词汇学重点概念.doc

词汇学重点概念 举例1.Word：A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a 发音单位sound unity (3)a unit of meaning意义单位 (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence一个可以独立的单位2. Jargon ：refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves行话3. Slang ：belongs to the sub-standard language ,a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words like cant, jargon, and argot非主流英语4. Content words：denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words. 实词They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals5. Functional words： do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called empty words. As their chief function is to express the relation between notions, the relation between words as well as between sentences6. borrowed words：外来词are words taken over from foreign languages， known as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms7.Creation 创造词：refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, affixes and other elements8. Semantic change：means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need根据新需要9. morpheme：is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words最小功能单位10. Free Morphemes自由词素：have complete meaning in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. A free morpheme is one that can stand by itself. (有完整意义which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free).独立于其他词素11. Bound Morphemes(粘着词素)：A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself. They are bound to other morphemes to form words. 不能独立12.Affixes：are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function附着于单词或者词素Affixes can be put into two groups:1)Inflectional affixes (屈折词缀) ：affixes attached to the end of words to indicae grammatical relationships are inflectional,thus known as inflectional morphemes. 语法关系，单词后2)Derivational affixes(派生词缀) ：derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.加在词素后13. A root ：is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity.14 . stem ：can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.用来添加词缀的form15. Affixation：派生词方法 is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation, for new words created in this way are derived from old forms. The words formed in this way are called derivatives新的方法发展旧的词Affixation falls into two subclasses: prefixation and suffixation.（1）Prefixation前缀法 ：is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its 与词干一起的meaning.不改变词类（2）Suffixation ：is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Unlike prefixes which primarily change the meaning of the stem, suffixes mainly change the word class.与词干一起，改变词类16. Compounding： is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. also called composition. Words formed in this way are called compounds.17. Conversion： is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class词类转化18. Blending： is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Words formed in this way are called blends or pormanteau words两个词的各一部分，词与词19. clipping ： is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. 从原有的去掉一部分，用剩下的20. Acronymy： is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms. Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms, depending on the pronunciation of the words.首字母缩写法，正常发音词21. Initialisms： are words pronounced letter by letter. In cases likeA.D. (Anno Domini = in the year after the birth of Jesus Christ),and B.C. (Before Christ)词与词22. Acronyms： are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word, for example radar (radio detecting and ranging), and WAVES (Women Appointed for Voluntary Emergency Service), etc首字母缩略词23. Back-formation： is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. As we know, suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases, and back-formation： is the formation of new words by removing the supposed suffixes.逆生。去掉多余的dorm24. Reference(所指):It is the relationship between language and the world. The reference of a word is arbitrary and conventional. It is a kind of abstraction, yet with the help of context, it can refer to something specific任意 传统25. Concept：which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition,reflecting the objective world in the human mind.认知26. Sense:It denotes the relationship inside the language. 内部关系27. Motivation：accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. As we know, the relationship between the word-form and meaning is conventional and arbitrary, and most words can be said to be non-motivated.语言符号和意义的联系，大多是non根据的28. Onomatopoeic motivatio(拟声理据）：words whose sounds suggest their meaning, for these words were creates by imitating the natural sounds or noises. Knowing the sounds of the words means understanding the meaning.模仿声音29. Semantic motivation(语义理据)：refers to the mental associations表示的 概念意义suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection 解释文本意义比喻意义between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word. E.g:the foot of the mountain(foot)山脚30. Etymological motivation词源理据：The meanings of many words often relate directly to their origins . In other words the history of the word explains the meaning of the word. E.g: pen-feather词的历史31. Grammatical Meaning语法意义：refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms. 一部分意义表示语法概念，单复数，32. Lexical词汇意义 meaning itself has two components: conceptual meaning and associative meaning.概念和联想33.Conceptual meaning(概念意义)：also known as denotative meaning(外延意义) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning词典意义意义的核心34.Associative meaning(联想意义)：is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning.次要意义35. Connotative meaning（隐含意义）：In contrast to denotative 词典延伸meaning, overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations.被概念意义暗示的36. Stylistic meaning（文体意义）：Apart from their conceptual meanings, many words have stylistic 文体特征features, which make them appropriate for different contexts.steed37. Affective meaning（情感意义）：indicates the spea kers attitude towards the person or thing in question.讨论中人物体的态度，褒贬38. Collocative meaning（搭配意义）：This meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. In other words, it is the part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.词的前或后 暗示的那部分的意义39. Polysemy：一次多意义the same symbol must be used to express more meaningsdiachronic approach(历时方法) ：from the diachronic point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word. First meaning is the primary meaning , the later meanings are called derived meanings之前和之后的意义synchronic approach (共时方法) : synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time同一历史时期的不同意义radiation（辐射型）：is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes (e.g: face, neck)concatenation（连锁型）：meaning linking together,is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word move gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.(e.g:treacle)语意义过程，不断转移直到最终意义和开始意义之间没有联系为止区别：Unlike radiation where each of the derived meanings is directly connected to the primary meaning, concatenation describes a process where each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains. Though the latest sense can be traced back to the original, there is no direct connection in between. 每一个派生意义和基本意义有关系。联系：They are closely related, being different stages of the development leading to polysemy. Generally, radiation precedes concatenation. In many cases, the two processes work together, complementing each other.可以追溯到起源，却没有直接联系40. Homonymy（同音异义关系）:words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.Perfect homonyms（完全同音同形异义词）：words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.Homographs（同形异义词）:words identical only in spelling, but different in sound and meaning.Homophones（同音异义词）：words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning. (最多最常见)Differentiation of Homonyms from Polysemants（同音同形异义词和多义词的区别)：一个是发展过程中多出来意义，一个是恰巧有一个同样的formPerfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical with regard to spelling and pronunciation. This creates the problem of differentiation. 1)The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fact that the former refers to different words which happen to share the same form and the latter is the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings. 2)One important criterion is to see their etymology, i.e. homonyms are from different sources whereas a polysemant is from the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development. 3)The second principal consideration is semantic relatedness. The various meanings of a polysemant are correlated and connected to one central meaning to a greater or lesser degree, e. g. neck 4）meanings of different homonyms have nothing to do with one another. In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries. 41. Synonymy (同义关系): one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning .一两个词有相同的本质意义42. Antonymy (反义关系) :it is concerned with semantic opposition. Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.意义的对立43. Hyponymy(上下义关系): （1）Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word.44. Extension /generalization(词义的扩大):, is the name given to the widening of meaning which some words undergo. It is a process by which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized.45. Narrowing/ specialization(词义的缩小)：is the opposite of widening meaning. It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense. In other words, a word which used to have a more general sense becomes restricted in its application and conveys a special meaning in present-day English.46. Elevation /amelioration(词义的升华):refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.47. Degradation / pejoration(词义的降格): is the opposite of semantic elevation. It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to used in derogatory（贬损的）