美国公平信用报告法fcra译本.doc

美国公平信用报告法（FCRA）译本译者：billtown /公平信用报告法是本人于2002年为研究信用立法而做的基础工作，现分三篇全文送上，欢迎批评指正。THE FAIR CREDIT REPORTING ACTTABLE OF CONTENTS601 Short title 小标题602 Congressional findings and statement of purpose 国会决定和目的说明603 Definitions; rules of construction 定义：法律解释规则604 Permissible purposes of consumer reports 消费者报告可允许达到的目的605 Requirements relating to information contained in consumer reports 对消费者报告有关信息的要求 606 Disclosure of investigative consumer reports 经调查的消费者报告的披露607 Compliance procedures 须遵守的程序608 Disclosures to governmental agencies 向政府机构披露609 Disclosures to consumers 向消费者披露610 Conditions and form of disclosure to consumers 对消费者披露的条件和格式611 Procedure in case of disputed accuracy 准确性争议发生时的处理程序612 Charges for certain disclosures 对某些披露收取的费用613 Public record information for employment purposes 为就业目的提供公共记录信息614 Restrictions on investigative consumer reports 对经调查的消费者报告的限制615 Requirements on users of consumer reports 对消费者报告使用者的要求616 Civil liability for willful noncompliance 故意违法的民事责任617 Civil liability for negligent noncompliance 过失违法的民事责任618 Jurisdiction of courts; limitation of actions 法院管辖权：诉讼时效619 Obtaining information under false pretenses 受欺诈而获取的信息620 Unauthorized disclosures by officers or employees 职员或雇员未经授权的披露621 Administrative enforcement 行政执行622 Information on overdue child support obligations 未尽儿童抚养义务的有关信息623 Responsibilities of furnishers of information to consumer reporting agencies 向消费者报告机构提供信息的人的责任624 Relation to State laws 与州法律的关系625 Disclosures to FBI for counterintelligence purposes 为反间谍目的而向联邦调查局披露626 Disclosures to governmental agencies for counterterrorism purposes 为反恐怖行为目的而向政府机构披露601. Short title 小标题This title may be cited as the Fair Credit Reporting Act.此小标题为“公平信用报告法”。 602. Congressional findings and statement of purpose 15 U.S.C. 1681国会决定和目的陈述(a) Accuracy and fairness of credit reporting. The Congress makes the following findings:信用报告的准确性和公平性。国会作出如下决定：(1) The banking system is dependent upon fair and accurate credit reporting. Inaccurate credit reports directly impair the efficiency of the banking system, and unfair credit reporting methods undermine the public confidence which is essential to the continued functioning of the banking system. 金融业系统建立在公平及准确的信用报告基础之上。不准确的信用报告会直接影响金融系统的效率。不公平的信用报告方法会削弱公众的信心，影响金融业持续发展的基础。(2) An elaborate mechanism has been developed for investigating and evaluating the credit worthiness, credit standing, credit capacity, character, and general reputation of consumers. 已有一套精心设计的机制用以调查及评估消费者的信用价值、信用状况、信用能力、信用品格和一般名誉。(3) Consumer reporting agencies have assumed a vital role in assembling and evaluating consumer credit and other information on consumers. 消费者报告机构承担了收集、评估消费者信用及其他有关信息的重要职责。 (4) There is a need to insure that consumer reporting agencies exercise their grave responsibilities with fairness, impartiality, and a respect for the consumers right to privacy. 必须确保消费者报告机构在履行其职责时是公正无私的，并尊重消费者的隐私权。(b) Reasonable procedures. It is the purpose of this title to require that consumer reporting agencies adopt reasonable procedures for meeting the needs of commerce for consumer credit, personnel, insurance, and other information in a manner which is fair and equitable to the consumer, with regard to the confidentiality, accuracy, relevancy, and proper utilization of such information in accordance with the requirements of this title. 合理的程序。设定这一标题的目的是要求消费者报告机构根据本标题的要求，适用合理的程序，用对消费者公平、公正的方法，秘密、准确、中肯而适当地使用这些信息，以满足商业对消费者信用、个人资料、保险及其他信息的需要。 603. Definitions; rules of construction 15 U.S.C. 1681a定义；解释规则(a) Definitions and rules of construction set forth in this section are applicable for the purposes of this title. 本节提出的定义及解释规则适用于本部分标题的目的。(b) The term person means any individual, partnership, corporation, trust, estate, cooperative, association, government or governmental subdivision or agency, or other entity.“人”一词，指任何个人，合伙，公司，信托组织，不动产组织，合作社，团体协会，政府或政府所属部门，或其他实体。(c) The term consumer means an individual.消费者一词指个人。(d) Consumer report.消费者报告。(1) In general. The term consumer report means any written, oral, or other communication of any information by a consumer reporting agency bearing on a consumers credit worthiness, credit standing, credit capacity, character, general reputation, personal characteristics, or mode of living which is used or expected to be used or collected in whole or in part for the purpose of serving as a factor in establishing the consumers eligibility for 一般规定。 消费者报告是指由信用调查机构提供的有关消费者信用价值、信用状况、信用能力、信用品格、一般名誉、个人消费特点或生活方式的任何书面、口头及其他联系方式的信息。它被部分或全部地用于或准备用于确定一个消费者某种资格的因素。这种资格包括(A) credit or insurance to be used primarily for personal, family, or household purposes; 主要为个人、家庭取得贷款或获得保险目的； (B) employment purposes; or 就业目的；或(C) any other purpose authorized under section 604 1681b.其他由604节授权的任何目的 (2) Exclusions. The term consumer report does not include 除外事项。消费者报告不包括(A) any 任何 (i) report containing information solely as to transactions or experiences between the consumer and the person making the report; 仅包含有关报告制作机构与消费者之间的交易或经历信息的报告； (ii) communication of that information among persons related by common ownership or affiliated by corporate control; or 在有关的共有产权人之间或公司控制的下属机构之间传达的信息；或者(iii) communication of other information among persons related by common ownership or affiliated by corporate control, if it is clearly and conspicuously disclosed to the consumer that the information may be communicated among such persons and the consumer is given the opportunity, before the time that the information is initially communicated, to direct that such information not be communicated among such persons; 如果明确无误地向消费者披露,在有关的共有产权人之间或公司控制的下属机构之间传达其他信息，消费者有机会在此信息首次传达之前，指示不得在上述人员中传达。(B) any authorization or approval of a specific extension of credit directly or indirectly by the issuer of a credit card or similar device; 由信用卡或其他类似信用工具的发卡部门直接或间接批准及授权同意的特定信用扩张； (C) any report in which a person who has been requested by a third party to make a specific extension of credit directly or indirectly to a consumer conveys his or her decision with respect to such request, if the third party advises the consumer of the name and address of the person to whom the request was made, and such person makes the disclosures to the consumer required under section 615 1681m; or某人应第三人请求对消费者直接、间接地做出特别信用扩张，信用报告又传达了其依该请求所做出的决定，而第三人如果将该被请求做出特别信用扩张的人的姓名、地址又告诉了消费者，其对消费者的披露是根据第615节1681m所作的话；或者 (D) a communication described in subsection (o). 以(O)小节规定的联系方式进行传达。(e) The term investigative consumer report means a consumer report or portion thereof in which information on a consumers character, general reputation, personal characteristics, or mode of living is obtained through personal interviews with neighbors, friends, or associates of the consumer reported on or with others with whom he is acquainted or who may have knowledge concerning any such items of information. However, such information shall not include specific factual information on a consumers credit record obtained directly from a creditor of the consumer or from a consumer reporting agency when such information was obtained directly from a creditor of the consumer or from the consumer.”经调查的消费者报告”一词,是指报告或报告部分有关消费者品性、一般名誉、个人消费特点或生活方式的信息，是通过对该消费者的邻居、朋友、同事或其熟人以及对他有所了解的人进行访问而获得的。但是，当这些信息是直接从消费者债权人或消费者本人处获得的时，它们不包括那些直接从消费者债权人或消费者信用报告机构处获得的有关消费者信用记录的特定事实信息。(f) The term consumer reporting agency means any person which, for monetary fees, dues, or on a cooperative nonprofit basis, regularly engages in whole or in part in the practice of assembling or evaluating consumer credit information or other information on consumers for the purpose of furnishing consumer reports to third parties, and which uses any means or facility of interstate commerce for the purpose of preparing or furnishing consumer reports. “信用报告机构”一词,指任何人以收费、应交之费或非盈利的合作基础，日常专职或兼职地从事收集或评估消费者信用信息或其他有关信息，以向第三人提供报告，以及使用任何方式或州际商业工具准备或提供消费者报告的任何人。” (g) The term file, when used in connection with information on any consumer, means all of the information on that consumer recorded and retained by a consumer reporting agency regardless of how the information is stored. 当用于对任何消费者交流信息时，“档案”指消费者报告机构记载的有关消费者的全部信息，不管此信息如何记载。(h) The term employment purposes when used in connection with a consumer report means a report used for the purpose of evaluating a consumer for employment, promotion, reassignment or retention as an employee.”就业目的“一词用于消费者报告时，指该报告是用于评价消费者是否可以作为雇员就业、提职、委派或留任。(i) The term medical information means information or records obtained, with the consent of the individual to whom it relates, from licensed physicians or medical practitioners, hospitals, clinics, or other medical or medically related facilities.”医疗信息” 一词, 指经过有关个人同意，从获得执业许可的医生或医疗从业人员、医院、诊所或其他医疗机构得到的有关个人信息。(j) Definitions relating to child support obligations. 有关儿童抚养义务的定义(1) Overdue support. The term overdue support has the meaning given to such term in section 666(e) of title 42 Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. 666(e). “怠于抚养”。”怠于抚养”一词见第42编社会保障法第666节(e) ，美国法典第42 编. 第666节(e)节。 (2) State or local child support enforcement agency. The term State or local child support enforcement agency means a State or local agency which administers a State or local program for establishing and enforcing child support obligations. “州或地方儿童抚养强制实施机构”。 “州或地方儿童抚养强制实施机构” 一词, 指州或地方管理有关确定和实施儿童抚养义务事务的机构。(k) Adverse action.不利行动(1) Actions included. The term adverse action包括的行动。 “不利行动”一词(A) has the same meaning as in section 701(d)(6) of the Equal Credit Opportunity Act; and 含义与平等信用机会法第701(d)(6)节的含义相同(B) means 指 (i) a denial or cancellation of, an increase in any charge for, or a reduction or other adverse or unfavorable change in the terms of coverage or amount of, any insurance, existing or applied for, in connection with the underwriting of insurance; 根据现有的或被申请的与保险承办有关的任何保险范围或保险数额节款的拒绝或取消、保险费的增加，或不利改变； (ii) a denial of employment or any other decision for employment purposes that adversely affects any current or prospective employee; 任何对当前或将来的雇员有不利影响的就业否决或其他就业决定(iii) a denial or cancellation of, an increase in any charge for, or any other adverse or unfavorable change in the terms of, any license or benefit described in section 604(a)(3)(D) 1681b; and 对604(a)(3)(D) 1681b节规定的许可或利益的拒绝或撤销，增加收费或任何其他不利变化;和(iv) an action taken or determination that is 作出的行为或决定是 (I) made in connection with an application that was made by, or a transaction that was initiated by, any consumer, or in connection with a review of an account under section 604(a)(3)(F)(ii)1681b; and与任何消费者提出的申请或交易有关，或者根据604(a)(3)(F)(ii)1681b节与账户检查有关；并且 (II) adverse to the interests of the consumer. 对消费者的利益不利。(2) Applicable findings, decisions, commentary, and orders. For purposes of any determination of whether an action is an adverse action under paragraph (1)(A), all appropriate final findings, decisions, commentary, and orders issued under section 701(d)(6) of the Equal Credit Opportunity Act by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System or any court shall apply. 可适用的裁决、决定、评论和命令。为了决定是否存在1（A）段规定的不利行为，联邦储备制度管理局或任何法院根据平等信贷机会法第701(d)(6)节作出所有适当的最后裁决、决定、评论和命令都将适用(l) Firm offer of credit or insurance. The term firm offer of credit or insurance means any offer of credit or insurance to a consumer that will be honored if the consumer is determined, based on information in a consumer report on the consumer, to meet the specific criteria used to select the consumer for the offer, except that the offer may be further conditioned on one or more of the following:信贷或保险的实盘“信贷或保险的实盘”指如果基于消费者报告的信息，被决定的消费者，符合用于为此要约而选择消费者的具体标准，任何对消费者发出的要约将被履行，除非要约进一步提出下列一个或多个节件(1) The consumer being determined, based on information in the consumers application for the credit or insurance, to meet specific criteria bearing on credit worthiness or insurability, as applicable, that are established 基于消费者申请信贷或保险的信息， 被确定的消费者符合所申请的有关信贷价值或保险能力的特定标准， (A) before selection of the consumer for the offer; and在消费者对要约作出选择之前;和 (B) for the purpose of determining whether to extend credit or insurance pursuant to the offer. 为决定是否依照要约提供信贷或保险(2) Verification查证(A) that the consumer continues to meet the specific criteria used to select the consumer for the offer, by using information in a consumer report on the consumer, information in the consumers application for the credit or insurance, or other information bearing on the credit worthiness or insurability of the consumer; or 通过使用消费者报告信息，消费者申请信贷或保险的信息或者其他证明消费者信贷价值或可保险能力的信息，消费者继续符合要约中的选择消费者的特定标准；或 (B) of the information in the consumers application for the credit or insurance, to determine that the consumer meets the specific criteria bearing on credit worthiness or insurability.以消费者申请信贷或保险的信息，来决定消费者符合证实信用价值和可保险能力的特定标准。(3) The consumer furnishing any collateral that is a requirement for the extension of the credit or insurance that was 消费者提供要求延展信贷或保险的任何间接材料,是(A) established before selection of the consumer for the offer of credit or insurance; and 在消费者对信贷或保险的要约作出选择之前已建立,并且(B) disclosed to the consumer in the offer of credit or insurance. 在信贷或保险要约中已向消费者披露.(m) Credit or insurance transaction that is not initiated by the consumer. The termcredit or insurance transaction that is not initiated by the consumer does not include the use of a consumer report by a person with which the consumer has an account or insurance policy, for purposes of 非由消费者主动提起的信贷或保险交易。“ 非由消费者主动提起的信贷或保险交易”一词，不包括有账户或保险单的人对消费者报告的使用,是为了(1) reviewing the account or insurance policy; or 检查账户或保险单;或(2) collecting the account.收债账户。(n) State. The term State means any State, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the District of Columbia, and any territory or possession of the United States.州.“州”指任何州,波多黎各,哥伦比亚地区,以及美国任何领土或领地.(o) Excluded communications. A communication is described in this subsection if it is a communication 不包括的联络。本小节规定的联络，是指(1) that, but for subsection (d)(2)(D), would be an investigative consumer report; 如没有(d)(2)(D)小节的规定,将成为经调查的消费者报告;(2) that is made to a prospective employer for the purpose of 对将来的雇主为以下目的而联络(A) procuring an employee for the employer; or 招聘员工,或(B) procuring an opportunity for a natural person to work for the employer;自然人获得为雇主工作的机会(3) that is made by a person who regularly performs such procurement; 为定期执行此招聘的人所进行的联络。(4) that is not used by any person for any purpose other than a purpose described in subparagraph (A) or (B) of paragraph (2); and 不用于任何人为除(2)段 (A) 或(B) 小段规定目的之外的任何目的 (5) with respect to which 针对 (A) the consumer who is the subject of the communication 作为联络对象的消费者(i) consents orally or in writing to the nature and scope of the communication, before the collection of any information for the purpose of making the communication;在为联络而收集任何信息之前, 口头或书面同意联络的性质和范围, (ii) consents orally or in writing to the making of the communication to a prospective employer, before the making of the communication; and 在联络前,口头或书面同意对未来的雇主进行联络;和 (iii) in the case of consent under clause (i) or (ii) given orally, is provided written confirmation of that consent by the person making the communication, not later than 3 business days after the receipt of the consent by that person;根据(i) 或(ii)款 ,联络者口头同意的,于收到联络者口头同意的3日内,被提供同意的书面信息(B) the person who makes the communication does not, for the purpose of making the communication, make any inquiry that if made by a prospective employer of the consumer who is the subject of the communication would violate any applicable Federal or State equal employment opportunity law or regulation; and 经联络的消费者之将来的雇主要求调查，而进行联络的人没有为此联络而调查，将违反联邦或州的平等就业机构法律或法规；并且,(C) the person who makes the communication 进行联络的人(i) discloses in writing to the consumer who is the subject of the communication, not later than 5 business days after receiving any request from the consumer for such disclosure, the nature and substance of all information in the consumers file at the time of the request, except that the sources of any information that is acquired solely for use in making the communication and is actually used for no other purpose, need not be disclosed other than under appropriate discovery procedures in any court of competent jurisdiction in which an action is brought; and 在不迟于收到消费者任何要求披露的请求之日后5日内,对联络的消费者书面披露, 消费者请求披露时其档案中所有信息的性质和内容,除了专为用于联络，且实际上不用于其他任何目的而得到的信息材料以外,在提起诉讼的情形下，除在有管辖权的法院适当的发现程序中披露外，没有必要披露;并且(ii) notifies the consumer who is the subject of the communication, in writing, of the consumers right to request the information described in clause (i). 书面通知所联络的消费者,其有权要求披露(i)款规定的信息。(p) Consumer reporting agency that compiles and maintains files on consumers on a nationwide basis. The term consumer reporting agency that compiles and maintains files on consumers on a nationwide basis means a consumer reporting agency that regularly engages in the practice of assembling or evaluating, and maintaining, for the purpose of furnishing consumer reports to third parties bearing on a consumers credit worthiness, credit standing, or credit capacity, each of the following regarding consumers residing nationwide:消费者报告机构在全国范围汇编和保管消费者档案。“消费者报告机构在全国范围汇编和保管消费者档案”，是指消费者报告机构，为向第三人提供证明该消费者的信用可靠度，或信用状况，信用能力的消费者报告，固定地对居住在国内的消费者的下列信息从事收集或评估和保管业务： (1) Public record information. 公共记录信息(2) Credit account information from persons who furnish that information regularly and in the ordinary course of business. 以通常的商业方式，从提供定期信息的人处获得的信贷账户信息。 604. Permissible purposes of consumer reports 15 U.S.C. 1681b消费者报告可允许达到的目的(a) In general. Subject to subsection (c), any consumer reporting agency may furnish a consumer report under the following circumstances and no