Unit2 西方文化导论.ppt

U3 main GetStarted TextStudy SupplementaryResources Unit2 CultureinAncientRome GetStarted main GetStarted GetStarted 1 AGeneralIntroduction 2 FocusIn GetStarted 1 1 GetStarted GetStarted 1 1 GetStarted AncientRome oncethelargestempireintheworld wasoriginatedfromsomevillageslocatedontheApenninePeninsulaalongtheMediterraneanSeainthe10thcenturyBC In509BC AugustusbuiltarepubliccountryofRome Duringthe4thcenturyBC RomeunifiedItalybymilitaryconquest andafteryearsofwars itconqueredCarthage Greece Macedon etc andbuiltupavastRomanEmpirewithaterritorystretchingacrossthreecontinents Duringthisperiod RomesucceedinglyexperiencedtheruleofSullaFelix thefirstTriumvirate andthesecondTriumvirate In27BC Octaviancalledhimself Augustus andheldtogetherinhisowngraspallthemilitary administrative judicialandreligiouspowers becomingtheEmperorofRomanEmpire Inthetwo GetStarted 1 2 GetStarted centuriesafterAugustuscametopower theRomanEmpirereacheditsculminationineconomy culture militaryforceandtrade However beginningfromthe5thcenturyorso theRomanEmpireembarkedonapathofdecline Economicproblems socialproblemsandfrequentwarsfinallysplittheRomanEmpireintotwoparts EasternandWesternParts In476 WesternRomanEmpirecametoanend RomanssucceededinputtingintoeffecttheideasofrulershipborrowedfromancientGreece TheGreekdemocracyprovidedthepreliminarybasisforthelaterformofWesterngovernmentwhichwouldappearmoreopenandlessautocratic Thesocietyhasaclearlydefinedsocialstatus GetStarted 1 3 GetStarted RomansalsoborrowedmanyotherculturalideasfromancientGreece includingdailycustoms lawsandarchitecturaldesignsaswellasliterarystylesandcreativemethodswhichgreatlyaddedtothetasteandcharmofdailylifebeforetheGreekandRomanculturescamearoundasclassicalcultureasitwastermedbylatereras However itstillattributedgreatlytotheWesterncultureinmythology religion literature history philosophy architectureandart GetStarted 2 1 GetStarted TogetabriefviewofthehistoryanddevelopmentofancientRomeTogettoknowtheRomansocialstructureandeconomicconditionsTobefamiliarwithmajorcharacteristicsandcontributionsofRomancultureinmythology religion philosophy history literatureandarts TextStudy main TextStudy TextStudy I TheHistoricalDevelopmentofAncientRome II TheRomanSocialandEconomicConditions III RomanCulturalAchievements TextStudy I 1 1 TextStudy MainIdeas MainIdeas TheHistoryofAncientRome Origin smallvillageincentralItaly During700BC 800BC SevenHillAllytookshapeandcitiesandtribescameintobeing Development In509BC AugustusbuiltupRomanRepublic AfterthreePunicwars inthe4thcenturyBC avastunifiedRomanEmpirewasestablishedwithterritorystretchingacrossthreecontinents TextStudy I 1 2 TextStudy MainIdeas MainIdeas Threepowerfulrulers L SullaFelix the1stTriumvirate the2ndTriumvirate In27BC OctaviancalledhimselfAugustusandbuiltupacentralizedRome Decline In33AD RomanEmpirewasdividedintotwoparts End In476 WestRomewasdefeatedbyGermantroopsandcametoanend TextStudy I 2 1 TextStudy InterpretationofCulturalTerms InterpretationofCulturalTerms LuciusTarquiniusSuperbus卢修斯 塔克文 苏佩布 496BC Superbuswasthe7themperoroftheRomanKingdomEtruscan rulingfrom535BCtotheRomanrevoltin509BCwhichledtotheestablishmentoftheRomanRepublic TextStudy I 2 2 TextStudy InterpretationofCulturalTerms InterpretationofCulturalTerms RomulusandRemus罗穆卢斯和瑞摩斯 Romulus 771BC 717BC andRemus 771BC 753BC werethetwinbrothers whoweresaidtobethefoundersofRome InRomanmythology theirparentswereMarsandRheaSilvia thedaughterofLatinKing ThetwinswereorderedtobedrownedbythenewkingwhodethronedtheLatinKing However theyweresavedandraisedbyashe wolf Whentheygrewup thetwinsbuilttheirowncity butRemuswaskilled TextStudy I 2 3 TextStudy InterpretationofCulturalTerms InterpretationofCulturalTerms byhisbrotherwhobecamethefirstkingofRome Nowadays Romulusisregardedasamythologicalfigure whosenameistheoriginofRome TextStudy I 2 4 TextStudy InterpretationofCulturalTerms InterpretationofCulturalTerms PunicWars布匿战争 AseriesofwarsbetweenRomeandCarthagefrom264BCto146BC ThemaincauseistheconflictofinterestsbetweentheCarthaginianEmpireandtheRomanRepublic Therearethreelargestwars FirstPunicWar 264BC 241BC SecondPunicWar 218BC 201BC ThirdPunicWar 149BC 146BC Eventually aftermorethanahundredyears RomeconqueredtheCarthaginianEmpireandbecamethemostpowerfulstateintheclassicalworld TextStudy I 2 5 TextStudy InterpretationofCulturalTerms InterpretationofCulturalTerms Triumvirate三头统治 ApoliticalgroupofthreepowerfulpersonsinRome TheFirstTriumviratewasaninformalgoverningalliancecomposedofGaiusJuliusCaesar MarcusLiciniusCrassus andPompeyinthemid 1stcenturyBC TheSecondTriumviratewasaformaloneconsistingofOctavian MarkAntonyandMarcusAemiliusLepidus TextStudy I 2 5 TextStudy InterpretationofCulturalTerms InterpretationofCulturalTerms TextStudy I 2 6 TextStudy InterpretationofCulturalTerms InterpretationofCulturalTerms Octavian屋大维 Octavian Augustus 63BC 14AD wasadoptedbyJuliusCaesarin44BC HewasthefirstemperorinRomanEmpirefrom27BCto14AD In40BC hewascalledAugustusbytheSenate whohadpowertoruleRome sreligious civilandmilitaryaffairs Hemadegreatachievementsinhisrulingtime thelongpeaceaftercivilwar thesoundcurrency thehighwaysystem constructionsofbridgesandbuildings TextStudy I 2 7 TextStudy InterpretationofCulturalTerms InterpretationofCulturalTerms thegrowthofliterature TheRomanEmpiresubduedSpain Gaul etc andannexedEgyptandmostofEurope HewasviewedasagodintheheartsoftheRomansasaresult B ByzantiumC PaxRomanaD SevenHillAlly TextStudy I 3 1 TextStudy ComprehensionExercises A RomanRepublic AncientRomancultureistheculturefromtheformationof totheendoftheRomanEmpire whichhadlastedabout1200yearsthroughout ComprehensionExercises Multiplechoice A OctavianandCaesarB CaesarandRemusD RomulusandOctavian TextStudy I 3 2 TextStudy ComprehensionExercises C RomulusandRemus 2 werethetwins thefoundersofRomeinthehistory ComprehensionExercises Multiplechoice A CaesarC RemusD Pompey TextStudy I 3 3 TextStudy ComprehensionExercises B Octavian 3 wasthefirstemperorinRomanEmpirefrom27BCto14AD ComprehensionExercises Multiplechoice A JuliusCaesar MarkAntony SullaB Pompey Crassus CleopatraD Octavian Brutus Marius TextStudy I 3 4 TextStudy ComprehensionExercises C Pompey Crassus JuliusCaesar 4 TheFirstTriumvirateconsistedof ComprehensionExercises Multiplechoice A GreekB SicilyC Spain TextStudy I 3 5 TextStudy ComprehensionExercises D Carthage 5 PunicwarsareaseriesofwarsbetweenRomeand ComprehensionExercises Multiplechoice TextStudy I 4 1 TextStudy ThinkandDiscuss PleasegiveabriefintroductiontothedevelopmentofancientRome AnalyzethereasonsthatattributedtheconversionofRomanRepublictoRomanEmpire Reasons a RomanrulershipinheritedlargelyfromancientGreece UndertheRepublic senatorswereelectedbythepeopletorunthegovernment b Territoryexpansecausedrichlandownersandmerchantstobeabletobuyupmostofthecountryland whichledtoinstabilityofRomanmilitary ThinkandDiscuss TextStudy I 4 2 TextStudy ThinkandDiscuss ThinkandDiscuss c Fightsamongpowerfulrulers suchasthefightinthefirstTriumvirate andinthesecondTriumvirate gavechancetogetthesupremepowertoonlyonepersoninsteadofthepeople TextStudy II 1 1 TextStudy MainIdeas Romansocietywasdividedintoanumberofsocialclasses Therewasadistinctionmadebetweencitizensandnon citizens patriciansandplebeians andpatronsandclients ThesesocialdivisionsdeterminedrightsandprivilegesintheRomanRepublic MainIdeas TextStudy II 1 2 TextStudy MainIdeas MainIdeas Distinctions TextStudy II 1 2 TextStudy MainIdeas MainIdeas TextStudy II 1 2 TextStudy MainIdeas MainIdeas TextStudy II 1 2 TextStudy MainIdeas MainIdeas TextStudy II 1 3 TextStudy MainIdeas MainIdeas Socialentertainment a attendingbanquetsb watchinggames famousforpublicwrestlingandfightsbetweenmenandwildanimals orchariot racing c joininginaget togetherwithfamiliesd playingmusicalinstrumentse reading orengagingincarefreeconversation Romanlaws famousforJustinianLawandtheLawofTwelveTables TextStudy IV 1 1 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas TextStudy IV 1 1 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas TextStudy II 1 4 TextStudy MainIdeas MainIdeas TextStudy IV 1 1 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas TextStudy IV 1 1 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas TextStudy II 2 1 TextStudy InterpretationofCulturalTerms LawoftheTwelveTables十二铜表法 ThelawoftheTwelveTableswastheoldestorallawmadebytenmagistratescalleddecimvir whichwasinscribedonthebronzeandwoodentabletsin450BC Theoriginaltablesweredestroyedin390BC Theyareaseriesofarticlesaboutvariousprivaterightsandthestrictpenalties ThecodeisthebasisofRomanlaws existingforalmost1000years InterpretationofCulturalTerms TextStudy II 2 2 TextStudy InterpretationofCulturalTerms CircusMaximus马克西穆斯竞技场 AnancientRomanchariot racingstadiumandmassentertainmentvenuelocatedinRome Italy SituatedinthevalleybetweentheAventineandPalatinehills itwasthefirstandlargeststadiuminancientRomeanditslaterEmpire Itmeasured621m 2 037ft inlengthand118m 387ft inwidth andcouldaccommodateabout150 000spectators Initsfullydevelopedform itbecamethemodelforcircusesthroughouttheRomanEmpire Thesiteisnowapublicpark InterpretationofCulturalTerms TextStudy II 2 3 TextStudy InterpretationofCulturalTerms TheColosseum ortheColiseum 罗马圆形斗兽场 AnellipticalamphitheatreinthecentreofthecityofRome Italy thelargesteverbuiltintheRomanEmpire ItisconsideredoneofthegreatestworksofRomanarchitectureandRomanengineering InterpretationofCulturalTerms TextStudy II 2 4 TextStudy InterpretationofCulturalTerms InterpretationofCulturalTerms Toga托加长袍 AdistinctivegarmentofancientRome aclothofperhaps6m 20ft inlengthwhichwaswrappedaroundthebodyandwasgenerallywornoveratunic Thetogawasmadeofwool andthetunicunderitwasoftenmadeoflinen Afterthe2ndcenturyBC thetogawasagarmentwornexclusivelybymen andonlyRomancitizenswereallowedtowearthetoga TextStudy II 3 1 TextStudy ComprehensionExercises Trueoffalsequestion 1 InancientRome freedslavescouldbecomeRomancitizenwithoutanyrestrictionsontheirlegalrights 2 Allfree borncitizenscouldgetmarriedinRomansociety 3 AllRomansgottheirdailyneedsfromwarravagesandlootinginotherdefeatedcountriesorareas 4 InRomansociety womenhadmorechancestodosomesocialactivitiesthanthoseintheEast 5 TheRomansusuallyentertainedattheriskofslaves lives ComprehensionExercises F F F T T ThemajorroletheRomanwomenplayedwasthechildbearer a Inpolitics theyhavenorighttovoteorholdpoliticaloffice b Infamilies theyhadtobeabsolutelyobedienttotheirfathers husbands brothersandevensons c Innameassignations womenwereusuallygivenonlyonename eitherthefemininenamefortheclanorthefemininenameforthefamily d Ineducation someoftheRomanwomencouldgotopublicprimaryschool andtheyhavemorechancestodosomesocialactivities TextStudy II 4 1 TextStudy ThinkandDiscuss PleaseillustratethesocialstatusofwomeninRomansociety ThinkandDiscuss TextStudy III 1 1 MainIdeas TextStudy TheRomansconqueredtheGreekbytheirtremendousforce whileontheotherhandwerebeatenbyGreekabundantculture RomanculturewasdeeplyinfluencedbyGreekculturefrommyth religion philosophytoliterature architectureandart MainIdeas TextStudy III 1 2 MainIdeas TextStudy MythandReligionComparedwiththeotherreligiousbelievers theancientRomanswereneversteadyorfirmenoughinkeepingaconsistentanduniversaldeityasthebasisfortheirnationalreligion TheycompletelyadoptedtheOlympianpantheonofgodsandthenmodifiedthemintheirownway TheaverageRomanhadfreedomtochoosehisorhergodtobelievein From4thcentury ChristianbecameRomannationalreligion MainIdeas TextStudy III 1 2 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas TextStudy III 1 2 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas TextStudy III 1 2 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas TextStudy III 1 2 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas TextStudy III 1 2 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas Literature 1 RomanPoetry TextStudy III 1 2 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas TextStudy III 1 2 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas 2 RomanDrama TextStudy III 1 2 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas 3 ProseWriters TextStudy III 1 2 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas History TextStudy III 1 2 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas TextStudy III 1 2 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas PhilosophyRomanphilosophywasgreatlyinfluencedbytheGreekphilosophers especiallybytheStoicandEpicureanschools Theyalsoprovidepracticalexplanationandapplicationofphilosophicalprinciples TherearetwophilosophersfamousfortheircontributiontotheinterpretationofGreekphilosophy namelyLucretiusandSeneca TextStudy III 1 2 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas 1 LucretiuswasafamousEpicureanscholarandpoet InhispoemOntheNatureofThings heexpoundedtheatomicexplanationofthenatureoftheuniverseputforwardbyDemocritus HesetforththeatomictheoryofEpicurus andinsistedthatthesoul materialinitsnature ismortalanddieswiththebody TextStudy III 1 2 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas 2 SenecawasasenatorandaprominentStoicscholaratthetime LikeEpicureanism StoicismalsoreceivedwidespreadattentionfromtheRomanscholars ThegeneralintentionofStoicismasdevelopedbySenecaandhissuccessorsweretobecomemorepracticalandmorehuman Thetranquilitywasseenattainablebyfortitudeandself controlinordinarylife TextStudy III 1 2 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas ArchitectureandArt 1 RomanArchitectureThearchitectureofancientRomeadoptedclassicalGreekarchitecturefortheirownpurposes andcreatedtwonewarchitecturalstyles whichareconsideredtobeonecategoryofclassicalarchitecture Theygotawealthofknowledgeessentialfortheirfuturearchitecturalsolutionsintermsofhydraulicsandintheconstructionofarches Romanarchitectureusedthearch thevaultandthedomeasthepopularformofbuildings anddiscoveredhowtomakeconcrete ExamplesincludethechannelsofRome theBathsofDiocletianandtheBathsofCaracalla thePantheon theBasilicasandtheColosseum TextStudy III 1 2 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas 2 RomanArtAncientRomeisfamousforitssculpturesofwell preservedfigures ItstartedtotakeupitsowncharacterfromtheAugustaneraonwardswhenOctavianensuredthathisRomanspiritwasreflectedbothinliteratureandart Artiststriedtofindtheirownstyleofbeingdiverse generalandvital Romanssculptedquitealargenumberofportraitbusts someofwhicharereputedtobethefinestofallRomanportraitbusts TextStudy III 1 2 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas From750BCto419AD Romanartentereditsgoldenperiodcoveringpainting mosaicworkandsculptureinadditiontosuchminorcategoriesasivorycarving figuringglass pottery metalwork gemengravingandcoindieaspartofancientRomanculture AncientRomanmuralpaintingsweretypicallycolorfulanddecorative Betweenthe4thand6thcenturies panelpaintingandthewoodenpaintingweregraduallyreplacedbywallpaintings mosaicceilingandfloorwork whichstartedtoflourishasanewfashionofartofthetime TextStudy III 1 2 MainIdeas TextStudy MainIdeas TextStudy III 2 1 InterpretationofCulturalTerms TextStudy MacedonianWar马其顿战争 TheMacedonianandSeleucidwarswereaseriesofconflictsfoughtbyRomeduringandaftertheSecondPunicWar intheEasternMediterranean theAdriatic andtheAegean AlongwiththePunicwars theyresultedinRomancontrolorinfluenceovertheentireMediterraneanbasin InterpretationofCulturalTerms TextStudy III 2 2 InterpretationofCulturalTerms TextStudy Epicureanism伊比鸠鲁学派 AsystemofphilosophybasedupontheteachingsofEpicurus foundedaround307BC Epicuruswasanatomicmaterialist followinginthestepsofDemocritus Hismaterialismledhimtoageneralattackonsuperstitionanddivineintervention InterpretationofCulturalTerms TextStudy III 2 2 InterpretationofCulturalTerms TextStudy Stoicism斯多葛学派 AschoolofHellenisticphilosophyfoundedinAthensbyZenoofCitiumintheearly3rdcenturyBC TheStoicsbelievedthatdestructiveemotionsresultedfromerrorsinjudgment andthatasage orpersonof moralandintellectualperfection wouldnotsuffersuchemotions TheStoicspresentedtheirphilosophyasawayoflife LaterStoics suchasSenecaandEpictetus emphasizedthatbecause virtueissufficientforhappiness asagewasimmunetomisfortune InterpretationofCulturalTerms TextStudy III 3 1 ComprehensionExercises TextStudy ComprehensionExercises Pleasematchthefollowingartistswiththeirgreatworks 1 Livy 2 Terence 3 Virgil 4 GaiusJuliusCaesar 5 Ovid a TheMother in Lawb HistoryofRomec AppolloandDaphned TheCivilWare TheAeneid TextStudy III 4 1 ThinkandDiscuss TextStudy 1 TellbrieflythemajorcharacteristicsandcontributionsofRomanculture asaredemonstratedinreligion poetry historyandarchitecture Intheearlyperiod Romancultureoftendependedheavilyontheintroductionandimitationofothercultures particularly Greekculture However theRomansshowedtheeclecticaspectintheirculture i e Romansdidnottakeinallthattheycollectedfromotherculturesbutmodifiedanddevelopeditaccordingtotheirownneed ThusRomanscreatedtheirownpowerfulculture layingthefoundationforsubsequentWesterncultureinmanyfields ThinkandDiscuss TextStudy III 4 1 ThinkandDiscuss TextStudy BeforeChristianityappearedinRoma ancientRomanswerepolytheists Theyadoptedmanycultsfromotherreligions fusingthemintotheirownreligion AccordingtoGreekcultureandothers culture theycreatedtheirowngodsandmyth suchasJupiter Juno andVenus whichbecomesubjectmatterfortheartist writers andarchitectsintheircreativeproduction Inpoetry ancientRomemadebrilliantachievements producingnumerousdistinguishedpoetsandpoems ThepoetVirgil sAeneidisconsideredasamodelepicintheEuropeanliterarytradition Heissofamousinpoetrythathewasmodeledformanypastoralwriters Forexample Italianpoet ThinkandDiscuss TextStudy III 4 1 ThinkandDiscuss TextStudy DantecalledhimhisteacherinhismasterpieceTheDivineComedy Horacewasnotonlyfamousforhispoemsbuthiscritic InhisEpistles headvancedmanyinfluentialprinciplesforcreativewriting exertinggreatinfluencesonlatergenerations Inthe17thcenturyhisworkwastranslatedintoEnglish AnotherimportantpoetwasOvid whoseMetamorphosiswastranslatedintoEnglishandquotedfrequentlybymanyfamouswriters suchasChaucer Shakespeare BenJonson ShirleyandT S Eliot ThinkandDiscuss AnumberofimportanthistorianscameforthintheancientRomanperiod Polybiuscreatedhistremendousworksconsistingof40books History whichspannedabout500years LivywasresponsibleforthegreatHistoryofRomein142volumes Hisworkshasalwaysbeencitedbylaterstatesmen writersandscholarssuchasNiccoloMachiavelliandShakespeare ThearchitectureofancientRomeadoptedtheGreekstyleforitsownpurposes buttheRomansalsodevelopedanewkind Theyweremoreutilitarianandshowedaninterestingrandeurandscale Theyconstructedmanypublicedifices T