跨文化交际教案chapter4interculturecommunication.doc

Chapter IV Intercultural CommunicationTeaching Objectives1. To identify the definitions of intercultural communication, interpersonal communication, intracultural communication, cross-cultural communication, international communication, interethnic communication, interracial communication, interregional communication.2. To understand the four fundamental values of western ethics.3. To understand the different ethics that belongs to the different part of the world.4. To understand the definition and main components of intercultural communication. Leading in Teaching Procedures Step 1 Have students listen to the lead-in case What is Wrong?Ask students warming-up questions:l What is going wrong in this case?l Have you ever misunderstood someone who came from a different culture?l What is intercultural communication?l What intercultural communication skills do you know? Please list some of them.Step 2Culture and CommunicationThe metaphor of the journey and the map can help us understand the relationship between culture and communication. Cultures are both the maps of a place (the rules and conventions) and the journeys that take place there (actual practices).Intercultural communication defined Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.非洲部落的勇士马赛部落的女人穆尔西部落的女人画满图腾的孩子裹小脚的妇女Forms of Intercultural communicationa. Interpersonal Communicationb. Intracultural Communicationc. International Communicationd. Interethnic Communicatione. Interracial Communication f. interregional Communication4.3.1 Interpersonal communicationInterpersonal communication is a form of communication that involves a small number of individuals who are interacting exclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability both to adapt their messages specifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretations from them.4.3.2 Intracultural communicationIntracultural communication is defined as communication between and among members of the same culture. Generally, people who are of the same race, political persuasion, and religion or who share the same interests communicate intraculturally.4.3.3 International communicationInternational communication takes place between nations and governments rather than individuals; it is quite formal and ritualized.4.3.4 Interethnic communicationInterethnic communication refers to communication between people of the same race but different ethnic backgrounds.4.3.5 Interracial communicationInterracial communication occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races that pertain to different physical characteristics.4.3.6 Interregional communicationInterregional Communication refers to the exchange of messages between members of the dominant culture within a country.Intercultural communication ethics4.4.1 Western ethicsl Autonomy Being free to act consistent with one own principles.l Justice Impartiality; giving each person his or her legitimate due or portion of the whole.l Responsibility Accountability for the consequences of ones actions, including a failure to act.l Care Partiality to those who cannot protect themselves and to whom we are in special relationships.4.4.2 African ethicsAfrican ethics stress the well-being of the community and economic considerations over political rights.4.4.3 Buddhist ethicsValue is placed on patience, compassion, self-sacrifice, kindness, and love, which are to be pursued for the betterment of the person if not in this life, then in the next.4.4.4 Hindu ethicsHinduism strives for the oneness of reality, for the obliteration of all distinctions including individualism, to merge with the absolute.4.4.5 Islamic ethicsTraditional Islamic perspectives on ethics are based on its religious concepts. There are different rules of ethical conduct for women and for men.Step3Raising Intercultural Awareness:采访外国人：教师布置学生就某些特定问题采访一些外国人，并引导学生比较不同的受访者做出的回答，以及他们对采访和采访问题所表现出的态度和反应。 活动目的：该课堂活动旨在帮助学生了解不同文化对待某些事物看法和态度的异同。 活动过程描述：步骤一： 教师课前布置学生就某些共性的问题对外国人进行采访。最好每1至2位学生采访1位外国人，这有助于学生拥有足够的信息资源进行比较。表7-6 样卷Questionnaire1 In your country, what kind of places are people likely to live in? Why? 2 What kind of places do you prefer to live? Why? 3 What kind of manners would you like to choose to deal with embarrassing moments?4 What is your definition of the good life?5 What are the two greatest problems facing our world today?6 What is something positive that has happened in our world in the past year? 步骤二： 采访结束后，教师在课堂上引导学生就采访结果进行比较和讨论。步骤三： 教师引导学生对采访过程进行讨论：（1） 你是否对采访对象的某些言语或行为感到惊讶？为什么？（2） 假如你是受访者，你会如何回答样卷中的问题？（3） 你如何评价自己在这次采访中的英语交际能力？步骤四：教师要求学生阅读下列一首小诗，并抒发其感想。表7-7 例文 Oh, East is East, and West is West, and never the twain shall meet,Till Earth and Sky stand presently at Gods Great Judgment Seat;But there is neither East nor West, Border, nor Breed, nor Birth,When two strong men stand face to face,tho they come from the ends of the earth!步骤五：学生讨论该课堂活动的目的和从中获得的启发。Step4Homework and After-class activitiesl Write a paper on Ethical Perspectives from Different Religionsl Surf on the internet to collect the information about the traditional Chinese ethicsStep5Test Your Intercultural Competence_1.Generally, I am comfortable interacting with a group of people from different cultures._2.I am tense and nervous while interacting in group discussions with people from different cultures._3.While conversing with a person from a different culture, I feel very relaxed._4.Im afraid to speak up in conversations with a person from a different culture._5.I face the prospect of interacting with people from different cultures with confidence._6.My thoughts become confused and jumbled when interacting with people from different cultures._7.Communicating with people from different cultures makes me feel uncomfortable. Supplimentary Materials1. Key Terms:1. Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.（跨文化交际是指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人们之间进行的交际）2. The term cross-cultural communication is typically used to refer to the study of a particular idea or concept within many cultures. The goal of such investigations is to conduct a series of intercultural analysis in order to compare one culture to another on the attributes of interests.（跨文化交际通常是指在多种文化内对某一观点或概念进行的研究。此种研究是以兴趣为基础，其目的是通过跨文化分析进行文化间的比较。）3. Interpersonal communication is a form of communication that involves a small number of individuals who are interacting exclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability both to adapt their messages specifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretations from them.（人际交际是指少数人之间的交往，他们既能根据对方调整自己的信息又能立即从对方那里获得解释。）4. Intracultural communication is defined as communication between and among members of the same culture. Generally, people who are of the same race, political persuasion, and religion or who share the same interests communicate intraculturally.（内文化交际是指同一文化内其成员之间的交际。总的来说，同一种族、政治倾向、宗教或者具有同样兴趣的人们之间的交际就是内文化交际。）5. International communication takes place between nations and governments rather than individuals; it is quite formal and ritualized. （国家间的交际是指国家和政府而非个人之间的交际。此种交际非常正式和仪式化）6. Interethnic communication refers to communication between people of the same race but different ethnic backgrounds.（跨民族交际是指同一种族不同民族背景的人们之间的交际）7. Interracial communication occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races that pertain to different physical characteristics. （跨种族交际是指信息源和信息接收者来自不同的种族，这些种族具有不同的身体特征。）8. Interregional Communication refers to the exchange of messages between members of the dominant culture within a country. （跨地区交际是指一个国家内主流文化成员之间的信息交换过程。） 2. Additional Information:1 Communication: the Process of Understanding and Sharing Meaning The word communication is used in a variety of ways. Before we use the term any further, we should establish a common understanding of its definition. Communication comes from the Latin communicare, which means to make common. This original definition of the word is consistent with the definition of communication used in this text. In this text, communication is defined as the process of understanding and sharing meaning. Communication is considered a process because it is an activity, exchange, of set of behaviorsnot an unchanging, static product, in which we participate. David Berlo, a well-known communication figure, probably provides the clearest statement about communication as a process. Berlo wrote: If we accept the concept of process, we view events and relationships as dynamic, ongoing, ever-changing, continuous. When we label something as a process, we also mean that it does not have a beginning, an end, a fixed sequence of events. It is not static, at rest. It is moving. The ingredients within a process interact, each affects all of the others.What is an example of how a process operates in everyday communication? Picture two students passing on the sidewalk between classes and exchanging a few sentences. Did this very tiny communication episode really begin and end with their first and last word: Do we have to consider that both of them spoke to each other in English, that they must have had some prior encounter, or that they would not have stopped to exchange messages, If they have a common understanding of what was said, then they must share some experiences that shape their perceptions similarly. Didnt their message go beyond the words to how they looked, if they smiled, and how much volume they use? Did the episode end with the last word and look or was it used to solidify their relationship: would their brief conversation be thought about later that day and the next, and did it lead to another meeting that night? Communication is a complicated process. It is variable, active, and dynamic. It starts long before the words begin to flow and can last long after the words stop.Communication is a process that requires understanding. Your professor asks, what is the ontogeny of your misogeny? You hear the words, but you may not be able to understand or interpret them, An Asian student who has to struggle with English as a second language may have the same trouble with words that most Americans regard as easy to understand. Understanding, or grasping, the meaning of another persons message does not occur unless the two communicators can elicit common meanings for words, phrases, and nonverbal codes. The importance of this kind of understanding was emphasized by humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers in his book On Becoming a Person., He wrote, I have found it of enormous value when I can permit myself to understand another person.In addition to understanding, communication involves sharing. Consider the popular use of the word sharing. We share a meal, we share an event, we share a sunset. Sharing is a gift that people exchange. We can also share with ourselves when we allow ourselves time to relax and daydream, time to consider who we are and what our goals are. We share with others when we talk to them alone or in larger groups. Regardless of the context, communication involves sharing.What exactly is understood and shared in the communication process? When you use language for expression, meaning is the shared understanding of your feelings. When you use language for pragmatic purposes, meaning is the appropriate response that indicates the message was understood. For example, you ask for a drink, and the other person gives you one. Meaning is the message you construct in your mind as you interpret the message sent.An example of how meaning operates is the Rodney King incident in which people around the world saw an African American being beaten by Los Angeles police. The meaning of the videotaped event was whatever interpretation people developed in their own minds. Most people perceived the incident as police power gone away. When the jury acquitted the police, many people interpreted the decision as a miscarriage of justice. Everyone who saw the videotapes of who read about the verdict constructed their own meaning, their own interpretation of the incident. The meaning attributed to the incident fashioned responses from agreement, to disbelief, to violence.(Source: Judy Cornelia Pearson, Paul Edward Nelson. Understanding and Sharing An Introduction to Speech communication .Wm .C. Brown Communications, Inc.1994.5-8)Questions:1How do you understand the statement that communication is a process of understanding and sharing?2What is understood and shared in a successful interaction?3What must speakers share if they want to understand each other in a conversation?4What implications does this passage have on the study of intercultural communication?2Students can be divided into several groups to discuss the topic-what intercultural communication competence should a person have to be an effective intercultural communicator? Good intercultural communicators have personality strength (strong sense of self and socially relaxed), communication skills (verbal and nonverbal), psychological adjustment (ability to adapt to new situations), and cultural awareness (understanding how people of different cultures think and act).These areas can be divided into eight different skills: self-awareness, self-respect, interaction, empathy, adaptability, certainty, initiative and acceptance.4.3 Cross-cultural tips4.3.1 Chinese CultureThe Ethical Principles of ConfucianismConfucianism had been regarded as an ethic-political system in ancient China. For more than two thousand years it has moulded and shaped the civilization of China and exerted a profound influence upon almost one fourth pf the human race.Confucianism has left us a rich literary heritage known as the Four Books and Five Classics; The Great Learning (大学), The Mean (中庸), Analects (论语), and Mencius (孟子); Book of Change（易经）, Book of History (尚书), Book of Odes (诗经), Book of Rites (礼记) and Spring and Autumn Annals(春秋) For six centuries (13131905) these four texts became the elementary requirements of Chinese education in the feudal society and served as the basis of the civil service examination (科举考试) by which scholars were selected for official posts at various levels of the government.The ethical principle of Confucianism is its discovery of the ultimate in the moral character of human relationships in which Confucius offered the solution for the ills and evils of his day. That is the well-known Five Relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-and-younger brother, and friend-friend. The responsibilities ensuing from these relationships are mutual and reciprocal. A minister owes loyalty to his ruler, and a child filial respect to his parent. But the ruler must care for his subjects, and the parent for the child. Just as Confucius said of the doctrine of reciprocity and neighborliness: Within the four seas all men are brothers. ( 四海之内皆兄弟 ) Do not do to others what you would not want others to do to you. (己所不欲，勿施于人)Confucius central doctrine is that of the virtue of ren (仁). What is ren? Ren is translated variously as goodness, benevolence, humanity, and human-heartedness. In short, ren means affection and love. A man of ren loves others (任者爱人) .Fan Chi asked about ren. Confucius said, Love all men. (樊迟问任，子曰“爱人”)The ethical thought of Confucius can be summed up as the following five cardinal virtues;1. ren (仁), the will to show benevolence to others (the root)2. yi (义), righteousness by justice (the trunk)3. li ( 礼), moral ways of conduct (the branches)4. zhi (智), wisdom (the flower)5. xin (信), faithfulness (the fruit)In my opinion Confucianisms greatest contribution to the Chinese nation is its shaping and moulding of the Chinese character and national soul and its founding of the complete system of knowledge. Just as Dr. Sun Yat-sen said; Therefore the old morals of loyalty (忠) and piety (孝), affection and love (仁爱), faithfulness and righteousness（信义）, are superior to those of the foreign countries, let alone that of peace and harmony (和平). These high standards of morals are our national spirit. （所以中国从前的忠孝、仁爱、信义种种就倒地，固然是驾乎外国人，说到和平的道德，更是驾乎外国人。这种特别好的道德，便是我们的民族精神。孙中山选集684页）The complete system of knowledge is laid down in the book of Great Learning： The way of the Great Learning lies in illustrating virtue, rejuvenating the people, and reaching perfection. . The ancients who wished to illustrate virtue throughout the world would first govern well their own state. To govern their state well, they would first regulate their families. To regulate their families, they would first cultivate their own personality. To cultivate their personality they would rectify their minds. To rectify their minds, they would first strive to be sincere in their thoughts. Wishing for sincerity in their thoughts, they would expand their knowledge. The expansion of knowledge lay in the investigation of things. (The Text of Confucius)【原文】大学之道，在明明德，在亲民，在止于至善。古之君子欲明明德于天下者，先治其国。欲治其国者，先齐其家。欲齐其家者，先修其身。欲修其身者，先正其心。欲正其心者，先诚其意。欲诚其意者，先致其知。致知在格物。大学孔经【今译】最大的学问，在于弘扬道德，是人们革故鼎新，从而达到至善至美的理想境界。古之君子要想发扬光大美德于天下，想要治理好自己的国家；要想治理好自己的国家；想要治理好自己的家庭；要想治理好自己的家庭，想要修养好自己的本身；要想修养好自己的本身，先端正自己的思想；要想端正自己的思想，想要使自己的意念诚实，先要获得知识。获得知识的目的，在于懂得事物的道理。4.3.2 The Comparison of Western and Eastern Customs 中国和英语国家送礼习俗的差异中国和英美等西方国家在什么场合，给什么人，送什么样的礼物上有差异，而且在送礼的方式上也有不同的习俗。首先，西方人在赠送礼物时注重礼品的包装。买来或自制的礼物一般要用彩色礼品纸包起来，然后