英国岩土勘察原文及中文译本.doc

Code of Practice for Site Investingation场地勘察实践规范目 录Foreword1前言1Section one. General2第一部分 总则21. Scope21.适用范围22. References32.参考文献4Section two. General considerations4第二部分 场地勘察应考虑的基本事项43. Primary objects of site investigation43.场地勘察的基本目的44. General procedure54.一般步骤54. 1 Extent and sequence of investigation54.1勘察的范围和顺序54.1.1 General. The extent of the investigation depends primarily upon the magnitude and nature of the proposed works and the nature of the site.54.1.1总则 勘察的范围取决的待建项目的规模和特征以及场地的状态。54.1.2 Adjacent property54.1.2邻近建筑64.2 Desk study64.2 资料的收集与分析64.3 Site reconnaissance74.3场地踏勘74.4 Detailed examination and special studies (see also appendix D).74.4详细勘察和专题研究（见附录D）74.5 Construction and performance appraisal84.5施工与作业质量评估85. Earlier uses and state of site85场地使用的历史和现状态85.1 General85.1总则85.2 Underground mining85.2地下开采85.3 Opencast mining95.3露天开采95.4 Quarry operations95.4采场运营95.5 Waste tips95.5尾矿95.6 Industrial complexes95.6 工业布局95.7 Other earlier use95.7其他的早期使用105.8 Ancient monuments105.8古遗迹106. Aerial photographs106.航片106.1 General106.1总则106.2 Topographical mapping106.2地形测绘116.3 Identification of features116.3地貌识别116.4 Sophisticated techniques126.4复杂技术12Section three. Ground investigation12第三部分 地基勘察127. Introduction127. 引言127.1 Objects127.1勘察目的127.2 Planning and control137.2规划与控制148. Types of ground investigation158. 地基勘察类型158.1 Sites for new works158.1 新建工程场地158.2 Defects or failures of existing works168.2已有工程的破坏与缺陷168.3 Safety of existing works168.3 已有工程的安全性168.3.1 Effect of new works upon existing works168.3.1新建工程对已有工程的影响168.3.2 Kinds of effects178.3.2 影响类型178.3.3 Procedure188.3.3评价步骤188.4 Material for constructional purposes188.4建筑材料189. Geological mapping for ground investigation199.地基勘察中的地质填图1910. Extent of the ground investigation2010. 地基勘察的范围2010.1 General2010.1总则2010.2 Character and variability of the ground2110.2 地基土的性质与变异性2110.3 Nature of the Project2110.3项目性质2110.4 Trial pits2210.4探井2210.5 Location2210.5勘察范围2210.6 Spacing2310.6勘探点间距2310.7 Depth Of exploration2310.7勘探深度2310.7.1 General2310.7.1总则2310.7.2 Foundation for structures2410.7.2建筑物基础型式2410.7.3 Embankment2610.7.3 土石坝工程2610.7.4 Cuttings, quarries and opencast mines2610.7.4 挖方、取土场与露天开采工程2610.7.5 Roads and airfields2610.7.5 道路和机场工程2610.7.6 Pipelines2710.7.6 管道工程2710.7.7 Maritime works2710.7.7 海事工程2710.7.8 Tunnels2710.7.8隧道工程2711. General considerations in the selection of methods of ground investigation2711. 选择地基勘察方法的一般注意事项2711.1 Introduction2711.1 引言2711.2 Site considerations2811.2 场地注意事项2812. The effect of ground conditions on the selection of methods of ground investigation2912. 地质条件对地基勘察方法选择的影响2912.1 Introduction2912.1 引言2912.2 Non-cohesive soils containing boulders, cobbles or gravel2912.2 含块石、漂石和砾石的无粘性土2912.3 Sand3112.3 砂土3112.4 Silt3212.4 粉土3212.5 Normally consolidated and lightly over consolidated clay3312.5 正常固结和轻微超固结粘土3312.6 Over-consolidated clays3312.6超固结粘土3312.7 Clay containing gravel, cobbles or boulders3412.7 含块石、漂石和砾石的粘土3412.8 Made ground3512.8 人工填土3512.9 Rock3612.9岩石3612.10 Discontinuities3812.10 结构面3813 Aggressive ground and ground water3913 地基土与地下水的侵蚀性3913.1 Introduction3913.1 引言3913.2 Investigation of potential deterioration of concrete3913.2 混凝土潜在恶化勘察3913.3 Investigation of potential corrosion of metals3913.3 金属的电位腐蚀调查3913.4 Investigation of made g round containing industrial waste products4013.4 含工业废弃物的人工填土勘察4014 Ground investigations over water4014 水上地基勘察4014.1 Introduction4014.1 引言4014.2 Stages and platforms4114.2 阶段和平台4114.3 Floating craft4214.3 漂浮工艺4214.4 Working between high and low tide levels4314.4 高低潮水位之间的工作4314.5 Setting-out and locating borehole positions.4314.5 钻孔定位4314.6 Determination of reduced level of bed and strata boundaries.4314.6 水底与地层边界的测定4315 Personnel for ground Investigation4415 地基勘察的人员组织4415.1 Introduction4415.1 引言4415.2 Direction, planning and execution4415.2 指导、规划和执行4415.3 Supervision in the field4415.3 现场监理4415. 4 The logging of excavations and boreholes and the describing of soils and rocks4515.4 坑槽探和钻孔编录与岩土体描述4515.5 Laboratory work4615.5 实验室工作4615.6 Interpretation4615.6 解译4615.7 Field technicians4615.7 现场技术员4615.8 Operatives4715.8 技术工人4715. 8.1 Drillers4715.8.1 钻工4715.8.2 Operators of excavating plant4715.8.2 坑槽探工4716 Review during construction4716 施工编录与验证4716.1 Introduction4716.1 引言4716.2 Purpose4716.2 目的4716.3 Information required4816.3 所需资料4816.3.1 Soil and rock4816.3.1 岩土4816.3.2 Water4916.3.2 水4916.4 Instrumentation (see also 31.2)4916.4 监测仪器49Section four. Excavation, boring, sampling, probing and tests in boreholes50第四部分 坑槽探、钻探、取样和钻孔测试50 17 Introductions.5017 引言5018 Excavations and boreholes5118 坑槽探与钻孔5118.1 Shallow trial pits5118.1 浅探井5118.2 Deep trial pits and shafts5218.2 深探井与探坑5218.3 Headings (adits)5318.3 巷道（平洞）5318.4 Hand auger boring5318.4 手工钻孔5318.5 Light cable percussion boring5318.5 冲击钻孔5318.6 Mechanical augers5418.6 机钻5418.7 Rotary open hole drilling and rotary core drilling5518.7回转钻孔和回转取芯钻孔5518.8 Wash boring and other methods5718.8 冲洗钻进和其它方法5718.8.1 Wash boring5718.8.1 冲洗钻进5718.8.2 Other methods of boring5718.8.2 其它钻孔方法5718.9 Backfilling excavations and boreholes5818.9 坑槽和钻孔回填5819 Sampling the ground5819 取样5819.1 General principles5819.1 一般原则5819.2 Sample quality5919.2 试样质量5919.3 Disturbed samples from boring tools or from excavating equipment6119.3从钻具和挖掘设备中取得扰动样品6119.4 open-tube samplers6219.4 开口取样器6219.4.1 Principles of design6219.4.1设计原理6219.4.1.1 General6219.4.1.1 总则6219.4.1.2 The cutting shoe6319.4.1.2 取样器6319.4.1.3 Wall friction6319.4.1.3 侧壁摩阻力6319.4.1.4 Non-return valve6319.4.1.4 单向阀6319.4.2 Sampling procedure6419.4.2 取样步骤6419.4.3 Thin-walled samplers6519.4.3 薄壁取样器6519.4.4 General purpose 100mm diameter open-tube sampler6519.4.4 一般目的的100mm直径的开口取样器6519.4.5 split-barrel standard penetration test sampler6619.4.5 活瓣式标贯取样器6619.5 Thin-walled stationary piston sampler6619.5 薄壁静压取样器6619.6 Continuous soil sampling6619.6 连续取样6619 6.1 General6619.6.1 总则6619.6.2 The Delft continuous sampler6719.6.2 代夫特连续取样器6719.7 Sand samplers6819.7 砂土取样器6819.8 Rotary core samples6819.8 旋转岩芯取样6819.9 Block samples6919.9 块样6919.10 Handling and labelling of samples7019.10 样品处理与标签7019.10.1 General7019.10.1 总则7019.10.2 Labelling7019.10.2 贴标签7019.10.3 Disturbed samples of soil and hand specimens of rock7119.10.3扰动土样和岩石的手工标本7119.10.4 Samples taken with a tube sampler7219.10.4 用钻孔取样器获得的样品7219.10.5 Rotary core extrusion and preservation7319.10.5 旋转岩芯的获取与保存7319.10.6 Block samples7519.10.6 块样7520 Ground water7520 地下水7520.1 General.7520.1 总则7520.2 Methods of determining ground water pressures7620.2 确定地下水位的方法7620.2.1 Response time7620.2.1 响应时间7620.2.2 Observations in boreholes and excavation7620.2.2 钻孔与坑槽探井中的量测7620.2.3 Standpipe piezometers7720.2.3 测压管水位计7720.2.4 Hydraulic piezometers7820.2.4 水力渗压计7820.2.5 Electrical piezometers7820.2.5 电测渗压仪7820.2.6 Pneumatic piezometers7920.2.6 气压渗压计7920.2.7 Installation of piezometers7920.2.7 渗压计的安装7920.2.8 Varying ground water pressures8020.2.8 地下水压力变化8020.3 Ground water samples8120.3 地下水水样8121 Tests in boreholes8121 钻孔测试8121.1 General8121.1 总则8121.2 Standard penetration test8221.2 标准贯入试验8221.2.1 General principles8221.2.1 一般原理8221.2.2 Preparation for carrying out test8321.2.2 试验准备8321.2.3 Advantages and limitations.8321.2.3 优点和局限性8321.2.4 Interpretation8421.2.4 解释8421.3 Vane test8421.3 十字板试验8421.3.1 General principles8421.3.1 一般原理8421.3.2 Advantages and limitations8521.3.2 优点与局限性8521.4 Permeability8621.4 渗透试验8621.4.1 General principles8621.4.1 一般原理8621.4.2 Preparation for carrying out the test8621.4.2 试验准备8621.4.3 Variable head test8721.4.3 变水头试验8721.4.4 Constant head test8821.4.4 常水头试验8821.4.5 Analysis of results8821.4.5 结果分析8821.4.6 Formulae for borehole permeability ten8821.4.6 钻孔渗透试验计算公式8821.4.7 Advantages and limitations9121.4.7 优点与局限性9121.5 Packer test9321.5 吕荣试验9321.5.1 General principles9321.5.1 一般原理9321.5.2 Packers9421.5.2 试验设备9421.5.3 Application and measurement of pressure9421.5.3压力水头的量测与应用9421.5.4 Measurement of flow9521.5.4 测量量测9521.5.5 Execution of test9521.5.5 试验实施9521.5.6 Recording of results and calculating permeability9621.5.6 结果记录与渗透系数计算9621.6 Plate tests.9621.6平板载荷试验9621.6.1 General9621.6.1 总则9621.6.2 Limitation9721.6.2 局限性9721.6.3 Preparation9721.6.3 准备9721.6.4 Bedding of the plate9821.6.4 承压板基床9821.6.4.1 Large diameter boreholes9821.6.4.1 大口径钻孔9821.6.4.2 Small diameter boreholes9821.6.4.2 小口径钻孔9821.6.5 Application and measurement of load9821.6.5 荷载施加与量测9821.6.6 Measurement of deflection9821.6.6 变形量测9821.6.7 Execution of test9921.6.7 试验实施9921.6.8 Use of the test9921.6.8 试验结果的利用9921.6.8.1 Large diameter borehole9921.6.8.1大口径钻孔9921.6.8.2 Small diameter borehole9921.6.8.2 小口径钻孔9921.6.9 Supplementary tes9921.6.9 补充试验9921.7 Pressuremeter tests10021.7 旁压试验10022 Frequency of sampling and testing in boreholes10122 钻孔取样与测试频率10122.1 General principles10122.1 一般原理10122.2 Determination of character and structure of the strata10222.2 地层结构与特征的确定10222.3 The determination of stratal properties using equipment normally available for sampling and testing10322.3利用常规取样及试验设备确定地层性质10322.4 Double-hole sampling10422.4 双重管取样器10422.5 Special techniques of sampling and testing10522.5 取样与测试中的特殊设备10523 Probing and penetration testing10623 探测与贯入试验10623.1 General10623.1 总则10623.2 Dynamic probing10623.2 动力触探10623.3 Static probing or cone penetration test10723.3静力探测或者圆锥动力触探试验10723.3.1 General10723.3.1 总则10723.3.2 Mechanical Dutch cone penetrometer10823.3.2 机械式荷兰锥形贯入度计10823.3.3 Electrical Dutch cone penetrometer10923.3.3 电动式荷兰锥形贯入度仪10923.3.4 Principal dimensions, accuracy of measurement and rate of penetration11023.3.4 主要尺寸、量测精度及贯入速率11023.3.5 Uses and limitations of the test11023.3.5 试验结果的应用与局限性11023.3.6 Presentation of results11123.3.6 结果表达11123.4 Static-dynamic probing11223.4 静 动探测11223.4. 1 General11223.4.1 总则11223.4.2 Equipment11223.4.2 设备11223.4.3 Method11223.4.3 方法11223 .4.4 Analysis of results11323.4.4 结果分析113Section five. Field tests113第五部分 现场试验11324 Introductions11324 结果分析11325 Pumping tests11525 抽水试验11525.1 General principles11525.1 一般原理11525.2 Ground water conditions11625.2 水文地质条件11625.3 Test site11725.3 试验场地11725.4 Pumped wells11725.4 抽水孔11725.5 Observation wells11925.5 观测孔11925.6 Test procedures12025.6 试验步骤12026.Analysis of pumping tests12126.抽水试验分析12126.1 Introduction12126.1 简介12126.2 Steady state analysis12226.2 稳定状态分析12226.2.1 Introduction12226.2.1 简介12226.2.2 Confined conditions12326.2.2 承压水12326.2 .2.1 Assumptions12326.2.2.1 假设12326.2.2.2 Two or more observation wells12326.2.2.2两个或两个以上观察井12326.2.2.3 One observation well12326.2.2.3 一个观察井12326.2.2.4 No observation wells12426.2.2.4 没有观察井12426.2.2.5 Corrections12426.2.2.5 修正12426.2.3 Unconfined conditions12526.2.3 非承压水12526.3 Non-steady state analysis12626.3 非稳定状态分析12626.3.1 Introduction12626.3.1 简介12626.3.2 Confined conditions12626.3.2 承压水12626.3.2.1 Assumptions12626.3.2.1 基本假定12626.3.2.2 Theis analysis(54)12726.3.2.2 泰勒公式5412726.3.2.3 Cooper-Jacob analysis5912826.3.2.3 Cooper - Jacob分析5912826.3.3 Unconfined conditions13326.3.3 非承压条件13326.3.3.1 Assumptions13326.3.3.1 假设13326.3.3.2 Theis analysis and Cooper-Jacob analysis13326.3.3.2 Theis分析和Cooper Jacob分析13326.3.3.3 Prickett analysis13326.3.3.3 Prickett分析13326.4 Validity of drawdown data13426.4 水位降低量数据的有效性13427. Field density13427. 原位密度测量13427.1 General principles13427.1 一般原则13427.2 Sand replacement method13527.2 填砂法13527.3 Core Cutter method13627.3 环刀法13627.4 Weight in water method13627.4 水中称重法13627.5 Water displacement method13627.5 充水法13627.6 Rubber balloon method13627.6 充气法13627.7 Nuclear methods13727.7 核子仪法13727.8 Water replacement method for rock fill or similar materials13727.8 水替换方法用于岩石填补或者相似的材料13727.9 Uses of the field density test13927.9 原位密度试验的应用13928 In situ stress measurements13928 地应力测量13928.1 General13928.1 概要13928.2 Stress measurements in rock14028.2 岩石中应力测定方法14028.2.1 General principles14028.2.1 普遍原理14028. 2. 2 Determination of the in situ triaxial state of stress in rock14128.2.2岩石中初始三轴应力状态的确定14128.2.3 Biaxial stress measurements at a remote point14228.2.3 远程的点的二轴应力测定方法14228. 2. 4 Uniaxial stress measurements near a surface using a flat jack14328.2.4 用单千斤顶测定表面单轴应力14328.2.5 Static equilibrium method14528.2.5 静力平衡方法14528.3 Stress measurement in soils14528.3 土壤应力测量14528.3.1 General principles14528.3.1 一般原理14528.3.2 Hydraulic pressure cells14628.3.2 水力测压仪14628.3.3 Contact stress measurement14628.3.3 接触面应力测定14628.3.4 Hydraulic fracturing14728.3.4高压水砂破裂法14729 Bearing tests14729 承载力试验14729.1 Vertical loading tests14729.1 垂直荷载试验14729.1.1 General principles14729.1.1 一般原理14729.1.2 Limitations of the test14829.1.2 试验的局限性14829.1.3 Sample preparation14929.1.3 样品制备14929.1.4 Test arrangement15029.1.4 试验安排15029.1.5 Measurements15129.1.5 测量15129.1.6 Methods of carrying out the test15329.1.6 试验实施方法15329.1.6.1 General15329.1.6.1 概要15329.1.6.2 Maintained load15329.1.6.2 持续荷载15329.1.6.3 Constant rate of penetration15429.1.6.3 常量渗透率15429.1.6.4 Creep15429.1.6.4 塑性变形15429.1.7 Analysis of results15429.1.7 结果分析15429.1.8 Interpretation of results15629.1.8 结果阐述15629.2 Lateral and inclined loading tests15729.2 水平和倾斜荷载试验15729.3 Pressurized chamber tests15729.3 加压室试验15729.4 In situ California Bearing Ratio(CBR)test15829.4原位加州承载比（CBR）试验15829.4.1 General15829.4.1 概要15829.4.2 Method of carrying out test15929.4.2 试验实施方法15929.4.3 Limitations and uses of test15929.4.3 试验的局限性及应用15930 In situ shear tests16030 原位剪切试验16030.1 General principles of the direct shear test16030.1 直剪试验的基本原理16030.2 Sample preparation16130.2 试样准备16130.3 Test arrangement16230.3 试验安排16230.3.1 General16230.3.1 概要16230.3.2 Normal load16230.3.2法向荷载16230.3.3 Shear force16230.3.3剪切力16230.4 Measurements16330.4 测量16330.5 Method of carrying out the test16330.5 试验实施方法16330.5.1 General16330.5.1 概要16330.5.2 Consolidation16430.5.2 固结16430.5.3 Shearing16530.5.3 剪切16530.6 Analysis of results16530.6 结果分析16531 Large-scale field trials16731 大型现场试验16731.1 Introduction16731.1 引言16731.2 Methods of instrumentation16831.2 仪器方法16831.3 Trial embankments and excavations16931.3 试验堆载与开挖16931.4 Construction trials17031.4 施工试验17032 Back analyses17132反分析17133 Geophysical surveying17133 地球物理探测17133.1 Introduction17133.1 引言17133.2 Land geophysics17433.2 陆地地球物理17433.2.1 Resistivity17433.2.1 电阻率法17433.2.2 Gravimetric.17433.2.2 重力法17433.2.3 Magnetic17433.2.3 磁法17433.2.4 Seismic17533.2.4 地震法17533.3 Marine geophysics17633.3 海洋地球物理17633.3.1 General17633.3.1 总则17633.3.2 Echo-sounding17633.3.2 回声法17633.3.3 Continuous seismic reflection profiling17633.3.3 连续地震反射剖面法17633.3.4 Side scan sonar17733.3.4 侧扫声呐17733.4 Borehole logging17733.4钻孔测井17733.5 Corrosion testing17833.5 腐蚀性测试178Section six. Laboratory tests on samples178第六部分 室内试验17834General principles17834.一般原理17835. Sample storage and inspection facilities17935.试样储存与检查设施17935.1 Handling and labeling17935.1 处理与标签17935.2 Storage of samples17935.2 试样储存17935.3 Inspection facilities18035.3 检查设施18036. Visual examination18536. 目视检查18536.1 Introduction18536.1 引言18536.2 Soil18536.2 土18536.3 Rock18636.3 岩石18636.4 Photographic records18636.4 照片记录18637. Tests on soil18737. 土的试验18737.1 General18737.1 总则18737.2 Sample quality18737.2 试样质量18737.3 Sample size18837.3 试样尺寸18837.4 Conditions of test18837.4 试验条件18837.5 Relevance of test results18837.5 试验结果相关材料18838. Tests on rock18938 岩石试验189Section seven. Reports and interpretation189第七部分 报告和说明18939 Field reports18939 现场报告18940. Report20240 报告20240.1 General20240.1 总则20240.2 Descriptive report20240.2 描述性报告20240.2.1 Report as record20240.2.1 记录报告20240.2.2 Introduction20340.2.2 引言20340.2.3 Description of site20340.2.3 场地描述20340.2.4 Geology20340.2.4 地质概况20340.2.5 Field work20440.2.5 现场工作20440.2.6 Borehole logs20440.2.6 钻孔编录20440.2.6.1 General20440.2.6.1 概要20440.2.6.2 General data common to all logs20540.2.6.2为所有钻孔编录所共有的基本内容20540.2.6.3 Legend and symbols20640.2.6.3 图例和符号20640.2.6.4 Light cable percussion boring20740.2.6.4冲击钻探20740.2.6.5 Rotary drilling208