考研英语范文解析.doc

考研英语范文阅读模拟试题及答案解析(二)Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They dont realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase substance abuse is often used instead of drug abuse to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning mind-manifestation) because they seemed to radically alter ones state of consciousness.59. Substances abuse (line 5, paragraph 1) is preferable to drug abuse in that _.(A) substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used(B) drug abuse is only related to a limited number of drugtakers(C) alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine(D) many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous60. The word pervasive (line 1, paragraph 2) might mean _.(A) widespread(B) overwhelming(C) piercing(D) fashionable61. Physical dependence on certain substances results from _.(A) uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time(B) exclusive use of them for social purposes(C) quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases(D) careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms62. From the last paragraph we can infer that _.(A) stimulants function positively on the mind(B) hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health(C) depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances(D) the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups答案及试题解析59.（D）意为：除海洛因或可卡因外，许多其他物质也是有害的。第一段最后一句指出，许多医生（physician）和心理学家常使用物质滥用而不是药物滥用这一概念，他们想以此说明：滥用像烟酒这样的物质与滥用海洛因和可卡因一样有害。A 意为：如果非法使用，物质可能改变我们身体或大脑的功能。第一段第一句对药物这一概念下了一个定义：从专业角度来讲，除食品以外，任何改变我们的身体或大脑功能的物质都是药物。但是，正如第二句所指出的，许多人错误地认为药物这一概念仅指某种医药或嗜毒者用的非法化学药品。B 意为：药物滥用仅限指一少部分人的吸毒行为。C 意为：烟酒同海洛因和可卡因一样致命。这里，fatal（致命的）一词太夸张了，与原文中所说的有害（harmfully）相去甚远。60.（A）该词意为：普通的，广泛的。事实上，由第二段第一句的冒号后部分所表达的内容，我们可以推断出该词的意思。该句可译为：在我们生活的社会里，医用或社交用物质（药物）广泛存在，如：用阿斯匹林制止头痛，用酒交际，早晨用咖啡振作一下精神，抽支烟定定神（或：松弛一下）。B 意为：压倒一切的，占主流的。C 意为：尖锐的，尖的。 D 意为：时髦的，流行的。61.（A）意为：长时间无节制地嗜用它们。根据第二段第四、五句，频繁使用（repeated use）某种物质（药物）会使身体对之上瘾或形成依赖。依赖起先表现为耐药量（tolerance）的增加：要达到满足，需要的剂量越来越多；停止服用后，一些不舒服的反应就会出现。可见，用药量和用药时间是造成药物依赖的两个重要因素。B 意为：仅将它们用于社交目的。文章第二段第一句确实提到了像酒这样的物质可以用于社交目的，但这不等于说只有用于社交目的的物质才可以使人上瘾。C 意为：将它们大量地用来治病。量大仅是可能产生药物依赖的原因之一，而频繁使用也是形成药物依赖的重要条件。D 意为：粗心使用它们而产生不良症状。62.（B）意为：幻觉剂本身就危害健康。根据第三段第四、五句，幻觉剂主要影响人的感知觉，以各种方式（包括产生幻觉）将它扭曲、改变。它们被称作引起幻觉的药物，因为它们似乎从根本上改变了人的意识状态。A 意为：兴奋剂对心智有积极影响。第三段前三句指出，影响中枢神经系统、改变感知觉和行为的药物属于对神经起显著作用的（psychoactive）物质，它们通常分为兴奋剂、抑制剂或幻觉剂。兴奋剂具有开始加快或激活中枢神经的作用，而抑制剂则具有减缓作用。但是，无论是哪种作用，其影响都是有害的。参阅第一段最后一句。C 意为：抑制剂是对神经起显著作用的物质中最坏的一种。第三段提到了三钟影响人的意识与行为的物质（见上文），但并未指出哪种效果最坏。D 意为：三种对神经起显著作用的物质经常被一起使用。这一点第三段也未提到。翻译句子1. We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.参考译文 我们生活在一种药品（毒品）的医学用途和社会用途都很广泛的社会里：一片用来止头疼的阿司匹林，一些用来社交的酒，早上自己提提神所喝的咖啡，一支用来定神的香烟。结构剖析 句子的主干就是 We live in a society，后面 which 引导定语从句 in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive，修饰 society。冒号后面的部分是并列关系的名词词组，用来举例说明前面提出的观点，开始时可以略去不看。阅读重点 注意冒号后面列举的前三个名词词组中的动词不定式都相当于定语成分，修饰前面的中心名词，表示其功效。2. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.参考译文 对药品的依赖性首先表现为不断增长的耐药量，要产生想得到的效果所需要的药品剂量越来越大，然后表现为当停药后，令人不快的停药症状的出现。结构剖析 句子的主干结构是 Dependence is marked first byand then by；逗号隔开的成分 with+n.+过去分词：with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect 作状语，用来进一步解释药物依赖的第一种表现。when the substance is discontinued 是表示时间的状语从句。阅读重点 注意 and 连接两个 by 开始的介词词组是并列关系，这样就能抓住句子的主干了。另外注意名词在这里的特殊意义：dependence 指对药物的依赖，withdrawal 的意思是停止用药。补充难句翻译1. The phrase substance abuse is often used instead of drug abuse to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.参考译文 药品滥用这个词经常被用来代替毒品滥用，其目的是为了表明酒精和烟草这样的物质是可能像海洛因和可卡因那样被误用的。结构剖析 句子的主干是句子的前半部分 The phrase substance abuse is often usedto make clear；to make clear that是动词不定式作状语，表示目的。that 后面接的是宾语从句作动词 make clear 的宾语。阅读重点 注意 make+sth.+adj.：make sth. clear，这里因为 sth. 是一个 that 引导的从句，所以放在了形容词 clear 的后面。另外注意 asas 的用法。2、Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens.参考译文 精神刺激性药品通常按照他们是否是兴奋剂，镇静剂或致幻剂来划分。结构剖析 这是一个简单句。句子的主干部分是 Psychoactive substances aregrouped according to，使用了被动语态。其中 whether 引导宾语从句 whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens 作介词 according to 的宾语。阅读重点 group 这里用作动词，是分类的意思。语言点详解1. alter 改变大纲词汇 alter v. 改变，变更 alteration n. 改变，变更经典例句 The outstanding performance of the troupe altered their attitude.2. mental functioning 心理功能3. drug addict 吸毒者扩充词汇 addict n. 入迷的人，上瘾的人； v. 使沉溺，使人迷，使上瘾4. alcohol 酒精 大纲词汇 alcohol n. 酒精，乙醇；含酒精的饮料衍生词汇 alcoholic n.酒鬼；a.酒精的经典例句 His mother told him to keep off alcohol.5. illegal 非法的大纲词汇 illegal a.不合法的，非法的经典例句 The state forbids illegal possession of firearms.6. neutral 中性的大纲词汇 neutral a.中立的；中性的，中和的经典例句 He tried to keep neutral in the conflicts between his friends.7. psychologist 心理学家大纲词汇 psychology n. 心理学衍生词汇 psychologist n.心理学家8. phrase 词大纲词汇 phrase n.短语，词语，习语经典例句 This phrase was used wrongly in the sentence.9. abuse 滥用大纲词汇 abuse v./n.滥用；虐待；漫骂经典例句 Drug abuse has become a serious social problem nowadays.10. instead of 代替大纲词汇 instead ad.代替，顶替 instead of 代替，而不是；不是（而是）经典例句 Her brought two assistants with her instead of one.11. misuse 滥用扩充词汇 misuse v. 错用，误用，滥用构词方法 mis-后缀，表示不当，错，误联想记忆 misunderstand v.误解 miscalculate v.误算经典例句 You should not misuse his kindness and take his advantage.12. heroin 海洛因 大纲词汇 heroin n.海洛因13. cocaine 可卡因14. pervasive 普遍的扩充词汇 pervasive a.到处弥漫的；普遍的，流行的经典例句 Pollution is one of the most pervasive problems today.15. aspirin 阿斯匹林16. sociable 善于交际的扩充词汇 sociable a.好交际的，合群的；社交的经典例句 Although she is nice to everyone, she is not a sociable person.17. get going 开始工作扩充词汇 get going 开始，开始谈话（或工作等）经典例句 He suggested we get going with our work.18. constructive 有建设性的大纲词汇 construct v.建设，建造，构造；创立衍生词汇 constructive a.建设性的，有积极意义的经典例句 The company gave constructive response to their criticism.19. first of all 首先经典例句 First of all, your reaction should be justified.20. in excess 过量大纲词汇 excess a.过量的，额外的；n.过量，过剩 in excess of 超过经典例句 The materials you keep in excess will cost you too much money.21. negative effects 负面影响大纲词汇 negative a.否定的，消极的，反面的，负的，阴性的；n.负数；（摄影）底片22. perceptual 感觉的扩充词汇 perceptual a. 感知的，感觉的；感性的 perceptual response 知觉反应perceptual knowledge 感性知识23. physical addiction 身体上瘾扩充词汇 addiction n.人迷，嗜好；瘾 heroin addiction海洛因瘾24. withdrawal symptoms 脱瘾的不舒服症状大纲词汇 withdraw v.收回，撤消；缩回，退出；提取（钱）symptom n. 症状，征候，征兆衍生词汇 withdrawal n.收回，取回，撤回；戒毒（脱瘾）的过程25. discontinue 停止 扩充词汇 discontinue v.停止，中断，终止经典例句 We have to discontinue the projects because of a lack of fund.26. nervous system 神经系统大纲词汇 nerve n.神经；勇气，胆量 nervous a.神经的；神经过敏的，紧张不安的27. perception 感知大纲词汇 perceive v.察觉，感知；理解，领悟衍生词汇 perception n.察觉，感觉，感知；认识，看法经典例句 His perception of the change came in a flash.28. peychoactive 作用于精神的，影响（或改变）心理状态的构词方法 psycho-前缀，表示精神：心理联想记忆 psychoanalysis n. 精神分析 psychobiology n.精神生物学29. stimulant 兴奋剂扩充词汇 stimulant n.引起兴奋的食品（或饮料等）；兴奋剂；刺激物，影响力经典例句 Coffee and tea are stimulants.30. depressant 镇静剂大纲词汇 depress v.压抑，降低；使沮丧，压下衍生词汇 depressant n.镇静剂31. hallucinogen 幻觉剂32. speed up 使加速大纲词汇 speed up 使加速经典例句 You have to speed up your rate of work.33. activate 启动大纲词汇 activate v.使活动，启动经典例句 He ordered the workers to activate the engine.34. slow down 降低（速度）大纲词汇 slow down（使）放慢，减速经典例句 She asked her son to slow down the car because she felt dizzy.35. primary effect 最初的作用36. hallucination 幻觉扩充词汇 hallucination n.幻觉；妄想经典例句 He was undergoing some perceptive hallucination.37. psychedelic 迷幻药的扩充词汇 psychedelic a.迷幻药的；引起幻觉的 a psychedelic indulgence 迷幻沉洒psychedelic art 迷幻艺35. mind manifesting 显示内心想法的大纲词汇 manifest v.表明，证明，显示；a.明白的，明了的联想记忆 mind-altering a.麻痹神经的39. radically 极度地大纲词汇 radical a. 基本的，重要的；激进的，极端的；根本的经典例句 Attitudes towards education will have to change radically.40. fatal 致命的大纲词汇 fatal a. 致命的，毁灭性的经典例句 He collapsed at the fatal blow on his head.41. piercing 刺穿的大纲词汇 pierce v刺破，刺穿经典例句 They pursued their way in the piercing coldness.全文翻译从专业角度说，除食品外，任何能改变我们生理和心理机能的物质都是药物。很多人错误地认为药物这个词仅仅指某些药品或是吸毒者服用的违禁化学品。他们没有意识到诸如酒精、烟草这些我们熟悉的物质也是药物。这也是现在许多内科医生和心理学家使用物质这个更加中性的词的原因。他们常用物质滥用而不用药物滥用来清楚表明滥用酒精、烟草这样的物质如同滥用海洛因和可卡因一样有害。我们生活在一个物质（药物）在医疗和社交方面的使用都很广泛的社会里：用来缓解头痛的阿斯匹林，用来应酬的酒，早晨用来提神的咖啡，还有定神用的香烟。使用这些物质得到了社会认可，且显然具有积极的作用，但什么时候就变成滥用了呢？首先，大多数物质的过量使用都会产生负面影响，如中毒或严重的感知错乱。反复使用一种物质可以导致成瘾或对该物质的依赖。依赖的最初表现是不断增长的耐药量，要产生预期的效果需要的药剂量越来越大，而一旦中断使用就会出现难受的停药症状。影响中枢神经系统、改变感知觉和行为的药物（物质）属于对神经起显著作用的物质，它们通常分为兴奋剂、镇静剂和幻觉剂。兴奋剂主要起到加速或激活中枢神经系统的作用，而镇静剂则相反：减缓它的活动。幻觉剂主要影响人的感知，通过多种方式对感知加以扭曲或改变，其中包括产生幻觉。这些物质常被认为能引起幻觉（psychedelic一词源于希腊语，意为心灵显现），因为它们似乎能改变人的意识状态。No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of a nation. Is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers? Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well? At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul-searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. Its a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over for the late Steve Ross in 1992. On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the companys mountainous debt, which will increase to $ 17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently.The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the companys rap music on the grounds of expression. In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-Ts violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet. The test of any democratic society, he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We wont retreat in the face of any threats.Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard-line stand, at least to some extent. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last months stockholdersmeeting. Levin asserted that music is not the cause of societys ills and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. But he talked as well about the balanced struggle between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.The 15-member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy. But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter. Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited, says Luce. I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this.63. Senator Robert Dole criticized Time Warner for _.（A）its raising of the corporate stock price（B）its self-examination of soul（C）its neglect of social responsibility（D）its emphasis on creative freedom64. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?（A）Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner.（B）Gerald Levin is liable to compromise.（C）Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate.（D）Steve Ross is no longer alive.65. In face of the recent attacks on the company, the chairman _.（A）stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expression（B）softened his tone and adopted some new policy（C）changed his attitude and yielded to objection（D）received more support from the 15-member board66. The best title for this passage could be _.（A）A Company under Fire（B）A Debate on Moral Decline（C）A Lawful Outlet of Street Culture（D）A Form of Creative Freedom答案及试题解析63.（C）意为：它对社会责任的忽视。第一段指出，没有哪个公司喜欢别人说它导致了全国道德败坏，多尔参议员所指责时代华纳公司的正是这一点。他说：难道这就是你们的经营目标吗，你们出卖了自己的灵魂，难道你们也想毁了国家、危及我们的孩子吗？另从第三、四段来看，这里多尔所指责的正是该公司用它的音乐作品带来的社会影响，多尔认为这些音乐作品对社会和青少年有不良影响。A 意为：它将公司股价提高。从多尔所说的话来看，他关心的不是该公司的经济状况。B 意为：它对灵魂的自我检验。第一段第三句指出，对时代沃纳公司来说，多尔所质疑的问题只不过是公司自创立以来一直进行的自我反省的最新表述，在公司发展的不同阶段，这一自我反省涉及（社会）责任、创作自由、公司利润（bottom line）。换言之，在公司的发展过程中，社会责任、创作自由、公司能否赚钱这三者之间的矛盾一直困扰着公司。根据公司董事长列文的话（见第三段），公司把创作自由放在了发展的首位。这造成了它对作品的社会影响的忽视，所以，后来列文改变态度以后，承认应该在创作自由和社会责任上寻找一个平衡点（见第四段）。可见，多尔参议员所指责的正是公司的所作所为带来的不良社会影响，这样他就击中了要害。D 意为：它对创作自由的强调。见上文分析。64.（D）回答这一问题主要涉及对第二段第一句中 late 的理解。除其他意思外，该词有前，已故的等意思。一般来讲，该词加在人名或称呼前时译作已故的、如：the late Mr. Green 已故格林先生，her late husband 她的前夫（已故），若加在头衔前，则要据情况而译，如：the late president 前总统（也可能已故，也可能仅指刚刚卸职）。第二段第一句可译为：处于争议中心的是董事长杰拉德？列文，他在 1992年前董事长史蒂夫？罗斯去世后继任，今年 56 岁。A 意为：路斯是时代沃纳公司的发言人。在最后一段第二句，路斯仅被称作 insider（内部人士，知情人士），他说：我们有些人多年来一直知道（宪法）第一修正案中所规定的自由并非是无限制的自由，我想可能公司的某些人最近才意识到这一点。他的话说明了公司领导内部对处理创作自由和社会影响这一对矛盾上的不同看法、也暗含着对公司一贯政策（过于强调创作自由）的批评。可见，他并非公司指派的发言人，而仅代表自己。B 意为：列文倾向于妥协。根据第三段中列文所说的话，他是一个持强硬立场的人。他说：检验任何民主社会的标准不是看它如何严厉地控制（思想的）表达，而是看它是否给人以最大限度的思想和表达思想的自由。我们不会屈服于任何威胁。但是，在这次的争议中，虽然列文也在为公司发行的音乐作品争辩，但他也做出了某些程度的让步（参阅第四段第一句）。由此可见，列文并非是个易于妥协的人。C 意为：在这场争议中。时代沃纳公司团结一致。不对，例如上文所提到的路斯的观点。65.（B）意为：态度有所缓和，采取了某种新政策。第四段指出，列文对上周的争议拒绝评价，但有迹象表明他正在放弃自己的强硬立场-至少在某种程度上可以这样说。在上月讨论摇滚乐歌词的董事会上，列文强调音乐并不引起社会丑恶现象，他甚至举了他儿子的例子。但是，他同时也谈到了创作自由与社会责任保持平衡的问题，他表示，公司将为音乐的发行和标识（labeling 指：标识作品或产品的应用对象，如：是否适应于青少年使用等）制定标准。可见，列文在做出妥协姿态的同时，也采取了实际的行动。A 意为：坚持强硬立场保护思想表达自由。C 意为：改变其态度并向反对派屈服。与 B 表达的内容相比，C 表达的内容语气太强。因为，正如第四段第一句所说的，列文仅做出了某种程度的让步（to some extent）。D 意为：获得了董事会 15 位成员更多的支持。虽然董事会一直支持列文及其公司经营战略，但在这次的争议中，意见出现了分歧。参阅第 64 题题解。66.（A）意为：遭到责难的公司。从以上的分析可以看出，本文主要是评述了时代华纳公司因发行新音乐专辑而受到的责难及其反应。B 意为：一场关于道德败坏的争论。这个题目太宽泛。更何况，时代华纳公司所被指责的主要是它对社会责任的忽视，而并非它所发行的作品所带来的实际社会影响。C 意为：街头文化的合法表达（途径）。D 意为：一种表现创作自由的形式翻译句子1、The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the companys rap music on the grounds of expression.参考译文 人们对说唱音乐的焦虑并没使他的日子变得好过。莱文一向以它是一种富于表现力的演唱方式这个理由来为公司的说唱音乐辩护。结构剖析 第一个句子是一个简单句。flap over rap 是句子的主语，is making 是谓语，使用了结构：make+n.+adj.。第二个句子也是一个简单句。阅读重点 第一句中的重点是掌握 to make life easier 这个表述方法，其它部分都是辅助这个短语的。另外，对于 flap 一词的理解也至关重要，在这里它的意思是焦虑、兴奋状态的意思。第二句中的主干是 defend somebody on the grounds of something（为某种理由或手段为某人辩护）。expression 这里的意思是 the quality of singing or playing a musical instrument with feeling，即表达方式、腔调，尤指雄辩的语调、富有表情的唱腔。注意 consistently 是一贯地，一向地的意思，不要