大学英语四级写作错误类型.doc

大学英语四级写作强化训练常见错误分析2016-4目录：第一课 指代第二课 垂悬修饰语第三课 误置修饰语第四课 平行结构第五课 。第一课 指代 在同一句中，代词与其指代的前述名词应在人称、数、格上保持一致。由于指代不符或不确而造成的错句在写作中是常见的，应该注意以下几种情况。1代词与前述词的人称或数不符 Students who wish to take linguistics are asked to sign his name on a sheet of paper. 代词his应改为their， 与前述词students保持复数第三人称的一致。 Each member of the board will have an opportunity to submit their own plan. 代词their应改为his，与前述词each member保持单数第三人称的一致。2代词与前述词格的不符 He is the person whom I think deserves the first award. 关系代词whom的前述词是the person， 在定语从句中用作主语，故应改为who。 As a matter of fact, it was her who took the picture of the temple. 代词her 在“it was . who.”的强调结构中是要强调的主语，用主格表示，故应改为she。3代词在句中的指代错误 When he thrust a stick into the rat hole, it ran out and bit him. 根据本句用词，代词it 在句中指代的只能是rat hole（鼠洞），而不是rat，由于意义混淆而造成指代错误，应将it明确改为the rat。4代词在句中的指代不明 My father is an electrician, but I am not interested in it. 根据本句用词，代词it在此句中无前述词可以指代，不能等于father 或electrician。因此对代词it要作明确的改动：My father is an electrician, but I am not interested in becoming onePeople have tried to fight against the influence of TV commercials, but it often proves useless. 代词it 在本句中并不指代前面的单数名词influence，而是指 to fight against the influence of TV commercials （反对电视商业广告）的这种努力，因此应将it的意义具体化，此句可改为：People have tried to fight against the influence of TV commercials, but this effort often proves useless.5有时在句中出现同样数格的两个不同前述词，使后面代词的指代出现模棱两可的情况。如：When the chemist added the powder to water, it turned purple. 代词it可指前面的powder或water这两个前述词的任何一个，但根据常识，显然it指的是water而不是powder，故应将it 具体改为water，句子的意义就正确了。再如：Susan told Jane that her dog was in the garden. 代词her 可指上述Susan或Jane的所有格。根据作者的意思，此句可改为：Susan told Jane that Janes (或Susans) dog was in the garden. 或：Susan said to Jane, Your dog is in the garden. 比较起来，后一句的意义更明确。6代词one 和you用于指代意义时的不同If one wants to excel in athletics, you should watch your diet. 此句应把代词one和you的使用统一起来，有两种改法：If one wants to excel in athletics, he should watch his diet.If you want to excel in athletics, you should watch your diet.一般的规则是：用于泛指意义时， 常用he (him, his)，用于特定意义时才用you (you, your)。再如：When a person gets married, you take on new responsibilities. 此句的改法同上，也有两种改法，即：When a person gets married, he takes on new responsibilities.（泛指）When you get married, you take on new responsibilities.(特指)第二课 垂悬修饰语 垂悬修饰语是指一个句子中同其他词没有明显修饰关系的成分。一般都出现在句子的句首，用作状语。形式有分词短语、介词+动名词、不定式短语和省略性子句等四种。判断该词组是滞为垂悬修饰语的基本原则是看它逻辑意义上的主语是否与所在句子的主语相一致，如不一致，该状语就成了垂悬修饰语，试以下面二句为例：Hearing a number of amusing stories, our visit was thoroughly enjoyable.To remain healthy, a balanced diet is important. 在第一句，状语hearing a number of amusing stories的逻辑主语并非句子主语our visit， 第二句中状语to remain healthy与句子主语a balanced diet在逻辑意义也不一致。因此这两个状语词组都成了各自句中的垂悬修饰语，在意义上是错误的，改正的方法有二：1修饰主句中的主谓语部分，使与修饰语逻辑上的主语一致起来。如：Hearing a number of amusing stories, we thoroughly enjoyed our visit.To remain healthy, one needs a balanced diet.2修改垂悬修饰语部分，使其在逻辑上符合主句意义。Since we heard a number of amusing stories, our visit was thoroughly enjoyable.If a person is to remain healthy, a balanced diet is important. 下面列举四种形式的垂悬修饰语及两种修改的办法：1分词短语误：Looking out of the window, the grassland stretches as far as the eyes can reach.正：Looking out of the window, we found the grassland stretched as far as the eyes could reach.正：If you look out of the window, you will find the grassland stretches as far as the eyes can reach.误：Rotten in the cellar, we had to throw away the potatoes.正：Rotten in the cellar, the potatoes were thrown away (by us).正：As the potatoes in the cellar had rotten, we had to throw them away.2介词+动名词短语误：On entering the room, refreshments were being served.正：On entering the room, I found that refreshments were being served.正：When I entered the room, refreshments were being served.3不定式短语误：To play tennis well, the racket must be held properly.正：To play tennis well, one must hold the racket properly.正：If one wishes to play tennis well, he must hold the racket properly.4省略性子句误：When only five years old, my father took me to a circus.正：When only five years old, I was taken to a circus by my father.正：When I was only five years old, my father took me to a circus.如前所述，在大多情况下，垂悬修饰语可以根据“修饰语的逻辑主语是否即是主句中的主语”这一原则来判断。但要注意，当状语修饰语是用以表示对整个主句进行概括或总结意义时，它本身在逻辑上已具有独立意义，这时就不要再受制于上述原则，不能把它看成是垂悬修饰语，可以看是句子子的独立状语部分或插入语。如：To be frank, I dont think he is the right person for the job.Generally speaking, girls at this age are more mature than boys.To sum up, our vacation was a disaster from start to finish.第三课 误置修饰语 1在英语中，修饰语应紧靠它所修饰的词语，如果放错了位置，就会造成意义上的误解。如：例一：They argued the subject while I tried to study at fever pitch. 修饰语at fever pitch 意为“极为兴奋地”， 是一个状语，它修饰的谓语是argued the subject，而不是tired to study，此句应改为： They argued the subject at fever pitch while I tried to study.例二： A car drove down the street decked with ribbon. 修饰语decked with ribbon是过去分词短语，意为“用缎带装饰起来的”，用作street的定语显然是误置了。应改为： A car decked with ribbon drove down the street.2另有一种修饰语，它处于两个被修饰词之间，意义上模棱两可，似乎与两者均有关系，这种修饰语称为歧义修饰语（squinting modifier）。此时必须从意义上加以确定。将它移到靠近它所要修饰的词，以免造成与另一词的误解。如： The girl who had been dancing gracefully entered the room.在这一句中，修饰语gracefully是修饰dancing 还是entered？这两种情况都有可能，为明确起见，可根据意义分别改为： The girl who had been gracefully dancing entered the room. (gracefully 修饰dancing)The girl who had been dancing entered the room gracefully.(gracefully 只修饰entered)3此外，only, nearly, almost, just, even, hardly, scarcely, simply 等这类形容词或副词在作修饰词时，具有明显的限定意义。根据这些修饰语在句中的不同位置，其意义也可不同。如： 例一：Only I heard John shouting at boys.Only 修饰I , 意为：I was the only one who heard John shouting.I only heard John shouting at boys.Only 修饰heard，意为：I only heard (but didnt see) John shouting.I heard only John shouting at the boys.Only 修饰John，意为：John was the only person whom I heard shouting at boys.I heard John only shouting at the boys.Only 修饰shouting，意为：I didnt hear John hitting the boys-I heard him only shouting at them.I heard John shouting at the boys only.Only 修饰boys，意为：The boys (not the girls) were the ones I heard John shouting at.例二：Since his earning amounted to $98.50, he nearly made a hundred dollars. Nearly 置于谓语made 之前，意为“几乎赚到”，也可以理解为“没有真正赚到”，而句子的本意是说“赚了将近一万元”，所以应改为：Since his earning amounted to $98.50, he made nearly a hundred dollars.第四课 平行结构 在一个句子中，有几个表达相近或相对意义的并列成分时，应该使用词性一致的排比结构，这就是写作中的平行结构原则。这种结构能使句子显得严谨，层次分明，增强感染力。常见的平行结构有以下几种情况：1两个或两个以上的并列单词、短语、或句子用and连接，在句中作同一成分，包括主语、谓语、宾语、表语、状语等皆可。如： 1）误：Knowing how to study and learn to budget time is important for university students. 用and连接的两个并列 主语分别为动名词和不定式短语，词性不一致，不是平行结构。正：Knowing how to study and learning how to budget time is important for university students. 用and连接的两个并列主语词性一致，都为动名词短语，符合平行结构要求。2）误：Mr. Wang is honest, intelligent and works hard. Work hard 与 honest, intelligent词性不一致，不是平行结构。 正：Mr Wang is honest, intelligent and industrious. 三个并列表语词性一致，属平行结构。3）误：He had rented an apartment, found a job and chose a school for the children before his wife arrived. 谓语动词Chose为过去式，而上面的rented，found为动词过去式分词形式，词性不一致。 正：He had rented an apartment, found a job and chosen a school for the children before his wife arrived. 三个并列谓语动词都为过去分词形式，符合平行结构要求。4）误：The man denied that he had entered the house and he had taken the money. 由And 连接“the man denied that.”和“he had taken the money”两句，在逻辑意义上是矛盾的。意思是“该人否认进入房间但接下来又拿走了钱。” 正：The man denied that he had entered the house and that he had taken the money. 在改正后的此句中，意为既否认进入房间，也否认拿走了钱。5）误：Across the fields came the funnel-like cloud, sucking up house and animals and also it levelled all the standing grain. 此句为由and 连接的两个动作先后发生的单句，第一句为倒装句，第二句为正常词序句，但不是平行结构。 正：Across the fields came the funnel-like cloud, sucking up house and animals and also leveling all the standing grain.2用于连接并列成分的连接词除and 外，常见的还有either.or., neither.nor., both.and., not only.but also.等复合连词，但必须注意其连接部分的词性成分必须相一致。 1）误：I hope either to spend my vacation in Beijing or Xian. 连接成分不一致，前者为不定式短语，后者为名词。正：I hope to spend my vacation either in Beijing or in Xian. 连接成分相一致，都为介词短语，用作状语。 或：I hope to spend my vacation in either Beijing or Xian. 连接成分相一致，都为名词，用作名词in的宾语。2)误：Neither borrowing nor to lend will lead to happiness. 正：Neither borrowing nor lending will lead to happiness. 连接成分一致，都为动名词，用作主语。 或：Neither to borrow nor to lend will lead to happiness. 连接成分一致，都为动词不定式，用作主语。3）误：He had bribed not only officials, but also stolen secret document. 复合连词not only.but also连接两个不相等的句子成分，前者为名词official，用作宾语，后者为动词stolen，是谓语。 正：He had not only bribed officials, but also stolen secret document. 连接两个相同成分的谓语部分，符合平行结构要求。3由于并列成分的习惯用法和搭配要求不同，有时必须在句中加上必要的介词、冠词、助动词或动词不定式符号等，才能使结构保持平行，意思表达清楚。如： 1）误：He gave me an apple and pear. 正：He gave me an apple and a pear. Pear为可数名词，加不定冠词a后，与an apple并列，表示是两种水果。2）误：I was a l