电梯的电气系统维护毕业设计.doc

电梯的电气系统维护毕业设计1.毕业实践任务书-12.外文翻译 -23.毕业实践调研报告-104.毕业设计说明书-135.附录-366毕业设计总结-517.参考文献-35The history and future of the elevatorLift the invention process Elevator access to peoples lives have been 150 years. 1854, at Crystal Palace in New York Worlds Fair, American Elisha Graves Otis The first to show the world his invention. He stood fully loaded elevator platform, the command assistant pulled up to the platform can be found on the height of the audience, and then send a signal that helper lift with the ax and cut off the pulling cable. Surprisingly, a lift and did not crash, but firmly fixed in the air - Mr. Otis invented the elevator safety device played a role. All safe, gentlemen. Standing on a lift platform, Mr. Otis waved around people watching. No one would think, this is a safe lift of human history. Lifting tool for transport of goods for human use, staff extremely long history. As early as 2600 BC, the Egyptians built the pyramids on the use of the most original lifting system, the basic principle of this system has remained unchanged: that is, a counterweight is declining, the load platform rise. Fundamental to the early lifting of human-powered tools. 1203, the French coast in a monastery and installed a crane driven by donkey, this ended the history with the human transporting heavy loads. Watt invented the steam engine, British scientists, the crane began to use steam-powered devices. Followed by William Thomson developed Hydraulic-driven lift, hydraulic medium is water. On the basis of these lifts, generation after generation of innovative engineers lift technology is constantly improving. However, a key security issue has not been resolved, it is pulled up the rope once the lift was broken, the load platform to crash will occur. Mr. Otis invented the completely rewritten the history of human use lifting tools. Since then, take the lift is no longer a brave game, and a lift in the world are widely used. December 1889, the United States to create a veritable Otis elevator, which uses DC motor driven, worm gear driven by a rope wound around the drum, and lift the car flying. In 1892, the United States Otis began to use button control devices inside the car to replace the traditional way of pulling the rope manipulation, modernize the way open for the manipulation of precedent. Life goes on, science and technology in development, the elevator is also progress. 150 years, lift material from the black and white to color, style, inclined from the vertical to the manipulation of control is a new step by step - the handle switch control, button control, signal control, set the selection control, man-machine dialogue, etc. , also appeared in more than one elevator in parallel control, intelligent group control; double-deck elevators shaft show to save space and enhance the transport capacity of the advantages; speed the emergence of automatic escalator sidewalk pedestrian significant savings of time; different shapes - fan , triangular, half diamond, half round, the whole round of sightseeing elevator makes living in one of the passengers attention is no longer closed. Today, the United States on behalf of Otis is the worlds leading elevator company in the development of well-known grace, are continuing the development of new elevators, and continue to improve repair and maintenance service system. FM gated, intelligent remote monitoring, host energy-saving, low noise control cabinet and durable, environmentally friendly composite strip - a leisurely Jina the human machinery, electronics, optics and other areas of the latest scientific research a new race to come out the elevator, the building cold Therefore, the glory of humanity scattered, peoples lives are better. Elevator Origin In 1887, the United States Otis to create the worlds first elevator, which is a DC motor to drive the elevator. It was installed in 1889 building. The ancient elevator can only go 10 meters per minute or so. Original design of the elevator purely for effort. In 1900, the AC motor drive of the elevator began to come out. 1902, Schindler of Switzerland successfully developed the worlds first push-button automatic elevators, with automatic control, to improve the transmission capacity of the elevator and security. With the emergence of high-rise building, elevator design, technology is improving, the elevator species also gradually increased. In 1900, the United States otis company has built the worlds first escalator. 1950, and made the installed outside the building at the top sightseeing elevator, so passengers in the elevator running around in clear view overlooking An elevator first appeared in China in Shanghai, is by the United States Otis installed in 1901. By the United States in 1932 Otis installed the Astor Hotel in Tianjin are still safe operation of the elevator. In 1951, the CPC Central Committee proposed to install one in Tiananmen Square in China to manufacture by the elevator motor factory in Tianjin Rong from the birthday then this task, four months later fail in their mission, successfully completed the task. After the Third Plenary Session, bathed in the spring breeze of reform and opening up, Chinas elevator industry entered a period of rapid development. Now, any city in China, is widely used in the elevator with. Elevator to the peoples lives made easier, but also for the accelerated development of Chinas modernization has provided a powerful guarantee. The composition of the elevator Traction system The primary function of the traction system and transmission power output, so that the lift operation. Traction system consists of tractors, traction rope, steering wheel, anti-rope round composition. Guidance system guidance system main function is to limit the activities of car and heavy degrees of freedom, so the car along the rails and can only be lifting heavy exercise. Oriented system is composed of rails, guide shoes and guide frame. Car is a car to transport passengers and cargo elevator components, the work is part of the elevator. Car car by the car frame and body composition. Door system door systems main function is to seal the entrance and car landing entrance. Door system from the car door, floor door, open the door, lock device composition. Weight balance system main function is to balance the car relative to the weight of the work in the elevator car and make the difference in weight between the counterweight to keep within the limits, to ensure that the traction elevator drive normal. System is mainly composed of the weight and the weight compensation device composition. Electric drive system, electric drive system function is to provide power, the implementation of the elevator speed control. Electric drive system consists of the traction motor, power supply system, the speed feedback device, motor speed control device and other components. Electrical control system electrical control systems main function is to implement the operation of the elevator manipulation and control. Electrical control system consists of control unit, position display device, the control screen (cabinet), leveling devices, devices composed of layer selection. Security system to ensure the safe use of elevators, to prevent any threat to personal safety accidents. By the elevator governor, safety gear, bumpers, safety touch panels, floor door locks, window lift safety, elevator overload limiting device, limit switch device composition. The working principle of traction elevator rope attached to both ends of the car and heavy, wrapped in the wheel and guide wheel traction, the traction motor through speed reducer drive sheave after the rotation, by the rope and the traction wheel traction friction traction, to achieve the lifting of heavy car and sports, to transportation purposes. Fixed in the car on the guide shoes can be installed in the buildings along the walls on the shaft back and forth movement at a fixed rail to prevent the car running in the deflection or oscillation. NC block brake Brake work in the motor, so that the lift operation, in case of loss of power brake stops the car down, and stand on the specified layer to maintain its resting state, for persons and goods access. Car was carrying passengers or other loads of the box components, to balance the car on the heavy load, reducing motor power. Traction rope compensating device to compensate for the movement of the tension and weight change, so that the traction motor load stability, stop the car to be accurate. Electrical system to achieve the movement of the elevator control, while complete selection layer, flat floor, speed and lighting work. Call system at any time direct the movement of the car shows the direction and the location where the floor. Safety devices to ensure the safe operation of the elevator. The history and future of the elevator Mainly by the modern elevator traction machine (winch), guides the counterweight, safety devices (such as governor, safety gear and buffers, etc.), signal control systems, car and landing doors and other components. These sections were installed in the building well and machine room. Commonly used friction drive rope, wire rope around the traction sheave, both ends are connected to the car and counterweight, motor-driven traction wheel to the car lift. Lift required safety and reliability, transmission efficiency, leveling accuracy and ride comfort. The basic parameters of the main lift rated load, can take the number of rated speed, cabin size and shaft outside the profile type and so on. Simple to use (emergency solution below) Elevator is currently manned intelligent computer control, automation equipment, does not require specialized personnel to operate the drive, as long as ordinary passengers, according to the following procedures and operating the elevator to ride. (1) take the elevator floor elevator entrance, up or down according to their needs, according to the direction or under the direction of the arrow buttons, as long as the button lights to indicate your call has been recorded, just waiting for the elevator to come. (2) opened the door to reach the elevator, let the officers out of the elevator car, and then call the ladder must re-enter the elevator car. Into the car, according to you need to reach the floor, press the control panel inside the car on the corresponding number buttons. Similarly, as long as the button lights, then choose your level has been recorded; at this time not for any other operation, as long as the other elevator to reach your target zones can be docked. (3) Lift the purpose of driving to your layers will automatically open the door, this time the elevator is out of order by the end of a ladder process. The future direction of the elevator An elevator group control system will be more intelligent 2 high speed lifts higher and higher speeds 3 Bluetooth technology widely used in elevator 4 green elevator to universal Following the example of a passenger elevator: First, the elevator stops at the service layer has a layer of the door, the direction of the car lights, mathematics show car, running position refers to the layer device and call the elevator button. Use the elevator call button, press the up arrow button to go upstairs, downstairs and press the direction button. Second, the car arrived, the floor indicating the direction of the movement direction of the show car, the passenger elevator to determine Yu Wang, and define the normal into the car, pay attention to the closed door, not the door with the car door in the layer butt joints stay. Third, the car position within the display, control buttons and door panel and floor switches and layer selection button. Into the car, the lift floor by Yu Wang and layer selection button. To immediately shut the car door, you can press the close button lift. Car floor position indicator shows the arrival floor and can be left after the car door open. Fourth, the rated load of the elevator 13, can not be overloaded to run, when people take the initiative to withdraw from overloading. Five passenger lift can not be used often as a freight elevator, and definitely not the transport of flammable and explosive materials. Sixth, when the elevator anomaly or failure, should remain calm, call the rescue car phone, without breaking must not attempt to escape the car. Seven passengers are not allowed to rely on car doors, are not allowed in the car smoking and littering, to keep the car clean and hygienic. Eight-passenger elevator facilities to care for and shall not press the button lightly pry the car door and chaos. Nine drivers to strictly fulfill their duties, not far from the position during the lift operation, found that failure timely processing and reporting. Ten, does not allow drivers to maintenance, emergency stop button as the elimination of the normal exercise of the call before starting signal; not allowed inspection speed in the layer, under the car, opened the door to exercise; not allowed to open the trap door from the car roof, security doors ; does not allow long objects shipment inspection speed exercise; not allowed to hand the car door, the closure as a function of the elevator start or stop use; not allowed in the exercise of a sudden change in direction. Eleven, the driver should always check the lift operation, regular contact with the elevator maintenance, do repair and maintenance records. Twelve, to stop using the elevator, the driver should stop the car at the base station and the switch actuator plate all off, a good layer of closed doors. In case of power failure notice, suspended the work of the elevator well in advance.电梯的历史和未来电梯发明过程电梯进入人们的生活已经150年了。 1854年，在纽约水晶宫举行的世界博览会上，美国人伊莱沙格雷夫斯奥的斯第一次向世人展示了他的发明。他站在装满货物的升降梯平台上，命令助手将平台拉升到观众都能看得到的高度，然后发出信号，令助手用利斧砍断了升降梯的提拉缆绳。令人惊讶的是，升降梯并没有坠毁，而是牢牢地固定在半空中奥的斯先生发明的升降梯安全装置发挥了作用。“一切安全，先生们。”站在升降梯平台上的奥的斯先生向周围观看的人们挥手致意。谁也不会想到，这就是人类历史上第一部安全升降梯。人类利用升降工具运输货物、人员的历史非常悠久。早在公元前2600年，埃及人在建造金字塔时就使用了最原始的升降系统，这套系统的基本原理至今仍无变化：即一个平衡物下降的同时，负载平台上升。早期的升降工具基本以人力为动力。1203年，在法国海岸边的一个修道院里安装了一台以驴子为动力的起重机，这才结束了用人力运送重物的历史。英国科学家瓦特发明蒸汽机后，起重机装置开始采用蒸汽为动力。紧随其后，威廉汤姆逊研制出用液压驱动的升降梯，液压的介质是水。在这些升降梯的基础上，一代又一代富有创新精神的工程师们在不断改进升降梯的技术。然而，一个关键的安全问题始终没有得到解决，那就是一旦升降梯拉升缆绳发生断裂时，负载平台就一定会发生坠毁事故。 奥的斯先生的发明彻底改写了人类使用升降工具的历史。从那以后，搭乘升降梯不再是“勇敢者的游戏”了，升降梯在世界范围内得到广泛应用。1889年12月，美国奥的斯电梯公司制造出了名副其实的电梯，它采用直流电动机为动力，通过蜗轮减速器带动卷筒上缠绕的绳索，悬挂并升降轿厢。1892年，美国奥的斯公司开始采用按钮操纵装置，取代传统的轿厢内拉动绳索的操纵方式，为操纵方式现代化开了先河。 生活在继续，科技在发展，电梯也在进步。150年来，电梯的材质由黑白到彩色，样式由直式到斜式，在操纵控制方面更是步步出新手柄开关操纵、按钮控制、信号控制、集选控制、人机对话等等，多台电梯还出现了并联控制，智能群控；双层轿厢电梯展示出节省井道空间，提升运输能力的优势；变速式自动人行道扶梯的出现大大节省了行人的时间；不同外形扇形、三角形、半菱形、半圆形、整圆形的观光电梯则使身处其中的乘客的视线不再封闭。如今，以美国奥的斯公司为代表的世界各大著名电梯公司各展风姿，仍在继续进行电梯新品的研发，并不断完善维修和保养服务系统。调频门控、智能远程监控、主机节能、控制柜低噪音耐用、复合钢带环保一款款集纳了人类在机械、电子、光学等领域最新科研成果的新型电梯竞相问世，冷冰冰的建筑因此散射出人性的光辉，人们的生活因此变得更加美好。 电梯由来1887年，美国奥的斯公司制造出世界上第一台电梯，这是一台以直流电动机传动的电梯。它被装设在1889年纽约德玛利斯大厦。这座古老的电梯，每分钟只能走10米左右。当初设计的电梯纯粹是为了省力。 1900年，以交流电动机传动的电梯开始问世。1902年，瑞士的迅达公司研制成功了世界上第一台按钮式自动电梯，采用全自动的控制方式，提高了电梯的输送能力和安全性。 随着超高层建筑的出现，电梯的设计、工艺不断得到提高，电梯的品种也逐渐增多。1900年，美国奥梯斯公司制成了世界上第一台电动扶梯。1950年又制成了安装在高层建筑外面的观光电梯，使乘客能在电梯运行中清楚地眺望四周的景色中国最早的一部电梯出现在上海，是由美国奥的斯公司于1901年安装的。1932年由美国奥的斯公司安装在天津利顺德酒店的电梯至今还在安全运转着。1951年，党中央提出要在天安门安装一台由我国自行制造的电梯，天津从庆生电机厂荣接此任，四个月后不辱使命，顺利地完成了任务。十一届三中全会后，沐浴着改革开放的春风，我国电梯业进入了高速发展的时期。如今，在我国任何一个城市，电梯都在被广泛应用着。电梯给人们的生活带来了便利，也为我国现代化建设的加速发展提供了强大的保障。电梯的组成 曳引系统 曳引系统的主要功能是输出与传递动力，使电梯运行。 曳引系统主要由曳引机、曳引钢丝绳，导向轮，反绳轮组成。 导向系统 导向系统的主要功能是限制轿厢和对重的活动自由度，使轿厢和对重只能沿着导轨作升降运动。 导向系统主要由导轨，导靴和导轨架组成。 轿厢 轿厢是运送乘客和货物的电梯组件，是电梯的工作部分。 轿厢由轿厢架和轿厢体组成。 门系统 门系统的主要功能是封住层站入口和轿厢入口。 门系统由轿厢门，层门，开门机，门锁装置组成。 重量平衡系统 系统的主要功能是相对平衡轿厢重量，在电梯工作中能使轿厢与对重间的重量差保持在限额之内，保证电梯的曳引传动正常。 系统主要由对重和重量补偿装置组成。 电力拖动系统 电力拖动系统的功能是提供动力，实行电梯速度控制。 电力拖动系统由曳引电动机，供电系统，速度反馈装置，电动机调速装置等组成。 电气控制系统 电气控制系统的主要功能是对电梯的运行实行操纵和控制。 电气控制系统主要由操纵装置，位置显示装置，控制屏(柜)，平层装置，选层器等组成。 安全保护系统 保证电梯安全使用，防止一切危及人身安全的事故发生。 由电梯限速器、安全钳、缓冲器、安全触板、层门门锁、电梯安全窗、电梯超载限制装置、限位开关装置组成。 电梯的工作原理 曳引绳两端分别连着轿厢和对重，缠绕在曳引轮和导向轮上，曳引电动机通过减速器变速后带动曳引轮转动，靠曳引绳与曳引轮摩擦产生的牵引力，实现轿厢和对重的升降运动，达到运输目的。固定在轿厢上的导靴可以沿着安装在建筑物井道墙体上的固定导轨往复升降运动，防止轿厢在运行中偏斜或摆动。常闭块式制动器在电动机工作时松闸，使电梯运转，在失电情况下制动，使轿厢停止升降，并在指定层站上维持其静止状态，供人员和货物出入。轿厢是运载乘客或其他载荷的箱体部件，对重用来平衡轿厢载荷、减少电动机功率。补偿装置用来补偿曳引绳运动中的张力和重量变化，使曳引电动机负载稳定，轿厢得以准确停靠。电气系统实现对电梯运动的控制，同时完成选层、平层、测速、照明工作。指示呼叫系统随时显示轿厢的运动方向和所在楼层位置。安全装置保证电梯运行安全。现代电梯主要由曳引机（绞车）、导轨对重装置、安全装置(如限速器、安全钳和缓冲器等)、信号操纵系统、轿厢与厅门等组成。这些部分分别安装在建筑物的井道和机房中。通常采用钢丝绳摩擦传动，钢丝绳绕过曳引轮，两端分别连接轿厢和平衡重，电动机驱动曳引轮使轿厢升降。电梯要求安全可靠、输送效率高、平层准确和乘坐舒适等。电梯的基本参数主要有额定载重量、可乘人数、额定速度、轿厢外廓尺寸和井道型式等。简单使用方法（紧急情况下面有解决方法） 目前载人电梯都是微机控制的智能化、自动化设备，不需要专门的人员来操作驾驶，普通乘客只要按下列程序乘坐和操作电梯即可。 （1）在乘梯楼层电梯入口处，根据自己上行或下行的需要，按上方向或下方向箭头按钮，只要按钮上的灯亮，就说明你的呼叫已被记录，只要等待电梯到来即可。 （2）电梯到达开门后，先让轿厢内人员走出电梯，然后呼梯者再进入电梯轿厢。进入轿厢后，根据你需要到达的楼层，按下轿厢内操纵盘上相应的数字按钮。同样，只要该按钮灯亮，则说明你的选层已被记录；此时不用进行其他任何操作，只要等电梯到达你的目的层停靠即可。 （3）电梯行驶到你的目的层后会自动开门，此时按顺序走出电梯即结束了一个乘梯过程。 未来电梯的发展方向1 电梯群控系统将更加智能化 2 超高速电梯速度越来越高 3 蓝牙技术在电梯上广泛应用 4 绿色电梯将普及 以下以某客梯为例： 一、 电梯在各服务层站设有层门、轿厢运行方向指示灯、数学显示轿厢、运行位置指层器和召唤电梯按钮。电梯召唤按钮使用时，上楼按上方向按钮，下楼按下方向按钮。 二、 轿厢到达时，层楼方向指示即显示轿厢的运动方向，乘客判断欲往方向和确定电梯正常后进入轿厢，注意门扇的关闭，勿在层门口与轿厢门口对接处逗留。 三、 轿厢内有位置显示器、操纵盘及开关门按钮和层楼选层按钮。进入轿厢后，掀按欲往层楼的选层按钮。若要轿厢门立即关闭，可掀按关门按钮。轿厢层楼位置指示灯显示抵达层楼并待轿厢门开启后即可离开。 四、 本电梯额定载重为13人，不能超载运行，人员超载时请主动退出。 五、 乘客电梯不能经常作为载货电梯使用，绝对不允许装运易燃、易爆品。 六、 当电梯发生异常现象或故障时，应保持镇静，可拨打轿厢内救援电话，切不可擅自撬门，企图逃出轿