劳动力与失业

第三讲劳动力与失业LaborForceandUnemployment 一 劳动力LaborForce Manpower Workforce 1 劳动力的概念LaborForceofDefinition存在于活的人体之中Existinginlivinghumanbody 人生产某种使用价值或提供某种劳务时所运用的能力Powerorcompetencetobeusedtoproduceapplicationvalueorprovidesomeservice 是体力与脑力的总和Sumofphysicalandintelligentpower 一 劳动力LaborForce Manpower Workforce 2 劳动力的再生产Reproduction体力与脑力的恢复Recoveringofphysicalandintelligentpower 补充与增加Supplementandaddition体质的增强与劳动技能的提高Strengtheningbodyandimprovingworkskill Laborforce Thelaborforceisallthenonmilitarypeoplewhoareofficiallyemployedorunemployed In2005 theworldwidelaborforcewasover3billionpeople 所有非军人的就业与失业者Normally thelaborforceofacountry orothergeographicentity consistsofeveryoneofworkingage typicallyaboveacertainage around14to16 andbelowretirement around65 whoareparticipatingworkers thatispeopleactivelyemployedorseekingemployment 劳动适龄者Peoplenotcountedincludestudents retiredpeople stay at homeparents peopleinprisonsorsimilarinstitutions peopleemployedinjobsorprofessionswithunreportedincome aswellasdiscouragedworkerswhocannotfindwork 不包括者 Laborforce IntheUnitedStates thelaborforceisdefinedaspeople16yearsoldorolderwhoareemployedorlookingforwork ChildlaborlawsintheUnitedStatesforbidemployingpeopleunder18inhazardousjobs 在美国 劳动适龄者需16岁以上IntheUnitedStates theunemploymentrateisestimatedbyahouseholdsurveycalledtheCurrentPopulationSurvey conductedmonthlybytheFederalBureauofLaborStatistics 美国的家庭调查Theunemploymentrateiscalculatedbydividingthenumberofunemployedpersonsbythesizeoftheworkforce 失业率Anunemployedpersonisdefinedasapersonnotemployedbutactivelyseekingwork 失业者 Laborforceparticipationrate Thesizeoftheworkforceisdefinedasthoseemployedplusthoseunemployed 劳动力规模Participationrateistheratiobetweenthelaborforceandtheoverallsizeoftheircohort nationalpopulationofthesameagerange 劳动力参与率IntheWestduringthelaterhalfofthe20thcentury thelaborforceparticipationrateincreasedsignificantly largelyduetotheincreasingnumberofwomenenteringtheworkplace 西方国家劳动力参与率提升 Laborforceparticipationrate Thelaborforceparticipationrateisakeycomponentinlong termeconomicgrowth almostasimportantasproductivity 劳动力参与率的重要性Ifalargeamountofnewworkersenterthelaborforcebutonlyasmallfractionbecomeemployed thentheincreaseinthenumberofunemployedworkerscanoutpacethegrowthinemployment 新增劳动力可导致失业增加 劳动力资源LaborForceResource在劳动年龄范围内有劳动能力的人口Populationhavingworkingabilitywithinworkingagerange男16 60周岁 女16 55周岁Male16 60yearsold Female16 55yearsoldinChina 讨论Discussion 1 要不要同年龄退休 RetireatthesameageformaleandFemale 2 要不要提前退休 Retireinadvanceornot 3 很快会推迟至63岁退休 Retireatageof63innearfuture 4 要不要女士在家 男士拿双倍工资 Ladystaysathome manisdoublerepaid 3 劳动力资源的质量QualityofLaborForceResource体质与智能两方面physical intelligentaspects优生优育eugenic wellbornandwellfostered 营养nutrition教育education科技能力scientificandtechnicalcompetence 4 劳动力市场LaborMarket市场keyelementofmarket政府对劳动力市场的调控Regulationandcontroloflabormarketfromgovernment 法定工作时间legalworkingtime 5天制5 daysystem 8小时工作制8 hourworkingtime 35小时工作制35 houreworkingtime 4天工作3天休息 4 dayworkingtimeand3 dayrest 法定节假日legalholidays 最低工资标准lowestsalarylevel 城镇失业率控制线unemploymentratecontrolbottomline 工资增长指导线salaryincreasingguideline 4 劳动力市场LaborMarket基本社会保险 养老金 失业金 医疗 公积金 Basicsocialinsurances pension unemploymentfund medicalfund accumulationfund 劳动安全保护worksafetyandprotection市场制度的三要素3keyelementsoflabormarket 最低劳动标准lowestworkinglimit 最低工资标准与最长劳动时间标准lowestsalaryandlongestworkingtime 1450monthly 12 5hourlyinShanghaisinceApril 2012 最低社会保障basicsocialprotection 保险insurance 救济relief 福利welfare 优抚preferentialtreatmentcompensationandcomfort 工会组织union 权利与义务rightandobligation 二 就业与失业Employment Unemployment Employment 就业或雇佣 Employmentisacontractbetweentwoparties onebeingtheemployerandtheotherbeingtheemployee 雇员与雇主双方签就业合同Anemployeemaybedefinedas Apersonintheserviceofanotherunderanycontractofhire expressorimplied oralorwritten wheretheemployerhasthepowerorrighttocontrolanddirecttheemployeeinthematerialdetailsofhowtheworkistobeperformed 据合同要求 雇员受雇主指令行事 Employment 就业或雇佣 Self employment自我雇佣Whenanindividualentirelyownsthebusinessforwhichheorshelabours thisisknownasself employment Volunteerism志愿工作Workerswhoarenotpaidwages suchasvolunteers aregenerallynotconsideredasbeingemployed Employment 就业或雇佣 Indenturingandslavery强迫奴工Thosewhoworkunderobligationforthepurposeoffulfillingadebt suchasanindenturedservant oraspropertyofthepersonorentitytheyworkfor suchasaslave donotreceivepayfortheirservicesandarenotconsideredemployed 以还债为目的的强迫劳动不属于雇佣范畴 EmploymentinUSA IntheUnitedStates thestandardemploymentrelationshipisconsideredtobeat will 随意 meaningthattheemployerandemployeearebothfreetoterminatetheemploymentatanytimeandforanycause orfornocauseatall However ifaterminationofemploymentbytheemployerisdeemedunjustbytheemployee therecanbelegalrecourse 追索权 tochallengesuchatermination Unjustterminationmayincludeterminationduetodiscrimination 歧视 becauseofanindividual srace nationalorigin sexorgender pregnancy age physicalormentaldisability religion ormilitarystatus Despitewhateveragreementanemployermakeswithanemployeefortheemployee swages anemployeeisentitledtocertainminimumwagessetbythefederalgovernment 失业Unemployment什么是失业 What为什么会有失业 Why如何解决失业问题 How 失业主体所具备的三个条件3conditions 1 有劳动能力workingability 2 愿意就业willingtowork 3 没有工作havingnojob Unemployment 失业AsdefinedbytheInternationalLabourOrganization itoccurswhenpeoplearewithoutjobsandtheyhaveactivelylookedforworkwithinthepastfourweeks 失业率Theunemploymentrateisameasureoftheprevalenceofunemploymentanditiscalculatedasapercentagebydividingthenumberofunemployedindividualsbyallindividualscurrentlyinthelabourforce MeasurementofUnemployment 讨论Discussionaboutunemployment社会发展的头号敌人firstenemyforsocialdevelopment对社会进步有促进作用 蓄水池 Justlikeatank usefultopromotesocialprogress UnitedStatesmeandurationofunemployment1948 2010 Unemploymentratesfrom1993 2009forFrance EuropeanUnion UnitedStates G7 andOECD Source OECD UnemploymentTypes Economistsdistinguishbetweenvariousoverlappingtypesofandtheoriesofunemployment includingcyclicalorKeynesianunemployment周期失业 frictionalunemployment临时失业 structuralunemployment结构失业andclassical real wage unemployment古典失业 Someadditionaltypesofunemploymentthatareoccasionallymentionedareseasonalunemployment 季节失业 andhiddenunemployment 隐形失业 UnemploymentTypes Classicalorreal wageunemploymentItoccurswhenrealwagesforajobaresetabovethemarket clearinglevel 市场出清水平 causingthenumberofjob seekerstoexceedthenumberofvacancies Ineconomics marketclearingreferstoeitherasimplifyingassumptionmadebythenewclassicalschoolthatmarketsalwaysgotowherethequantitysuppliedequalsthequantitydemanded ortheprocessofgettingthereviapriceadjustment UnemploymentTypes Keynes JohnMaynard 1883 1946 aBritisheconomistwhoseideasgreatlyinfluencedeconomicthinkinginthe20thcentury Keynesbelievedthatgovernmentsshouldusepublicmoneytocontrolthelevelofemployment forexamplebyspendingmoneyonpublicworks buildings roadsetcbuiltbythegovernment inordertoprovidemorejobsinperiodsofhighunemployment JohnMaynardKeynes 约翰 梅纳德 凯恩斯 一般称作凯恩斯 或译为凯因斯 英国经济学家 凯恩斯最卓越的成就是他在宏观经济学上的贡献 一反自18世纪亚当 斯密以来尊重市场机制 反对人为干预的经济学思想 凯恩斯主张政府应积极扮演经济舵手的角色 透过财政与货币政策来对抗景气衰退乃至于经济萧条 UnemploymentTypes Voluntaryunemployment自愿失业isattributedtotheindividual sdecisions Whereasinvoluntaryunemployment非自愿失业existsbecauseofthesocio economicenvironment includingthemarketstructure governmentintervention andthelevelofaggregatedemand inwhichindividualsoperate Ontheotherhand cyclicalunemployment structuralunemployment and