液压顺序阀性能实验台的研制.docx

many other precious cold water fish. Mineral resources, has proved many of the gold ore body, high grade, large reserves, reserves of more than 170 million tons of lignite, iron, vanadium and titanium magnetite reserves proven 6 million cubic meters, 40 million tons of quartz sand deposit reserves, the rare. ) From the short plate, Woods continued industry weak, support is not strong, especially inadequate for processing, there are no resources to make good products, marketing is not enough, there are no good products sell for a good price. Livelihood weakness, my district is located in the border area, the climate is cold, for many years of the masses of workers have a hard life, and complete the building of forest societys weaknesses are mainly concentrated in the area of peoples livelihood, especially in terms of poverty, the task is still very arduous. From the perspective of short-term capital, district financial situation at present tense, some financial debts to repay, is basically living money, no money for development, transformation where did the money come from still outstanding. From the perspective of talent short Board, my talent shortage, low overall quality, irrational structure, weak overseas talents into local serious brain-drain, especially high-end talents badly, has become the development of controlKey issues. If these short Board neither avoid nor overcome, not padded, transformation and development cannot be achieved in forest areas. Second, think calmly, calmly. A local economic development, strengths and weaknesses are dynamic and reciprocal transformation, there is no absolute advantages and disadvantages, advantages and disadvantages of nothing, as the time, place, and changes in external conditions, advantages could become disadvantages, disadvantages may also be to your advantage. For example, my good ecological environment, land development later, is the nations most dare ring of green and organic food, but these years are basically kind of traditional crops such as soybean, wheat, especially the heavy use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, the ecological advantages of agricultural development are being degraded. For example, ice and snow were our weaknesses, sought after now, with visitors to the snow and ice in the South, but the development of eco-tourism of gold and silver. For example, our region is located in the border area, has been our weakness today as the country along the way, and long Jiang Silk Road building farther forward, but is expected to be opened to the Russian frontier. (From XXs situation, while our railways, ports and other projects has not fought for, but with the Mongolia-Russia economic corridors 65 policy and steady growth benefits of further releases, provide opportunities for our projects, paving projects in the early County, in the Thirteen-Five period will very likely get a specific implementation). Practice has proved that adversity is short or long 摘要液压与气动传动是研究以有压流体（压缩油或压缩空气）为能源介质，来实现各种机械传动和自动控制的学科。近代液压、气压传动是由19世纪崛起并蓬勃发展的石油工业推动起来的，最早实践成功装置是舰艇上的炮塔转位器，其后才在机床上应用。在20世纪30年代初期和后期在大型自动化工业中引入液压制动。1940年代开始使用拖拉机一增强农机设备的机动性和效率。在第二次世界大战后，液压技术很快转入民用工业。在机床、工程机械、冶金机械、塑料机械。农机机械、汽车、船舶等行业得到了大幅度的应用和发展。随着液压机械自动化程度的不断提高，液压、气动元件应用数量急剧增加，元件小型化、系统集成化是必然的发展趋势。特别是近十年来，液压和启动技术与传感技术、微电子技术密切结合，出现了许多诸多如电液比例控制阀、数字阀、电业伺服液压缸等机（液）电一体化元器件，使液压技术在高压、高速、大功率、节能高效、低噪声、使用寿命长、高度集成化等方面取得了重大进展。现今采用液压传动的程度已成为衡量一个国家工业水平的重要标志。关键字：液压与气动传动 民用工业 液压系统 测试技术accident and the responsibility of leadership, such as concerning administrative sanctions should be dealt with by the personnel Department of the company. (3) personal injury accident occurs, the direct punishment 500-1000, who is directly responsible for the accident responsibility, give notice of criticism and 50-100 economic sanctions against them. (4) to conceal the accident, reported without undue delay or false, to inform the administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vesselshort and make up for long. Long and short, rational thought, keeping the force, we must deal with it calmly, neither keep advantages do not, missed opportunities, also faced short omissions, loss of confidence, we must correctly understand and handle the relationship between long and short, effective enhancement initiative, to better promote the transformation and development. Three local conditions, homeopathy for. Foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses, short swagger grams, yangchangbuduan, have in common is that swagger, and avoid, g, fill each have a logical relationship. We must adhere to local conditions and homeopathy for, full compliance with the rule of law, market economy and the laws of nature, all time, place and conditions for the transfer, targeted precision application policy. US weaknesses, is to play to strengths and avoid weaknesses. Like, in industry development Shang, prefectural proposed development six big industry, the County District Council must to relies on resources advantage, find associate industry positioning, put local most has competition advantage, and most has development potential of industry first do up, never can tandaqiuquan, and blind follow, and make with quality of competition, for those obviously not for local development of industry to strongly avoid, cannot Shang of project never can took Hard on my forehead. We talk about swagger g short was to build strengths to overcome weaknesses. For example, on the adjustment of agricultural planting structure, I just a little, short frost-free period and low temperature, with traditionally grown soybeans, wheat and other crops in low yields, poor quality, there is no advantage, it difficult for farmers to achieve sustainable incomes. Only guide the peasants to do organic, high-end, really good kind of good products, cold region and black Glebe ecological advantages and advantages play out, my area of agricultural development in order to find a way. Us yangchangbuduan, is to have to swallow some of the effects of transformation and development of the short Board. (Specific to the XX, we seize the Korean black railway into the province, along the way implementation opportunities, promoting the construction of railway projects along the River, in the Thirteen-Five plan promoting the project, under construction. Pay special attention to provincial highway XX to nenjiang road tender call to sophisticated shops, the national highway from Dandong to Altay XX to 18 stations and commuter airport renovation and expansion work, promote XX infrastructure in Hong Kong, planned opening water transport channel, and construct land, water and air transportation networks). Homeopathy for as long as we are in line with local conditions, in the play long fuss, in addressing the short work on weaknesses, short swagger grams, yangchangbuduan, will be able to achieve the development goals. Second, focus on economic construction as the Center, pushing forward forest transition XI General SecretaryI ABSTRACTHydraulic and pneumatic transmissions and a discipline that is based on fluid medium energy of compressive fluid (pressure oil or compressive air) to accomplish mechanical transmission and automatic control.Recently hydraulic and pneumatic pressure transmission technology has been developed with a large scale petrolic industry in the 19th,and the barbette displace was the first one successful using hydraulic equipment, and then hydraulic machine tool. The great automotive industry introduced hydraulic brakes in the early thirties and hydraulic transmissions in the late thirties. The tractor industry began using hydraulic in 1940 to increase the flexibility and utility of farm equipment. After the World War ,the hydraulic development turned into civil industry, such as machine tool ,engineering, metallurgy, plastic machine, farm machine, vehicle and watercraft. In more recent years , the role of leadership in hydraulic power application has been taken over larger by some of the large earthmoving and construction equipment manufactures. The total power involved is often greater than that required in even the largest aircraft With the development of higher automation of hydraulic machine and increasing use of hydraulic and pneumatic elements, the scaled elements and integrated system with miniaturization is inevitable. Especially in recent years hydraulic and pneumatic transmission is combined closely with the sensor and micro-electronics technology. It has been emerging amounts of new valves such as hydraulic-electricity proportional valves, digital valve, hydraulic and plectra-hydraulic servo cylinders and the integrative elements, which will lead the hydraulic and pneumatic technology to the development of higher pressure, higher speed, lager power, lower energy wastage and noise, longevity and high integration. Nowadays the application of hydraulic transmission system has become one of the important indications of industry level for a county. Keywords: Hydraulic and pneumatic transmissions; civil industrial ；hydraulic system ；testing technology II 目录 1 绪论1.1历史液压系统的发展液压传动和气压传动称为流体传动，是根据17世纪帕斯卡提出的液体静压力传动原理而发展起来的一门新兴技术，1795年英国约瑟夫布拉曼(Joseph Braman,1749-1814)，在伦敦用水作为工作介质，以水压机的形式将其应用于工业上，诞生了世界上第一台水压机。1905年将工作介质水改为油，又进一步得到改善。第一次世界大战(1914-1918)后液压传动广泛应用，特别是1920年以后，发展更为迅速。液压元件大约在 19 世纪末 20 世纪初的20年间，才开始进入正规的工业生产阶段。1925 年维克斯(F.Vikers)发明了压力平衡式叶片泵,为近代液压元件工业或液压传动的逐步建立奠定了基础。20 世纪初康斯坦丁尼斯克(GConstantimsco)对能量波动传递所进行的理论及实际研究;1910年对液力传动(液力联轴节、液力变矩器等)方面的贡献，使这两方面领域得到了发展。第二次世界大战(1941-1945)期间,在美国机床中有30%应用了液压传动。应该指出,日本液压传动的发展较欧美等国家晚了近 20 多年。在 1955 年前后 , 日本迅速发展液压传动,1956 年成立了“液压工业会”。近2030 年间，日本液压传动发展之快，居世界领先地位。液压传动有许多突出的优点，因此它的应用非常广泛，如一般工业用的塑料加工机械、压力机械、机床等；行走机械中的工程机械、建筑机械、农业机械、汽车等；钢铁工业用的冶金机械、提升装置、轧辊调整装置等；土木水利工程用的防洪闸门及堤坝装置、河床升降装置、桥梁操纵机构等；发电厂涡轮机调速装置、核发电厂等等；船舶用的甲板起重机械（绞车）、船头门、舱壁阀、船尾推进器等；特殊技术用的巨型天线控制装置、测量浮标、升降旋转舞台等；军事工业用的火炮操纵装置、船舶减摇装置、飞行器仿真、飞机起落架的收放装置和方向舵控制装置等。1.2液压技术的发展趋势由于液压技术广泛应用了高技术成果，如自动控制技术、计算机技术、微电子技术、磨擦磨损技术、可靠性技术及新工艺和新材料，使传统技术有了新的发展，也使液压系统和元件的质量、水平有一定的提高。尽管如此，走向二十一世纪的液压技术不可能有惊人的技术突破，应当主要靠现有技术的改进和扩展，不断扩大其应用领域以满足未来的要求。综合国内外专家的意见，其主要的发展趋势将集中在以下几个方面：1.2.1减少能耗,充分利用能量-液压技术在将机械能转换成压力能及反转换方面，已取得很大进展，但一直存在能量损耗，主要反映在系统的容积损失和机械损失上。如果全部压力能都能得到充分利用，则将使能量转换过程的效率得到显著提高。为减少压力能的损失，必须解决下面几个问题：减少元件和系统的内部压力损失，以减少功率损失。主要表现在改进元件内部流道的压力损失,采用集成化回路和铸造流道,可减少管道损失,同时还可减少漏油损失。减少或消除系统的节流损失，尽量减少非安全需要的溢流量，避免采用节流系统来调节流量和压力。采用静压技术，新型密封材料，减少磨擦损失。发展小型化、轻量化、复合化、广泛发展3通径、4通径电磁阀以及低功率电磁阀。改善液压系统性能，采用负荷传感系统，二次调节系统和采用蓄能器回路。为及时维护液压系统，防止污染对系统寿命和可靠性造成影响，必须发展新的污染检测方法，对污染进行在线测量，要及时调整，不允许滞后，以免由于处理不及时而造成损失。1.2.2主动维护-液压系统维护已从过去简单的故障拆修，发展到故障预测，即发现故障苗头时，预先进行维修，清除故障隐患，避免设备恶性事故的发展。- 要实现主动维护技术必须要加强液压系统故障诊断方法的研究，当前，凭有经验的维修技术人员的感宫和经验，通过看、听、触、测等判断找故障已不适于现代工业向大型化、连续化和现代化方向发展，必须使液压系统故障诊断现代化，加强专家系统的研究，要总结专家的知识,建立完整的、具有学习功能的专家知识库，并利用计算机根据输入的现象和知识库中知识，用推理机中存在的推理方法，推算出引出故障的原因，提高维修方案和预防措施。要进一步引发液压系统故障诊断专家系统通用工具软件，对于不同的液压系统只需修改和增减少量的规则。-另外，还应开发液压系统自补偿系统，包括自调整、自润滑、自校正，在故障发生之前，进市补偿，这是液压行业努力的方向。1.2.3机电一体化- 电子技术和液压传动技术相结合，使传统的液压传协与控制技术增加了活力，扩大了应用领域。实现机电一体化可以提高工作可靠性，实现液压系统柔性化、智能化，改变液压系统效率低，漏油、维修性差等缺点，充分发挥液压传动出力大、贯性小、响应快等优点,其主要发展动向如下：(1)电液伺服比例技术的应用将不断扩大。液压系统将由过去的电气液压on-oE系统和开环比例控制系统转向闭环比例伺服系统,为适应上述发展,压力、流量、位置、温度、速度、加速度等传感器应实现标准化。计算机接口也应实现统一和兼容。(2)发展和计算机直接接口的功耗为5mA以下电磁阀，以及用于脉宽调制系统的高频电磁阀(小于3mS)等。(3)液压系统的流量、压力、温度、油的污染等数值将实现自动测量和诊断,由于计算机的价格降低,监控系统,包括集中监控和自动调节系统将得到发展。(4)计算机仿真标准化，特别对高精度、“高级”系统更有此要求。(5)由电子直接控制元件将得到广泛采用，如电子直接控制液压泵，采用通用化控制机构也是今后需要探讨的问题，液压产品机电一体化现状及发展。液压行业：-液压元件将向高性能、高质量、高可靠性、系统成套方向发展；向低能耗、低噪声、振动、无泄漏以及污染控制、应用水基介质等适应环保要求方向发展；开发高集成化高功率密度、智能化、机电一体化以及轻小型微型液压元件；积极采用新工艺、新材料和电子、传感等高新技术。- 液力偶合器向高速大功率和集成化的液力传动装置发展，开发水介质调速型液力偶合器和向汽车应用领域发展，开发液力减速器，提高产品可靠性和平均无故障工作时间；液力变矩器要开发大功率的产品，提高零部件的制造工艺技术，提高可靠性，推广计算机辅助技术，开发液力变矩器与动力换档变速箱配套使用技术；液粘调速离合器应提高产品质量，形成批量，向大功率和高转速方向发展。1.3液压系统的影响因素（1）压力不正常。液压系统压力不正常主要表现为：1）工作压力建立不起来；2）工作压力升不到调定值；3）工作压力不稳定。（2）流量不正常(速度不正常)。液压系统流量不正常主要表现为:1）执行机构运动速度不能调整到应调整的速度范围；2）速度不稳定（高速时产生冲击；低速出现爬行；速度随负载变化而变化）；3）速度转换不正常。（3）液压冲击。液压冲击故障现象为:1）产生剧烈震动和噪声；2)测量仪表损坏；3)管路破裂；4）连接件松动等。（4）噪音过大及过分振动。液压系统噪音过大及过分振动表现为：1）噪声和振动超过正常工作值；2）噪声主要部位为泵、溢流阀和回油管出油管处；3）振动主要部位为执行件、管路系统、各元件。（5）油温过高。油温过高主要表现为：1）各液压件明显发热；2）油温超过成长范围；3）油黏度明显降低。（6）泄露。液压系统泄露分为外泄漏和内泄漏。故障现象主要表现为：1）系统压力调不高；2）执行机构速度不稳定；3）系统发热；4）压力阀噪声和振动；5）控制元件失灵；6）油从系统溢出，污染环境。（7）爬行。爬行现象表现为低速时速度跳跃进行，时走时停。（8）液压卡紧，液压卡紧表象为控制元件卡死，运动件不能运动使阀芯动作失灵。（9）气穴现象。气穴现象主要表象为油液泡沫化，同时产生噪声和振动，导致系统压力、速度不正常。1.4 顺序阀的性能与应用 1.4.1顺序阀的功用顺序阀是以系统压力为信号使多个执行元件自动地按先后顺序动作。通过改变控制方式、泄油方式和二次油路的接法，顺序阀还可构成其他功能，如背压阀、卸荷阀和平衡阀用。1.4.2顺序阀的应用用以实现多个执行元件的顺序动作；用于保压回路，使系统保持某一个压力；作平衡阀用，保持垂直液压缸不因自重下落；用外控顺序阀作卸荷阀，使系统部分卸荷；用内控顺序阀作背压阀，改善系统性能。192 液压顺序阀性能实验台的研制2.1 技术要求1) 油路连接方便、外形大方、使用安全方便。2) 能够满足顺序阀的调压范围及压力稳定性，正向压力损失，反向压力损失，稳定压力-流量特性，动作可靠性，顺序阀负载特性实验这些试验项目参数测试需要（从机械行业标准JB/T10370-2002规定的出厂试验项目和教学相关的试验项目选出）3) 以进行学生课外自主设计创新性的实验项目，以培养学生的学习兴趣和创新能力。4) 为毕业设计的相关课题提供液压的试验基础。2.2被测阀压力和流量的确定液压系统的工作压力一般按照机器设备的功率大小选择。小功率（15KW）工作压力可选6.37.0MPa；大功率可选7.031.5MPa。压力的选择要根据载荷大小和设备类型而定。还要考虑执行元件的装配空间、经济条件及元件供应情况等的限制。各类机械常用液压系统工作压力见表1.1：表1.1 按荷载选择载荷kN50工作压力MPa5表1.2 各种机械常用的系统工作压力机械类型机床小型工程机械建筑机械液压凿岩机液压机大中型挖掘机重型机械起重运输机械磨床组合机床龙门刨床拉床工作压力MPa0.82352881010182032因为该实验台希望能进行组合机床液压系统的调试，所以液压系统的工作压力选择6.3MPa，参照同样压力等级实验台被测阀额定流量定为10Lmin 。2.3液压系统原理图设计顺序阀的特性试验是为了深入了解顺序阀工作时的动、静态特性。调压范围及压力稳定性，正向压力损失，反向压力损失，稳态压力-流量特性，动作可靠性，顺序阀负载特性试验做适当的分析。对顺序阀压力超调量的动态性能取得感性的认识，通过实验掌握顺序阀的动、静态特性的测试方法。为了满足以上试验项目的要求，设计液压原理图如下：1液压泵； 2溢流阀；3-1，3-2压力表；4实验顺序阀；5流量计；6节流阀；7二位四通阀；8二位三通阀；9二位二通阀；10调速阀；11减压阀；12温度计；13-1，13-2滤油器；14量杯。图1.1 液压原理图 2.4 液压元件的选取液压元件主要包括有：油泵，电机，各种控制阀，管路，过滤器等。有液压元件的不同连接组合构成了功能各异的液压回路，下面根据主机的要求进行液压元件的选择计算。2.4.1液压泵的选择泵选型依据，应根据工艺流程，给排水要求，从五个方面加以考虑，即液体输送量、装置扬程、液体性质、管路布置以及操作运转条件等。使所选泵的型式和性能符合装置流量、扬程、压力、温度、汽蚀流量、吸程等工艺参数的要求。机械方面可靠性高、噪声低、振动小。经济上要综合考虑到设备费、运转费、维修费和管理费的总成本最低。1） 确定泵压力 PPPmax+p式中： 泵的工作压力； 执行元件的最高工作压力； 进油路和回油路总的压力损失。初算时，节流调速和比较简单的油路可以取 ,对于进油路有调速阀和管路比较复杂的系统可以取。代入数据：PpP+p=6.3+1=7.3MPa考虑到液压系统的动态压力及油泵的使用寿命，通常在选择油泵时，其额定压力比工作压力pp大25%-60% ，即泵的额定压力为10Mpa。2）确定液压泵的流量 （4.2）式中： 泵的输出流量 K 系统泄漏系数，一般取K= 1.1-1.3； 液压缸实际需要的最大流量； n 执行元件个数。代入数据：Qp2.2110-4m3/s=13.26L/min考虑到节流调速系统中溢流阀的性能特点，应加上溢流阀稳定工作的最小流量，一般为3L/min。Qp13.26+3=16.26L/min综上，由机械设计手册查得YB1-10型叶片泵满足要求，其技术规格如下：型号：YB1-10 排量：10mL/r 转速：1450r/min 额定压力：6.3MPa,生产厂家：榆次液压件厂2.4.2 液压阀的选择液压阀用来液压系统中油液的压力、流量和流动方向，以满足执行机构性能要求，对液压阀的基本要求：动作灵敏，作用可靠；工作时冲击、振动小；油液流过阀时的压力损失小；密封性能好，阀的机构紧凑，安装、调整、维修都方便；阀的通用性好等。阀的规格，根据系统得工作压力和实际通过该阀的最大流量，选择有定型产品的阀件。溢流阀按液压泵的最大流量选择；选择节流阀和调速阀时，要考虑最小稳定流量应满足执行机构最低稳定速度的要求。控制阀的流量一般要选的比实际通过的流量大一些，必要时也允许有20%以内的短时间过流量。电磁控制换向阀是利用电磁力使阀芯迅速移动换向的，与液压传动中的电磁阀一样，也由电磁铁和主阀两部分组成。安电磁力作用于主阀阀芯方式不同分为直动式电磁阀和先导式电磁阀两种。他们的工作原理与液压阀中的电磁换向阀相似。1根据所画液压系统图，计算分析通过各液压阀的最高油压和最大流量，选择各液压阀的规格型号。三位四通换向阀：选择O型，实现中途等待过程两位四通换向阀：实现正反向运动的转换单向调速阀：调速功能溢流阀：调速稳压生产厂家：无锡江南液压厂表4.1 阀类元件明细表序号元件名称数量规格型号1二位四通换向阀124E-25B2二位三通换向阀123E-25B3节流阀1L-10B4调速阀1Q-10B5溢流阀1Y-10B6顺序阀1XI-25B2.4.3 电机的选择1） 液压系统实际需要的输入功率是选择电机的主要依据，由于液压泵存在容积损失和机械损失，为满足液压泵向系统输出所需要的的压力和流量，液压泵的输入功率必须大于它的输出功率，液压泵实际需要的输入功率为： （4.3） 式中： P液压泵的实际最高工作压力； q 液压泵的实际流量； 液压泵的输入功率； 液压泵向系统输出的理论流量； 液压泵的总效率，见下表； 液压泵的机械效率； 换算系数。代入数据： 表4.2液压泵的总效率液压泵类型齿轮泵叶片泵柱塞泵螺杆泵总效率0.6-0.70.6-0.750.8-0.850.65-0.82）电机的功率也可以根据技术手册找，根据机械设计手册第三版，表23-1-23，可以查得电机的驱动功率为1.1，本设计以技术手册的数据为标准 ，取电机的功率为1.1kw。根据上述计算过程，现在可以进行电机的选取，本液压系统为一般液压系统，通常选取三相异步电动机就能够满足要求，初步确定电机的功率和相关参数如下： 型号： 额定功率：1.1kw满载时转速： 电流： 效率： 78.% 净重： 22Kg 额定转矩：2.4.4 管件的选择管件包括管道和管接头，它的主要功用是连接液压/气压元件和输送流体。对它的主要要求是：有足够的强度，密封性小，压力损失小和拆装方便。1）管道 在液压系统中，主要使用的是硬管，它比软管可靠安全，而且经济。硬管一般分为两类：一类是以通径定寸导管，一类是以外径定寸筒管。本液压系统中使用的主要是导管。液压系统中的油管也可用橡胶软管和尼龙管作为管道，橡胶软管装配方便，能吸收液压系统中的冲击和振动，尼龙管是一种很有发展前途的非金属油管，用于低压系统。本液压系统中可考虑使用钢管。管道的规格尺寸指内径和壁厚，其中内径可依下式计算 （4.4）式中： 管道内径； 管内流量； 管中油液的流速，吸油管取0.51.5m/s,压油管取2.55m/s（压力高的取大值，低的取小值，如压力在6MPa以上的取5m/s，在36MPa之间的取4m/s，在3MPa以下的取2.53m/s；管道短时取大值；油液粘度大时取小值），回油管取1.52.5m/s，短管及局部收缩处取57m/s。代入数据: a) 进油管d=2q=16.77mmb) 回油管d