景观规划建筑英语3.ppt

Landscapearchitecturecontinuedtoinfluencethecitybeautificationandplanningmovementwellintothe20thcentury asgrowingcitiesusedtheservicesofprofessionally trainedlandscapearchitects TheL EnfantPlanforthenation scapitolwasrevivedandexpandedbytheMcMillancommissionof1901 Chicago Clevelandandothercitiesalsousedlandscapearchitectstolayoutcomprehensivedevelopmentplans 由于城市发展需要受到过专业训练的风景园林师参与 风景园林对城市美化和规划运动的影响一直持续到20世纪 1901年 国家首都的郎方规划由麦克米伦委员会进行再次规划和扩大 芝加哥 克里夫兰和其他城市都请风景园林师对城市进行综合布局和开发规划 Bythe1920 s urbanplanningseparatedfromarchitectureandlandscapearchitectureasaseparateprofessionwithitsowndegreeprogramsandorganizations Yet landscapearchitecturecontinuedtoremainamajorforceinurbanplanningandurbandesign DuringandaftertheDepression opportunitiestodesignnationalandstateparks towns parkwaysandnewurbanparksystemsbroadenedtheprofession TheorientationofAmericanlandscapearchitecturereturnedtoitsrootsinpublicprojects atrendwhichhascontinuedthroughoutthemid 20thcenturytotoday 到20世纪20年代 城市规划从建筑和风景园林分离成为一个独立的职业 并拥有自己的学位课程和组织机构 然而 风景园林师在城市规划和城市设计中仍然保持着主导力量 在经济大萧条期间和之后 国家和州公园 城镇 公园道和新的城市公园系统规划设计的机会使风景园林职业得到壮大 美国风景园林的定位重新回到它的起源公共项目 一个贯穿20世纪中期至今的趋势中来 TheProfessioninPractice 实践中的职业 Landscapearchitectureinthe1990scannotbedescribedinafewsimpleterms Thescopeoftheprofessionistoobroadandtheprojectstoovaried Avarietyofofteninterwovenspecializationsexistwithintheprofession includingthefollowing LandscapeDesign thehistoricalcoreoftheprofession isconcernedwithdetailedoutdoorspacedesignforresidential commercial industrial institutional andpublicspaces Itinvolvesthetreatmentofasiteasart thebalanceofhardandsoftsurfacesinoutdoorandindoorspaces theselectionofconstructionandplantmaterials infrastructuresuchasirrigation andthepreparationofdetailedconstructionplansanddocuments SitePlanningfocusesonthephysicaldesignandarrangementofbuiltandnaturalelementsofalandparcel Asiteplanningprojectcaninvolvedesigningthelandforasinglehouse anofficeparkorshoppingcenter oranentireresidentialcommunity Morespecifically sitedesigninvolvestheorderly efficient aestheticandecologicallysensitiveintegrationofman madeobjectswithasite snaturalfeaturesincludingtopography vegetation drainage water wildlifeandclimate Sensitivedesignproducesdevelopmentthatminimizesbothenvironmentalimpactsandprojectcosts andaddsvaluetoasite Urban TownPlanningdealswithdesigningandplanningcitiesandtowns Urbanplannersusezoningtechniquesandregulations masterplans conceptualplans land usestudiesandothermethodstosetthelayoutandorganizationofurbanareas Thisfieldalsoinvolves urbandesign thedevelopmentofmostlyopen publicspaces suchasplazasandstreetscapes RegionalLandscapePlanninghasemergedasamajorareaofpracticeformanylandscapearchitectswiththeriseofthepublic senvironmentalawarenessinthepastthirtyyears Itmergeslandscapearchitecturewithenvironmentalplanning Inthisfield landscapearchitectsdealwiththefullspectrumofplanningandmanaginglandandwater includingnaturalresourcesurveys preparationofenvironmentalimpactstatements visualanalysis landscapereclamationandcoastalzonemanagement ParkandRecreationPlanninginvolvescreatingorredesigningparksandrecreationalareasincities suburbanandruralareas Landscapearchitectsalsodevelopplansforhugenaturalareasaspartofnationalpark forest andwildliferefugesystems LandDevelopmentPlanningcanbeonlarge scale multi acreparcelsofundevelopedlandandsmallerscalesitesinurban ruralandhistoricareas Assuch itprovidesabridgebetweenpolicyplanningandindividualdevelopmentprojects Landscapearchitectsworkinginthisarearequireaknowledgeofrealestateeconomicsanddevelopmentregulationprocesses aswellasanunderstandingofthephysicalconstraintsofdevelopingandworkingwiththeland Thechallengeistointegrateeconomicfactorswithgooddesignandthuscreatequalityenvironments Duetothisblendingofexpertise landscapearchitectsareoftenselectedtoheadmulti disciplinarydesignteams EcologicalPlanningandDesignstudiestheinteractionbetweenpeopleandthenaturalenvironment Itisconcernedwithinterpretation analysis andformulationofdesignpolicies guidelinesandplanstoensurethequalityoftheenvironment HeavilylandscapearchitectandplannerIanMcHarg thisspecializationincludes butisnotlimitedto analyticalevaluationsofthelandandfocusesonthesuitabilityofasitefordevelopment ItrequiresspecificknowledgeofenvironmentallawssuchastheCleanWaterAct theSafeDrinkingWaterAct Federalwetlandsregulations etc Thisspecializationalsoencompasseshighwaydesignandplanning HistoricPreservationandReclamationofsitessuchasparks gardens grounds waterfronts andwetlandsinvolvesincreasingnumbersoflandscapearchitectsasgrowingpopulationsleadtoadditionaldevelopment Thisfieldmayinvolvepreservationormaintenanceofasiteinrelativelystaticcondition conservationofasiteaspartofalargerareaofhistoricimportance restorationofasitetoagivendateorquality andrenovationofasiteforongoingornewuse Landscapearchitectsoftenparticipatefromtheresearchthroughtheactualrestorationstage SocialandBehavioralAspectsofLandscapeDesignfocusesonthehumandimensionofdesign suchasdesigningforthespecialneedsoftheelderlyorthedisabled Thisfieldrequiresadvancedtraininginsocialsciences suchasbehavioralpsychology sociology anthropologyandeconomics Areasofstudyincludedesignevaluationofexistingenvironments environmentalperceptions andeffectsofenvironmentsonpeople TheProfessionoftheFuture 未来的职业 Theyearsaheadpromisenewdevelopmentsandchallengestotheever broadeningprofession Withenvironmentalconcernsbecomingincreasinglyimportant landscapearchitectsarebeingcalledupontobringtheirexpertisetothetabletohelpsolvecomplexproblems Ruralconcernsareattractinglandscapearchitectstofarmlandpreservation smalltownrevitalization landscapepreservation andenergyresourcedevelopmentandconservation 今后 越来越宽广的风景园林职业将面临着新的发展和挑战 随着人们对环境越来越多的关注 风景园林师需要运用专业的技能帮助解决复杂的问题 人们对农村的关注吸引风景园林师从事农田保护 小城镇复兴 景观保护和能源开发与保护的工作 Advancesincomputertechnologyhaveopenedthefieldofcomputerizeddesign andlandreclamationhasbecomeamajorareaofworkformembersoftheprofession Landscapearchitectshaveevenbeguntousetheirskillwithinindoorenvironments e g atriums andenclosedpedestrianspaceshavebeenincorporatedintocommercialdevelopmentprojects FromsouthernCaliforniatotheMainecoast thenamesoflandscapearchitecturefirmsappearonsignsheraldingfuturedevelopments asmorepeopleseektheexpertiseandservicesoftheprofession 计算机技术的优越性开创了计算机化的设计方法 同时 土地改造成为风景园林师主要工作领域 风景园林师甚至开始进行室内环境 比如中庭 的设计 并且室内步行空间环境项目与商业开发项目结合成一个整体 从南加州到缅因州海滨 越来越多的人们对风景园林职业技术和服务有所需求 预示着风景园林公司在未来将有更大发展 Furthermore thefuturealsopromisesincreasecooperationamonglandscapearchitectsandotherdesignprofessionals Asinterestintheprofessioncontinuestogrow studentsarestudyingoftheprofessioninincreasingnumbersandnearly60universitiesandcollegesintheUnitedStatesandCanadanowofferaccreditedbaccalaureateandpost graduateprogramsinlandscapearchitecture Forty fivestateslicenselandscapearchitects 此外 未来的风景园林将会与其他设计职业有越来越多的合作 随着人们对这个职业兴趣的增加 学习这个专业的学生也大量增加 美国和加拿有近60个大学和学院开设了风景园林方面的学士学位和研究生学位课程 有45个州制订了风景园林从业许可制度 Today headquarteredinWashington D C theAmericanSocietyofLandscapeArchitectshasgrowntonearly12 000membersin47chapters Duringthepastdecades landscapearchitectshaverespondedtotheincreaseddemandandprofessionalresponsibilitieswithnewskillsandexpertise Moreandmorebusinessesappreciatetheprofessionandthevaluethatitbringstoaproject Thepublicpraisesthebalanceachievedbetweenthebuiltandnaturalenvironments 今天 设于华盛顿的美国风景园林师协会总部已经拥有47个分会近12000个会员 在过去的几十年 风景园林师为满足日益增加的需求和职业责任 发展了新的技术和专业技能 越来越多的商业开发受益于这个职业 以及这个职业为项目带来的价值 公众也赞誉它为人工与自然环境之间取得平衡所做的工作 Accordingtolandscapearchitecturaleducator authorandASLAFellow LaneMarshall Thefutureof the professionisbright Wearegrowinginsizeandstatureeachday Theprofessionisexpandingitsbordersconstantlyandstandsatthecuttingedgesofexcitingnewpracticeareas Therearelandscapearchitectswhoaremortgagebankers developers businessmanagers architects engineers andlawyers Since1899 theprofessionhasgrownsteadilyandnowstandsatthethresholdofanewperiodofgrowth 风景园林教育家 作家和ASLA成员雷恩 马歇尔的观点是 这个职业的未来是光明的 我们的规模和地位每天都有所增加 这个职业正在不断的拓宽他的边界 并处于令人兴奋的新领域的锋头之上 前沿 风景园林师则来自抵押货款银行家 开发商 商业经理 建筑师 工程师 以及律师 自从1899年 这个职业就稳定地发展着 目前正处于一个新发展的开端 Theprofessionoflandscapearchitecturecontinuestoevolveasitmeetsthechallengesofasocietyinterestedinimprovingthequalityoflifeandthewisdomwithwhichmankindusesthelandinmanyways landscapearchitectsareshapingthefuture 风景园林在面对社会关注生活条件改善和以多种方式明智地利用土地的挑战中 不断地发展进化 风景园林师正在塑造着未来 专业词汇 landscapearchitecture风景园林landscapearchitect风景园林师AmericanSocietyofLandscapeArchitects ASLA 美国风景园林师协会environmentalprotection环境保护realestate地产civilengineering市政工程 urbanplanning cityplanning城市规划masterplan总体规划landscapegardener风景园艺师urbanpark城市公园metropolitanparksystem都市公园系统plannedresidentialenclave规划社区 居住区 collegecampuse大学校园 CityBeautifulmovement城市美化运动townplanningmovement城镇规划运动L EnfantPlan郎方规划Depression经济萧条fa