高中英语作文写作——议论文专题.doc

高中作文写作：议论文(专题二）基本类型:记叙文- 写事记叙文、 写人的记叙文议论文- 对比观点议论文、说明利弊议论文说明文- 事理类说明文、事物类说明文 应用文- 书信、通知、日记、海报、便条、启事、欢迎词、欢送词、告别词、广告 议论文（一）定义：议论文又叫说理文，是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非，以确定其观点正确或错误，树立或否定某种主张。 三要素论点，论据和论证是议论文的三要素，论点是作者对所论问题所持的见解和主张；论据是用来证明论点的事实和道理的根据；论证就是用论据来证明论点的方法和过程。一般来说，议论文每段应有主题句（topic sentence）来确定论点。文章结尾往往提出自己的看法、意见或建议，表示对某一现象或论点的赞成或反对。论证有立论和驳论两种，作者证明自己的论点正确，是立论；反之，证明别人的论点错误，是驳论。议论文的注意事项1. 论点要鲜明，不可含糊其辞；论据要充分，要能充分证明观点的命题性，论据过程要条理清晰。2. 文章安排逻辑性要强，推理要严密。3. 重在说理，以理服人。4. 主要使用现在时态。5. 中学英语书面表达所要求的议论文，是一种限定性的写作，其论点、论据和论证都比较明确，有的文章提出问题，如：为什么？/怎么办？/该采取什么措施？考生可以结合题目要求阐述相关的观点，切忌随意发挥。议论文模板一、正反观点式议论文模板导入：第1段：Recently weve had a discussion about whether we should（导入话题）Our opinions are divided on this topic.（观点有分歧）正文：第2段：Most of the students are in favor of it.（正方观点）Here are the reasons. First SecondFinally（列出23个赞成的理由）第3段：However, the others are strongly against it.（反方观点）Their reasons are as follows. In the first place Whats more In addition（列出23个反对的理由）结论：第4段：Personally speaking ,the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more good than harm, so I support it （个人观点）二、“A”或者“B”类议论文模板：导入：第1段Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.正文：第2段There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that Another reason is that (赞同A的原因)第3段：All these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that A is superior to B in many ways.(得出结论)三、观点论述类议论文模板：导入：第1段：提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题As a student, I am strongly in favor of the decision. (亮明自已的观点是赞成还是反对)The reasons for this may be listed as follows. （过渡句，承上启下）正文：第2段：First of all SecondlyBesides（列出23个赞成或反对的理由）结论：第3段：In conclusion, I believe that (照应第1段，构成“总分总”结构)四、连贯地连接信息（1）常用的过渡词（组）1. 表示并列 whats more, in addition, too ,as well ,besides, furthermore, moreover ,whats worse.2. 表示因果 therefore, for this reason, thus, consequently.3. 表示转折 but, however, on the contrary, instead, on one hand on the other hand4. 表示时间顺序 later, afterwards, from then on ,eventually, in the meantime, then, at the same time, after a while, at present, after that, finally5. 表示列举 first, to begin with, secondly, first of all, then, next, finally6. 举例说明 such as, for example, for instance, take for example7. 表示让步 nevertheless, still8. 表示对比 on the contrary, in contrast, similarly9. 陈述事实 in fact, actually ,as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth10. 表示总结 in a word, in short, to sum up, in conclusion, on the whole, to conclude, in brief, in summary, in general, all in all11. 表示意义重复 thats to say, in other words, to put it in another way, to put it differently12. 表示强调 above all, more importantly, indeed, without any doubt(2)常用的过渡句式有：1. I do agree with 2. In some way, I agree with,but3. This point sounds right, but 4. However, I think5. I definitely believe 6. In my opinion/view, 7. Personally, I feel that/ Personally, I agree with8. As far as Im concerned,9. I cant agree more with the father. Such cases are often seen in our life10. Attitudes towardsare various. 11. for one thing. .for another12. last but not the least.(3)表达观点认为Think/feel/consider/say /hold that/hold the view that /insist/believe that依我看In my opinion/in my view/ in my eyes /as far as I am concerned就我所知As far as I know我有理由如下My reasons are as follows我的观点如下Here are my opinions赞成/支持Agree/be for/be in favor of恐怕Im afraid that我相信Im convinced that我反对I dont agree with the idea that（4）引用 俗话说/常言道There goes the old saying As the saying goes There is a sayingAs a proverb says As we all know（5）常用句子1. Different people (students) have different ideas.2. Different people look at in different ways.3. 60% of the students hold the view that On the other hand, 40% believe that 4. Opinions on the question are divided as follows: 70% of the students think that. On the other hand, 30% dont like the idea of.5. Id love to give my opinion about.6. There are many advantages in First.Second, Third However , there are some disadvantages as well. Besides,议论文通常由立论、论证和结论三部分组成，120词左右的议论文无需大量旁征博引，但要观点明确，逻辑严密，语言简练，以理服人。同学们在写议论文时不妨采用下面的方法来试一试。一、结构上采用三或四段式，显得简明晰。首段先写主题，然后第二部分写正方或支持方及反方或反对方的观点，尾段写自己的看法或意见，段落一定要清晰。二、套话先行。套话先行可以起到先声夺人的效果。这既能迅速博得阅卷老师的好感，又能避免过早出现无谓的错误。1、首段通常为1） Many nations/college students have been faced with the problem of 2） Recently the problem has been brought into focus.3） Recently the phenomenon has become a heated topic.4） Recently the issue has aroused great concern among 5） Nowadays there is a growing concern over 6） Never in our history has the idea that been so popular.7） Faced with , quite a few people argue that 8） According to a recent survey, 9） With the rapid development of economy/society,10）Recently we held(have hold)a discussion whether.11) When it comes to, (当说到)2.、第二段首句通常可以这样写：As is known to allplay(s)an important part/role in our daily life/modern society. However, different people have different opinions(背熟此句，想错都难) Some people/The majority of the students think it (is) a good idea/important/useful/convenient for somebody（根据题意改人称）to do. Others argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true列举观点或Obviously . has both advantages and disadvantages./However，just as every coin has two sides，has its disadvantages如果是两个论据，可以采用下列模式：on one hand+1+on the other hand 2.或is one thing.is another如果是三个以上的论据，则可以简单采用以下模式：Firstly,/to begin with+Secondly/furthermore,Finally/last but not the least,注意：表明各方观点时常用一般现在时态。3.结论 陈述自己观点There is probably some truth in both argumentsstatements，butAs far as Im concerned/Personally/As for me/in my opinion/Personally speaking(尽量避免使用I think).总结全文时常用到in one/a word，generally speaking，to conclude。若提出解决办法时却常使用下一句型：1） From what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that 2） It is high time that strict measures were taken to stop 3）. We should take measures to 4）. Wed better take effective measures to prevent 5）. The government decided to take strong measures against 6）. Urgent measures should be taken to prevent.7） It is necessary that steps should be taken to 8） In conclusion, it is imperative that 9） There is no easy method, but might be of some help.10） To solve the above-mentioned problem, we must 11） In summary, if we continue to ignore the above-mentioned issue, more problems will crop up.12） With the efforts of all parts concerned, the problem will be solved thoroughly.13） We might do more than identify the cause ; it is important to take actions to 14） Taking all these into account, we 15） Whether it is good or not /positive or negative, one thing is certain/clear问题解决型作文模板问题解决型模板一问题解决型模板二问题解决型模板三TOPIC With the _ of _, _. So it is of great importance for us to _. On one hand, _. On the other hand, _.TOPIC There has been a discussion recently about _. It is true to the present situation that _. But _.TOPIC Nowadays, there is a growing concern on _. It is certain that _. However, _ However, we have figured out many ways to _. Firstly, _. So long as _. Secondly, _ Thirdly, _. As is known to all, there are many ways _. First of all, _. Furthermore, _. Last but not least, _ It will cause many serious results if _. Firstly, _. Secondly, _ Finally, _. In fact, _.11. That is because _.12. In a word, _. So it is high time for us to _. That is because _. Secondly, _.11. Thirdly, _.12. In conclusion, _ In spite of all these, there are still many ways _. First of all, _. In addition, _.11. Thirdly, _.12. Only in this way, _.写作模板问题解决型-对某一问题/话题进行分析,找出解决办法,表达自己的看法.第一段：Nowadays，we have to face a problem that(问题) /Nowadays，more and more people are concerned about the problem(问题) /It is important for us to(问题). For instance_(例一)First，_(原因一). Moreover，_(例二)Second，_(原因二) 第二段：People have figured out many ways to solve the problem/Confronted with(问题)we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situationFirstly，_(解决方法一)Secondly，_(解决方法二) 第三段：1)Personally，I believe that_(我的方法)/To me，I am taking two ways to solve the problem of(问题)One of them is _(我的方法)The other way is_(方法二)By now ways have been working perfectly and efficient1y(结果) 2) In conclusion/In a word/To sum up/In summary/Obviously/Its clear that/Its no doubt that.现象解释型作文模板现象解释型模板一现象解释型模板二现象解释型模板三TOPICRecently, _.What amazes us most is _.It is true that _.TOPICAs is known to all, _._ seem to get accustomed to_.In fact, _.TOPICNowadays, _.For one thing, _.For another, _It is obvious that _.There are many reasons explaining _.The main reason is _.What is more, _.Thirdly, _.As a result, _.The reasons of _ lie in several aspects. Firstly, _. Secondly, _. Thirdly, _. Finally, _Many remarkable factors contribute to _First of all, _.In addition, _.Finally, _.Considering all these, _.For one thing, _.11. For another, _.12. In conclusion, _.As a matter of fact, _.On the one hand, _.11. On the other hand, _.12. Therefore, _.As to me, _As we know, _.11. Besides, _12. In a word, _.现象解释型叙事类模板现象解释型图表类模板一现象解释型图表类模板二TOPIC It so happened that _. Just at the moment, _. It impressed me most because_.TOPIC As is clearly shown in the chart/table/figure/ graph, _. Especially_. There are three reasons for _.TOPIC The table/graph/figure/chart shows that _. It is self-evident that _. Three possible reasons contribute to _. What happened was _. At first, _. Almost at the same time, _. Whats more, _. As a result, _. To begin with, _. In addition, _. For example,_. Last but not least, _ In short, _. One reason is that _. Another reason is that _. For instance, _. Whats more, _. As a result, _. As I understand, _. On the one hand, _.11. On the other hand, _.12. Therefore, _. As far as I am concerned/As for me/For my part, _. On one hand, _.11. On the other hand, _.12. In brief, _. However, in my opinion,_. For one thing,_.11. For the other thing, _.12.To sum up, In conclusion, _.对比论述型作文模板对比论述型模板一对比论述型模板二对比论述型模板三TOPICThere is a heated debate over _.It is commonly accepted that _.In contrast, others _.TOPIC Recently, we may hear quite different opinions _. Most people take it for granted that _.However, others hold _.TOPIC Different people will offer quite different ideas _. Many people assert _. However, others believe _. Those who hold the first opinion suggest _. In their view, _. However, others think _. They argue that _. A dominant idea is that _. In this view, _. Nevertheless, the objectors think _. They argue that _. Some may proclaim _. They maintain such as idea because _. In contrast, the objectors think _. They argue that _. Considering one after another, Istand on the side of _. First of all, _. Further more, _.11. Thirdly, _.12. Therefore, _ As to me, I prefer _ On the one hand, _. On the other hand, _.11. Therefore, _.12. In conclusion, _. As far as I am concerned, I agree to _. First, _. Second, _.11. Last but not least, _.12. In a word, _.写作模板对比选择型-不同观点对比-列举理由-然后自己的观点.第一段：Some people tend to think that_(观点一)They point out that_(理由一)Additionally，_(理由二)A case in point is_(举例)Therefore_(小结)第二段：On the contrary，other people hold the view that_(观点二)They argue that_(理由一)Whats more_(理由二)As an illustration，_(举例)Accordingly，_(小结)第三段：As far as I am concerned，(I think) _(我的观点)The reason is that_(理由一)And also，_(理由二)So，_ (总结自己的观点) 写作模板说明利弊型-某观点/某件事/某现象有利(列举好处),也有弊(列举弊端),应如何正确对待第一段：某观点/某件事/某现象有利(列举好处)Whenever we hear people say that_(主题)well instantly have the idea that it is a goodbad thing for_(某人)Indeed，_(主题)have advantages to_(某人)We can take_(举例)as an exampleIt will benefit_(好处一)In addition_(好处二)第二段：也有弊(列举弊端)In the mean time，we must realize those disadvantages of_(主题)First of all，_(坏处一)Second,_(坏处二) 第三段：应如何正确对待To sum up the above arguments，I think a proper attitude towards_(主题) is that_(我的观点)对立观点式 A有人认为X 是好事，赞成X， 为什么？ B有人认为X 是坏事， 反对X，为什么？ C我的看法。 Some people are in favor of the idea of doing X. They point out the fact that _支持X 的第一个原因。They also argue that _支持X 的另一个原因。 However, other people stand on a different ground. They consider it harmful to do X. They firmly point out that _反对X 的第一个理由。 An example can give the details of this argument: _一个例子。 There is some truth in both arguments. But I think the advantages of X overweigh the disadvantages. In addition to the above-mentioned negative effects it might bring about, X also may X 的有一个坏处。批驳观点式 A一个错误观点。 B 我不同意。 Many people argue that _错误观点。By saying that, they mean _对这个观点的进一步解释。An example they have presented is that _一个例子。（According to a survey performed by X on a group of Y, almost 80% of them _赞成这个错误观点或者受到这个错误观点的影响）。 There might be some element of truth in these peoples belief. But if we consider it in depth, we will feel no reservation to conclude that _与错误观点相反的观点。There are a number of reasons behind my belief.l 主题型议论文写作模板阐述主题型第一段：A famous saying goes that_(名言或谚语). It means that_(释义). An example of this case is_(举例，解释). 第二段：Another case in point is_(例二)/Secondly,_ 第三段：I like the saying _(名言) which encourages me_(理由)议论文作文例句参考： Beginning(开头):1. Contrary to generally (commonly) accepted ideas (views), I argue that.2. As opposed to widely held belief that., I believe that.3. Although many people believe that. , I doubt whether the argument can bear much (further) analysis (close examination).4. The advantages of B outweigh any benefit we gain from A.5. Although it is commonly (widely/generally) accepted (held/agreed) that. , it is unlikely to be true that .6. (Indeed) There is an element ( some elements) of truth in this argument ( statement), but it ignores a deeper and more basic (important/essential)fact that .7. It is true that (True, To be sure, Admittedly, ) . , but it is unlikely (it wont be thecase/it does not mean) that .8. The main (obvious/great) problem (flaw/drawback) with (in) this argument (view) isthat.9. It would be possible(natural/reasonable) to think(believe/take the view) that . , but itwould be absurd (wrong) to claim (argue) that .10. In all the discussion and debate over . , one important fact is generally overlooked (neglected).11. Too much emphasis placed on (attention paid to)., may overlook/neglect other facts.12. However sound (logical/valid) this argument may be, it only skims the surface of the problem.13. Although I appreciate that. ,I can not agree with the title statement.14. As far as I am concerned, however, I believe that.15. Among the most convincing reasons given (cited / offered / identified ) by people for. , oneshould be stressed (emphasized/mentioned).16. There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of.Those who object to.argue that. But people who favor.on the other hand, argue that.17. Currently( In recent years/In the past few years/For many years), there is (has been)a(an) general (widespread/widely held ) feeling towards (concern over/attitude towards/trend toward