿轮开始驱动小齿轮的速度比电枢的先发轮值。在这一点上,滚轮向后移动到壳体、小齿轮转动速度比电枢轴。 当司机版本点火的关键,目前已不再流电磁阀。作为一个结果,电枢停止转动。当变速杆移离了小齿轮齿环。因此,overrunning-clutch总成防止损坏或起动开车或的示意图日常维护的起动系统是最小的。简单地确保所有的电气连接在电池、螺线管、起动机紧张、绝缘的导线的接触是完整的。在许多汽车,积极(+)电池电缆连接螺栓直接到终端的先发投手电磁阀。当你完成其它检测及日常维护车盖下和/或在那辆车,它是一种很好的实践来检查电线电缆连接和电池的电磁阀。 在运行,从不曲轴的先发投手超过30秒钟的时间。继续播放可导致发令员去超越和电池成为出院了。 发动机是汽车的一个重要部件，它好像人的心脏，为汽车提供动力，使其能够在公路上行驶。当今所有的汽车发动机都是内燃机，因为燃料在发动机内部的气缸中燃烧并提供动力。内燃机是指其燃料在发动机内部燃烧的热式发动机。燃料燃烧时，存储在燃料中的化学能转变为热能，通过气体膨胀推动连接在旋转曲轴上的活塞，热能随即转变成机械能，燃烧汽油的发动机被称为汽油发动机，其他类型的内燃机燃烧更重的燃油，其中应用最为广泛的当属柴油发动机三传动装置传动装置是将供能装置产生的制动能量传输到制动器的媒介，主要有钢索、液压管路和气动管路。四制动器制动器是产生阻碍车辆运动或运动趋势的力（制动力）的部件。根据制动力矩产生的方式不同，制动器可分为：摩擦制动器（利用固定元件与旋转元件工作表面的摩擦作用产生制动力矩的制动器）和缓速制动器，通常提及的制动器泛指摩擦制动器。目前各类汽车所采用的制动器可分为鼓式制动器和盘式制动器两大类。鼓式制动器的摩擦副中的旋转元件为制动鼓，其工作表面为圆柱面；盘式制动器的旋转元件为制动盘，以端面为工作表面。另外，根据旋转元件的安装位置不同，制动器又可分为车轮制动器和中央制动器两大类。其中，车轮制动器的旋转元件固装在车轮或半轴上，即制动力矩直接分别作用于两侧车轮上，其一般用于行车制动，也可兼用于第二制动（或应急制动）和驻车制动；中央制动器的旋转元件固装在传动系的传动轴上，其制动力矩需经过驱动桥再分配到两侧车轮上，其一般只用于驻车制动和缓速制动。鼓式制动器有内张型和外束型两种。前者的制动鼓以内圆柱面为工作表面，在汽车上应用广泛；后者制动鼓的工作表面则是外圆柱面，目前只有极少数汽车将其用于驻车制动器。内张型鼓式制动器主要由制动鼓（形状似锅，安装在轮毂上，并与车轮同步旋转）、制动蹄片（圆弧状部件，两个一组，蹄片外侧粘有产生制动力矩的摩擦衬片）、固定销及制动分缸等。制动时，位于制动鼓内部的制动蹄片一端承受来自制动分缸的促动力后，绕其另一端的支点向外旋转，压靠到制动鼓内圆面上，进而产生摩擦力矩（制动力矩）。盘式制动器主要由制动盘（安装在轮毂上与车轮形成整体旋转）和制动钳（固定在转向节等悬架构件上）组成。其中，制动盘有通风式和实心式两种；制动钳主要有浮动钳夹式（单活塞）、浮动叉式、固定钳夹式等几种。与鼓式制动方式相比，盘式制动装置的机械部分外露，散热性能好，减少了由于摩擦热而产生了制动衰退现象，制动性能较稳定，所以现代轿车大多采用了盘式制动器，但是为了降低车辆成本，部分轿车在前轮采用盘式制动器的同时，后轮仍保留了鼓式制动器。制动系统新技术随着人们对汽车安全性要求的不断提高和电子技术的飞速发展，现今的汽车制动系统已经发生了革命性的进步。一方面，制动系统通过各种传感器的实时监控为制动系统的高效制动提供了更有效的安全保证；另一方面，制动系统与汽车其它系统构成了纵横交错的区域化网络，在实现智能化的制动控制的同时，还能进一步降低汽车的能源消耗；另外，随着新材料和新结构的大量应用，制动系统自身的可靠性也得到了进一步的改善。关键字：驱动桥 主减速器 差速器 半轴 桥壳英文翻译With the continuous development of society, peoples standard of living rise, people living in the car has become a kind of convenient, fast traffic tools. Automobile maintenance and repair is indispensable, the good maintenance and timely repair not only can prolong automobile use life, more important is to be able to guarantee peoples life safety. The daily maintenance and repair car needs a large number of auto parts, auto parts shop small-sized &universities is. An auto store the most basic operation is the product of into and save, sell, also needs a market survey, forecasting and good after-sales service. Only in this way can we in industry long-time development down.Drive axle is the one of automobile four important assemblies. It performance directly influence on the entire automobile，especially for the heavy truck .Because using the big power engine with the big driving torque satisfied the need of high speed，heavy-loaded， high efficiency， high benefit todayheavy truck，must exploiting the high driven efficiency single reduction final drive axle is becoming the heavy truckdeveloping tendency. This design following the traditional designing method of the drive axle. First ，make up the main partsstructure and the key designing parameters; thus reference to the similar driving axle structure ， decide the entire designing project ; fanially check the strength of the axle drive bevel pinion ，bevel gear wheel ， the differentional planetary pinion， differential side gear ， full-floating axle shaft and the banjo axle housing ， and the life expection of carrier bearing . The designing take the spiral bevel gear for the tradional hypoid gear ，as the gear type of heavy trucks final drive，with the expection of the question being discussed， further .As the car to safety, energy saving, the constant attention to environmental protection, vehicle after vehicle bridge as a key component, the quality of their products on the safe use of cars and car performance of a very large, so the car after Bridge Effectively optimize the design and calculation is very necessary. Drive Bridge at the end of powertrain, its basic function is to increase came from the drive shaft or transmission of torque and power reasonably allocated to the left and right driving wheel and also bear in the role of the road and trailers or Body of power between the vertical and horizontal force. Drive from the main bridge general reducer, differential and the wheels, transmission and drive axle components, such as Shell. Bridge drive a vehicle with one of the four trains, its performance will have a direct impact on vehicle performance, and it is particularly important for the truck. Drive bridge should be designed to meet the following basic requirements: a) a suitable main slowdown than to ensure that the car from the best power and fuel economy. b) small form factor to ensure that the necessary ground clearance. c) transmission gears and other parts of a smooth, noise. d) in various load and speed of transmission with high efficiency. e) to ensure adequate strength, stiffness conditions, should strive for the quality of small, in particular the quality of the spring as possible, to improve the car ride. f) suspension and body-oriented movement coordination, the drive to the bridge, should also be coordinated with the campaign steering mechanism. g) simple structure, processing technology and good, easy to manufacture, enables easy adjustment. Keyword: drive axle differential bridge reducer Bridge shell. This thesis designed the driving axle in electronic cars. first of all it made a analyse of the framework of the drive axle and choose the most mature and commanly used one-stage gear reducer. After that finished the design of main reducer, axles, differential, drive axle housing and components of drive axle with a intensity check based on the mechanical design. assembly drawing and detail drawing are draw by AutoCAD. Numerical CalculationThe engine is an important part of the automobile ,it acts as the heart of a person ,which provides the power that the cars need to run on the road. All the automotive engines today are the Internal Combustion Engines(ICEs) because the fuel is burnt inside their cylinders and the energy is provided. ICEs are those heat engines that burn their fuel inside the engine cylinder .ICEs the chemical energy stored in their fuel is converted into heat energy during the burning part of their operation .the heat energy is converted into mechanical energy by the expansion of gases against the piston attached to crankshaft that can rotate .the engines that burn petrol are known as petrol engine .other types of ICEs burn heavier oils ,of these types the diesel engine has come into the widest use.Overrunning-clutch AssemblyThe starter-drives pinion gear meshes with the ring gear to transfer the rotating motion of the armature to the crankshaft. However, these gears must not mesh after the engine starts. The running engine would spin the starter motor too fast. This would destroy it. To prevent this, an overrunning-clutch assembly disengages the starter-drive system from the armature shaft. The pinion and ring gears disengage or move apart just after the engine starter and just before the release of the ignition key.The overrunning-clutch assembly is a shell and sleeve that locks with the spiral spines on the armature shaft. Spring-loaded rollers are wedged against the pinion gear inside the shell. When the armature starts to spin, the rollers fit tightly between the shell and the pinion gear. The pinion gear now turns at the same speed as the armature shaft. But once the engine starts, the ring gear begins to drives the pinion gear faster than the armatures rotation. At this point, the rollers move back into the shell, and the pinion gear turns faster than the armature shaft.When the driver releases the ignition key, current no longer flows to the solenoid. As a result, the armature stops turning. The shift lever moves the pinion gear away from the ring gear. Thus, the overrunning-clutch assembly prevents damage to either the starter drive or the armature.3. Starting System MaintenanceRoutine maintenance for the starting system is minimal. Simply make sure that all of the electrical connections at the battery, solenoid, and starter motor are tight and that the insulation on all of the exposed wires is intact. On many cars, the positive (+) battery cable is connected directly to a terminal bolt on the starter solenoid. When you perform other checks and routine maintenance under the hood and/or under the car, it is a good practice to check the electrical wire and battery cable connections at the solenoid.In operation, never crank the starter for more than 30 seconds at a time. Continued cranking can cause the starter to overrunning and the battery to become discharged.Transmission Transmission device can be installed for the braking energy transmission to brake the media, the main cables, hydraulic and pneumatic pipe line. 四. Brakes Brake is a movement of vehicles or impede the movement of the trend (of power) components. According to brake torque generated in different ways, the brakes can be divided into: friction brake (use of fixed and rotating components of the surface components have a role in the friction brake torque brake) and retarder brakes, brake, broadly speaking, usually referred to the friction brake. At present all kinds of cars used by the brake drum brakes and can be divided into two major categories of disc brakes. Drum brake friction in the rotating components of the brake drum, and its work surface for the cylindrical surface of the rotating disc brake components for the brake disc, to end the work surface. In addition, under the rotating components of the installation of different positions, the brakes can be divided into the wheel brakes and brake two categories. Among them, the rotating wheels, brake components installed in the solid-wheel or axle, brake torque that is a direct role in both sides of the wheels, respectively, for its general travel brake, and can also be used to brake the second (or emergency Brake) and the car braking; rotating components of the brake-installed in the transmission of the transmission shaft, after its brake torque to be driven to the redistribution of the bridge on both sides of the wheel, generally used only for its cars in the system Retarded and dynamic braking. Drum brakes are within and outside the beam-type-two. The former brake drum to work within the cylindrical surface of the car on the wide application of the latter brake drum is the work of Outer cylindrical surface, only a handful of cars will be used in car brakes. Zhang-drum brakes, mainly by the brake drum (Xingzhuang Si pot, installed in the wheel, and synchronization with the rotating wheels), brake shoes, (arc-shaped parts, a group of two, shoes, with a lateral Nien Moment of friction brake lining film), fixed sales and brake-cylinder, and so on. Brake, brake drum in the internal brake shoes, brake points from one end to bear the Prokinetic cylinder, around the other side of the fulcrum of its outward rotation, the pressure on the brake drum with a round face, then friction Torque (braking torque). Disc brake mainly by the brake disc (installed on the wheel and the wheels on the formation of the ov