英语论文德伯家的苔丝.doc

从生态女性主义的角度来分析苔丝专业：英语 学号： 学生姓名： 指导老师：摘 要托马斯.哈代的小说德伯家的苔丝是英国以及世界文学史上的经典之作。本文主要通过女性生态主义的角度来理解和分析这篇小说。生态女性主义者认为，自然与女性是人类生存和发展的本源，二者均与男性相对立，而且都是资本主义工业化经济扩张过程中的受害者。在小说中，苔丝作为哈代塑造的一位女性，身处在英国工业大肆向农村扩张的时期，同时被男性所欺凌和压迫。同时，她身边的自然环境和生产方式的改变也体现着以男性为中心的社会对于自然界的扩张和侵犯。因此，本文将通过生态女性主义的角度来分析德伯家的苔丝。通过生态女性主义的视角分析哈代的自然观、妇女观在作品中的体现和其作品中反映的苔丝与自然的亲密关系以及在男权社会中女权主义的崛起，能给读者以一个新的角度来重新理解这部作品，与此同时，能够对生态女性主义及其发展有很好的了解。关键词：生态女性主义；自然；工业化；男权社会Analysis of Tess of the Durbervilles in the Light of EcofeminismAbstractThomas Hardys novel Tess of the Durbervilles is a great classic work in England as well as in the world. This thesis will analysis Tess of the Durbervilles in the light of ecofeminism. Ecofeminists argues that nature and feminist are the origin of human beings existence and development ,the two are incompatible to men .Moreover, are the victims in the process of capitalistic industrialization and expansive male intrusion. In the novel ,Tess is a heroine created by Hardy, who was set to live in the times of industrialization approach to rural area., and bullied and oppressed by masculine. Besides ,the nature surrounding her and the modify of production style also can reflect the expansion as well as the invasion endowed by male centered world .Therefore ,this thesis will read Tess of the Durbervilles by angel of ecofeminism. ThroughAnalysis of Hardys view of nature and women in the light of ecofeminism as well as Tesss close relationship with nature and the emergency of feminism among male chauvinism, which will give reader a new angel to understand the novel. Meanwhile ,we can have a good understanding of ecofeminism . Key Words: Tess of the Durbervilles; Ecofeminism; Women; Nature; IndusrtilizationCONTENTS摘 要IAbstractIIChapter 1 Introduction111 The writing background112 The main content of Tess of the Dubervilles213 Literature review2 1. 4What is new in my studyChapter 2 Ecofeminism and Its Development32. 1 Definiation of specialized terms32. 2 The Development of Ecofeminism52. 3 Differences of social psychology10Chapter 3 An Ecofeminism Reading of Tess of the Durbervilles103. 1 Tess and nature113. 2 Tess and industrialization113. 3 Tess and male 11Chapter 4 Conclusion12References13Acknowledgements14Chapter 1 Introduction Literature is not only an art but also a mirror of real life. When studying a literature work, scholars actually study history .Nowadays an increasing number of scholars have began to study the history of a countrys economic, political, culture and environment forms from the perspective of literature because through different kinds of literary works , we can see all sorts of feelings such as joy, anger ,sorrow .The feature of literature isvarious, one of which is tragedy. In the tragedy , it is inevitable that the heroes or heroines should suffer a setback or disadvantage ,made themselves in dishonor ,experience hardness. With a bad ending, tragedy often contains a certain philosophy of life. “Tess of the Durbervilles “is one of the Hardys tragedies, a masterpiece which brought him into a number of literary critics notice. It reflected the writers real society system and morals. So studying this novel can help us to know about the system and concept of that time. There are many different approaches from various ways to analysis the novel. This essay mainly study the Tess in the light of ecofeminism, which concerns both feminism and ecology principle.First of all , it will review other peoples understanding of the novel Tess of the Durbervilles.Then it will demonstrates the origination and development as well as the trend it goes. The chapter three will get to the point ,that is apply the theory ecofeminism to the detail .All the analyses of Tess of the Durbervilles are hoped to enable us to see the relationship between women and nature as well as man.Ecofeminism has been admitted to an important theory of literature, though the term ecofeminism has only been in use for a relatively short time. Therefore, analysising Tess of the Durbervilles. with ecofeminism approach is comparatively young.1.1 The writing background Thomas Hardy was the last important novelist of the Victoria ages，which was an age of great change and many difficulties. Victorian novels were full of sensibilities and were tended to be idealized portraits of difficult lives in which hard work, perseverance, love and luck win out in the end; virtue would be rewarded and sinners are suitably punished. They tended to be of an improving nature with a central moral lesson at heart. While this formula was the basis for much of earlier Victorian fiction, the situation became more complex as the century progressed. It was also an age of realism rather than of romanticism. Realism tries to tell the whole truth showing moral and physical diseases as they are .Victorian literature ,in general, truthfully represented the reality and spirit of this age which was the great age of the English novelrealistic, thickly plotted, crowded with characters, and long article. Hardy, who also shown the truth of this age with a high place in Western literature which came from the turbulence of life and deterministic of human being .His tragedies in the history of Western literature were not an accident for the tragedy consciousness. The tragedy consciousness in Hardys novels originated from Western traditional tragic spirit which was full of rationalism and profound reflection on the contradictions of human society .And it also revealed an ineluctable and inevitable conditionality of fate. That is to say ,the heroes or heroines would lead to the tragic road of life in the end in Western literature no matter whether they liked or not .Tragedy mostly was their final arrangement. Thomas Hardys novels are deeply influenced by Greek tragedies and Shakspearean tragedies .And he was deeply influenced by Schopenhauers tragedy consciousness. Schopenhauer was a famous philosopher who believed that life was a tragedy and life was filled with desire .Schopenhauer divided tragedy into three types :the tragedy caused by those who committed heinous crimes, the tragedy led by the irony of fate and the tragedy caused by misunderstanding and distrust between persons in everyday life. He believed that the last tragedy was most terrible one which we can see in Hardys works .Hardy began to creating the novels in the early 1870s.In the late 1890s,he turned to write poetry. The Britain in this period was undergoing a transition period from laisser faire capitalism to imperialism. The capitalism thought that the social system of this period could not be changed .But Hardys works exactly clashed with it ,which reflected the tremendous changes of society because of the invasion of industrial capital to the village .He had exposed the mask of British society which can reflect in the novel Tess of the Dubervilles.1.2 The Main Content of Tess of the DurbervillesTess of the Dubervilles came into a conflict with Victorian morality. In this novel, Hardy reaches the height of his achievement as a novelist. Like most other novels, rural life is a prominent issue in the story .And the issue of fate versus freedom of action is another important aspect of this novel. It tells that a village girl called Tess who was very beautiful ,pure, plain ,honest ,but went through a miserable life .She was born in a poor family with much concern to her family .Her father who drank too much and came to understand that the Durbeyfield family could very well be the descendents of a royal family. So her parents sent her to the Durberville mansion to work and marry a wealthy man .Its there that she was raped by the Alec, the son of the Durbervilles and pregnant. She fell in love with Angel Clare before long .Clare loved her very much and longed to marry her but she delayed to answer this offer of marriage just because she did not know how to tell the truth of being raped .Despite this ,finally ,this kindhearted and sincere girl decided to tell him this bad thing .However, when Tess told him the truth that she was raped by Alec .Angle could not forget her for having another mans child .Therefore ,Angel abandoned Tess. Alec returned into her life as a “preacher”. At first ,Tess didnt accept him for the past evils .After her fathers death unexpectedly, Tess had the burden of the family welfare on her shoulders, soon were evicted from their cottage. She deeply believed that Angel would never come back as Alec said. Tess knew her family would live better by accepting Alecs wealth and property But to her surprised ,Angel returned from brazil, repenting his harshness, but only to find that Tess living with Alec. Tess killed Alec in desperation. At last she was arrested and hanged.1.3 Literature Review As for Tess of the Durbervilles, different approaches are available after it published.Gose,Jr,ElliottB, in 1963 for the first time adopt a Darwinism to analysis Tess of the Durberville in his book Psychic Evolution : Darwinism and Initiation in Tess of the Durbervilles, He holds that the blood imagery in Tess is mainly due to the ritual initiation. Gose also argues that Tess struggles for psychic evolution , but is forced to revert into retrogressive primitive behavior. According to anthropology, primitive ritual to some extent is that man attempts to control nature. In1966, critic Kettle argues that macrocosmic social and economic forces are the determiners of plot in this novel. Changes brought about by modernization -the decline of “haling” with the rise of new methods of goods distribution and the movement of the population from rural to urban areas -bring hardship upon the Durbeyfields and lead Tess to Alec Durberville.As one of early reviewers of Tess of the Durbervilles ,Johnson ,Lionel ,British writer and critic ,he complains that Hardy does not make clear who is to blame (nature, god, or society).Johnson objects to Hardys tendencies to deny the power of conscience in man ,to underemphasize the weight of human history and civilization and to place man upon the level of other animals. In his opinion, Tess is equal to an animal with a “darkling conscience”, whose unhappiness is the result of a “vague sense of social misdemeanor, rather from rationality.In 1999,Ellen Rooney studied Tess of the Durbervilles with a feminist perspective which addresses a few key conflicts in the story. Essentially, Rooney holds that Hardy described Tess as a speaking subject to risk the possibility that she may appear as the subject of desire. According to Rooney, a figure with no potential as a desiring subject can only reinforce the notion of “Tess the seductress” Yet, in various versions, Tess is presented as a seductress .Hardy presented readers mixed messages, show we see her as a willing seductress, or as a victim who must suffer because of her bodys effects on others? Rooney argues that Hardy never comes to a conclusion on this matter, but enables Tess to give over her body , utterly silenced and purified, not by Hardys failure to see that she might speak ,but by his unflicting description of the inexorable forces that produce her as the seductive object of the discourses of man11.4 What is new in my study This paper will adapt a ecofeminissm approach to analysis the Tess of the Durbervilles. Nature is a inevitable symbolic background in Hardys novels and female is his constantly important writing inspiration ,thus the women are intimately relate to nature in his works. In his novels, the rhythm of nature is often in accordance with the heroines fate and mood. So is the Tess of the Durbervilles .Ecofeminism as a new theory holds the oppression of women and the degradation of nature as theoretically ,symbolically and historically connected. Hence, this thesis will put focus on the relationship between women and nature as well as Chapter 2 Ecofeminism and Its Development2.1 Definition of Specialized Terms 2.1.1 Definition of Ecofeminism Ecofeminism is a new theory first appeared in Le Feminisme ou la Mort by Francoise dEaubonne. The core of the theory is that women and nature exists harmoniously while incompatible contradiction between them and men and that women and nature both fall victims to capitalism, industrialization as well as male intrusion Ecofeminism is based on the ecological principles of the whole, harmonious, diversified ,interdependent, existence. It mainly contains four points as follows. Firstly ,the oppression of women connects closely with the oppression of nature. Secondly, to learn the essence of these bonds is necessary for a better understanding of women and nature s oppression. Thirdly, the theory of feminism and angel of view which are the necessity of practice. Last, solution of ecology problems must contain the view point of feminism.2.1.2 Definition of Patriarchal In Western Civilization, patriarchal (ruled by the father):means male centered and controlled ,and is organized and conducted in such a way as to subordinate women to men in all cultrual domains: familial, religious, political, economic, social ,legal, and artistic.1 In other words, its a form of social organization in which the male is the family head and title is traced through the male line. Its first used by anthologists to describe any society where an elder male had authoritative power over all others, including younger and minor males. Among various kinds of definitions of patriarchy given by feminists, Walbys is one of the most influential definitions. He describes patriarchy as a system of interrelated social structures exploit womenAccording to Sexual Politics, Kate Millett pointed that the patriarchy granted the father nearly total ownership over wives and children, including the powers of physical abuse and often even those of murder and sale . In other words, in the traditional society, the female is always under the control of the male who is considered to be absolutely supreme in his household.In the Hebrew Bible and Greek ,the female tends to be difined as a rib of mans. Thus, women are supposed to lack of the identifying male organ, of male powers ,and of male character traits that be presumed. In the patriarchal view, masculine is widely identified as active, dominating, adventurous, rational, creative; while the feminine, by systematic opposition to such traits, has come to be identified as passive, acquiescent timid, emotional, and conventional.In the novel, Tesss father is one of representatives of male parents of the patriarchal society, who dominate the whole family. Thus sent Tess to DUrberville mansion and marry a wealthy man. Alec and Angel are also endowed with the male chauvinism, which made them hurt Tess pysically and mentally.2.2 Development of Ecofeminism2.2.1 The Origin of EcofeminismEcofeminism is originated from Le Feminisme la Mort by Francoise.DEaubonne.In early 1962,American ecology philosopher Rachel Carson for the first time in her book Silent Spring criticized the destruction of environment .She is one of the earliest feminists who concerned environment problems.In 1974,Franciose dEauboone for the first time used the term ecofeminisim in her works Le Feminisme la Mort ,she argued that the immediate cause of present day woes and future treats is the patriachal system, founded upon the appropriation of procreation and fertility, the mental and cultural structures of which have persisted across all successive social and economic domains. 2.2.2 Development of EcofeminismAnother ecofeminist Karen s book A Western Perspective on What it is and why is it Matters is a well-organized explication of the idelogy that perpetuates the domination of women and nature .It would make an excellent introductory textbook for a class on environmental philosophy, feminist studies, or ecofeminism.In 1995,Martha McMahon argued that the ecofeminist images of the individual and of equitable or ethical relationships between selves and others is not based on a requirement of homogeneity. instead it is based an appreciation of empirically given diversity and the system inequalities of care ,class and gender.As for the trend ecofeminism goes, it is difficult to predict. But as far as I concerned, ecofeminism will be constantly renewed and perfect.Chapter 3 An Ecofeminism Reading of Tess of the UDberbilles3.1 Tess and Nature Like most other Hardys novels, rural life is a prominent issue in the story and the nature and human always merge into one organic whole, Tess of the Durbervilles is of no exception. In the novel, the rhythm of nature is in accordance with the development of the plot.Tess is related to nature closely, her psychological changes are reflected in the nature world. The landscape and the title character take parallel routes. Tess seems to be one with nature and paths of her life blending with her surroundings. Tess is the incarnation of nature. Tesss identification with nature in all its guises gives a new dimension to her affinity with the land and with animals. In the novel, Flintcomb-Ash is the scene of a clion for most of the remainder of the book, and its physical appearance is symbolic of the decline that is taking place in Tess life. Talbothays was lush, moist, and fertile, and its inhabitants were friendly ; Flintcomb-Ashis ,as its name suggests, is flinty in its hardness, dry as ashes, stcrile, and its people are unfriendly .Tess spends the bountiful summer at the dairy ,the barrien winter at the turnip farm. Talbothays is on a bare plateau .The dairy teems with life, Flintcomb-Ashis is a “starve acre place”.Tesss affinity with nature to some extent reveals itself in her knowledge of nature .At the same time ,nature is not merely a setting for Tess, it