unit-1-a-brief-introduction-to---the-united-kingdom-i.doc

Unit 1A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom I (英国简介I)一、本单元重点内容1. A complicated country with a complicated name (复杂的名称，复杂的国家)2.The effects of its imperial past (帝国主义历史的影响)3.A multiracial society (多种族的社会)4. Remarkable class, regional and economic differences (显著的阶级、地域和经济差异)5.The significant role of London (伦敦的重要地位)6. Cultural and economic dominance of England (英格兰的在文化和经济上的统治地位)7.The conquest of Britain （对不列颠的征服）8.Parliaments dominance over the throne (议会成为凌驾于王室权力之上的统治机构)9.Physical features of Scotland (苏格兰的地理特征)10.Cultural division between highland and lowland (苏格兰高地和低地之间的文化区分)11.The Battle of Bannockburn (班诺克本战役)12.Union with England in 1707 1707年(苏格兰)与英格兰合并13.Strong Scottish identity (仍具有很浓的苏格兰特色)14.Brief introduction of Wales (对威尔士的简要介绍)15. Campaigns for independence of UK (威尔士的独立运动)二、本单元重、难点辅导1. A complicated country with a complicated name The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland England Scotland Wales2. The effects of its imperial past1) 1) The days of empire ended after World War II. But there are close relationships which exist with the 50 or more colonies of that empire, and which maintain links through Commonwealth of Nations(二战后，帝国主义时代过去了。但是大英帝国的50多个殖民地之间仍然有着紧密的联系，这种联系主要通过英联邦这个组织来维系). 2)It has great effects on the makeup of the British population: 对英国的人口构成有着很大的影响 Because of the immigration from India, Pakistan, or Caribbean countries in the 1950s and1960s, 1 in 20 are non-European ethnicity (由于在20世纪50、60年代，来自印度、巴基斯坦或位于西印度群岛与中南美洲海域的加勒比国家大量涌入英国，现在1/20的英国人是非欧洲血统的人). 3. Racial, gender, class, regional and economic differences in the society1) a multi-racial society: most are Christians and because of immigration, many are Muslims; 2) gender difference: male and female live different lives3) class difference: the class structure of UK society is relatively obvious (A white-collar workers lives are very different from a blue-collar workers.)*Economic and regional difference within each of the 4 countries: 1) difference between highland and lowland Scots2) difference between north and south England (South is on average more wealthy than the north)4. A significant role of London1) capital city2) in the south; largest city in the country; 1/7 of the nations population3) culture center4) business center5) financial center, one of the 3 major international financial centers in the world (another two are New York and Hong Kong )6) long-standing historical role in the UKGreat BritainEngland1. A cultural and economic dominance of England1) London dominant in the UK in government, finance and culture2) Englands dominance in size - largest of the 4 nations with largest population is reflected in a cultural and economic dominance* result: people in foreign countries and English people sometimes mistake England for U.K in their talks.2. The conquest of Britain (Before AD. 1st C., made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people)When Who Where from Which part conquered43 ADAD.5th CLatin-speaking RomanMediterranean countriesEngland and Wales (not Scotland or Ireland)AD.5th C1066 Angles and Saxons(the forefathers of the English; the founders of England)GermanyEastern and Southern Britain (not Wales and most of Scotland )mainly EnglandLate AD.8thC AD 10th C.the ferocious VikingsScandinavia (北欧：瑞典、挪威一带。丹麦、芬兰、冰岛等)Northern and Eastern England, ScotlandAD 11th C(1066)Norman French (William the Conqueror defeated King Harold at the Battle of Hastings, and built the Tower of London)Normandy(northern France)The next few hundred years, joining various parts of the British Isles under English rule (England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland)3. Legends 1). King Arthur and his Round Table, giving knights equal precedence and showing knights demand for a more democratic system (During Anglo-Saxons invasion)2). Robin Hood hid in the forest, rebelled against Normans and robbed from the rich to give to the poor (During the period of Norman rule)-a clue to the English Character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity (体现英国人个性的迹象:表面上似乎一致,但实际上保持着一种强烈的独特的生活方式) 4. Parliaments dominance over the throne1) The next few hundred years following the Norman invasion: join together the various parts of the British Isle under English Rule, unite the kingdom internally and externally2) Power gradually transferred from the monarch to the parliament 1649, Charles the First was executed. Then England was ruled by parliaments leader, Oliver Cromwell for 11 years.In 1660, the son of Charles I restored the monarchy and was called Charles II (ruled 1660-1685) Further conflicts between parliament and the king led to removal of the Scottish house of Stuart and the final establishment of parliaments dominance over the throne in 1689.* James II (1685-1689) was the younger brother of Charles II. After James II was overthrown, his daughter and daughters husband Mary and William were imported from Holland to take the throne. This is the “Glorious Revolution.”Scotland1. Physical features of Scotland1) the 2nd largest of the 4 nations 2) most rugged part of UK, the most confident of its own identity3) in the north - the Highlands mountains and lakesin the south - the Southern Uplands in the middle - the lowland zone with 3/4 of the population4) capital: Edinburgh- east coast, famous for its beauty, dominated by its great castle on a high rock largest city: Glasgow - in the west of Lowland zone *Both cities have ancient and internationally respected universities dating from 15th century2. Cultural division between highland and lowland1) Scotland was neither conquered by the Romans nor by the Anglo-Saxons2) Around the AD 6th C, people from Northern Ireland invaded the South-west - the lowland zone. 3) They were called Scots and gave the modern country of Scotland its name4) The original Scottish Celts, called the Picts (皮克特人) were left with the non-productive highland zone, where in addition to English, some people speak the old Celtic languageGaelic.* The division between highland and lowland Scotland remains a cultural divide today, in much the same way as north and south England see themselves as different from each other.3. the Battle of Bannockburn (班诺克本战役)Time: 24th June, 1314Who: Scots under the leadership of Robert Bruce and English armyResult: Scots were victorious, leading to 300 years of full independence4. Union with England in 1707 1). In 1603, Queen Elizabeth I of England died. James the 6th of Scotland took the throne, called James the First of England; uniting the two thrones 2). Scotland maintained its separate political identity.3). In 1707, Scotland joined the Union by agreement of the English and Scottish Parliaments4). Scotland sends 72 representatives to the London Parliament. In 1922, only 3 were from the Scottish Nationalist Party, wanting an independent Scotland; 49 was from the Labour Party, wanting to set up a regional parliament for Scotland to manage its own internal affairs within the UK. 5. Strong Scottish identity Scotland has a great tradition of innovation in the arts, philosophy and science.*Robert Louis Stevensons famous novel Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde 吉基尔医生与海德先生shows that: Scotland was superficially fully integrated into the UK, but concealed beneath this is a still-strong Scottish identity.Wales1. A brief introduction of Wales1) capital: Cardiff, on the south coast 2) rich coal deposits attract foreign investment from Japan and U.S, etc. -new industries to replace coal and steel3) smallest on the British mainland; close to central England; hilly and rugged4) retains a powerful sense of difference from England 5) retains its own language; 19% population speaking Gaelic2. Campaigns for independence of UK - resist the English1) 1267, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd(卢埃林阿普格鲁菲德), forced the English to acknowledge him as Prince of Wales by a military campaign, and unified Wales as an independent nation.2) 1282, he was killed. The English King Edward I named his son the Prince of Wales, trying to bring Wales into the British nation.3) 1400, Owain Glyndwr(欧文格林道瓦尔) led an unsuccessful rising against the English.4) 1536, Wales was brought legally into the UK by an act of the British Parliament.5) Wales sends 38 representatives to the London Parliament. 4 are from the Nationalist Party. Unit 2 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom II -Northern Ireland (北爱尔兰)一、本单元重点内容1.Population and physical features of Northern Ireland (北爱尔兰的人口和地理特征)2.Economy of Northern Ireland (北爱尔兰的经济)3.The Home Rule Bill (自治法案) 4.The Easter Rising of 1916 (1916年复活节起义)5.The Sinn Fein Party (新芬党)6.Religious conflicts between the Irish and the British (爱尔兰人和不列颠人之间的宗教冲突)7. Partition of Ireland in 1921 (1921年爱尔兰的分裂)8.Troubles and Solutions (冲突与解决办法)9.Cooperation between the British and Irish governments (英国政府和爱尔兰政府之间的合作)10. The Good Friday Agreement (北爱和平协议)二、本单元重、难点辅导1. Population and physical features of Northern Ireland 1) often called Ulster, smallest of the 4 (in area $ population)2) 1.5 million people, smaller than many Chinese cities3) capital: Belfast, the biggest city in the province, east coast4) mostly rural, low hills, beautiful lake district in the south-west, rugged coastline, including its most famous landmark, the Giants Causeway(巨型长堤)2. Political problems1) Ordinary life continues, and troubles are an addition.2) Crime is very low.3) Problems are mainly concentrated in particular areas.3. Active cultural life- theatres, restaurants, pubs and museums4. Economy1) has problems: ) partly because the troubles discouraging investment partly because of its peripherality (周边) in relation to the UK2) wealth per head is the lowest of UK3) living costs are comparatively low4) Industrial companies include the aircraft manufacturers.5. Home Rule Bill (自治法案)From 1801 to 1921, the full name of UK was “The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland”, because the whole island of Ireland was politically integrated with Great Britain. But due to Irish desires for an independent Irish state, a campaign in parliament for “Home-rule” was launched, and the Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914.从1801年到1921年，英国的全名是大不列颠及爱尔兰联合王国，因为整个爱尔兰岛在政治上都与大不列颠是一体的但是由于爱尔兰人想要建立一个独立的爱尔兰国家，由爱尔兰人管理自己管理爱尔兰的事务，国会中掀起了一场争取自治的运动，自治法案在1914年最终得以通过。6. Guerilla or terrorist activities against the British institutions and the British military forces1) The Easter Rising of 1916 (复活节起义)-the rebels occupied Dublins Post Office and forced the British to take it back by military force. The leaders of the rebellion were executed by the British authorities.2) the Sinn Fein Party（新芬党）- a legal political party, supporters of the Irish terrorists; support the IRAs right to fight by a twin campaign, both political and military which they call the policy of “the Bullet and the Ballot Box” (暴力和民主手段)7. the religious conflicts between the Irish and the British - Ireland was not invaded by the Romans or the Anglo-Saxons- most Irish are Catholics; most Britain are Protestants- In the 17th C., people emigrated from Scotland and Northern England to the northof Ireland. The peoples of this part thought of themselves as British, and wished to remain a part of the British state. They were Protestants.8. A partition of Ireland in 1921A compromise: the Southern 26 counties- an independent “free state” (the Republic of Ireland)The 6 north-eastern counties- a part of the UK.* End 700 years of British rule in southern IrelandNorthern Ireland was given its own Parliament to deal with Northern Irish internal affairs, based at Stormont. (斯多蒙特)9. Troubles and solutionsThe majority, the Protestants controlled the local democratically- elected parliament and used that power to support their own economic and social dominance in the province. 40% of the population were Catholic Irish, who found it harder to get jobs, or to benefit from social programmes such as public housing. The armed conflict “troubles” developed.1) a Civil Rights Movement (北爱民权运动)In 1960s, Catholics often marched in the streets and fought for equality.2) the presence of British soldiers on Northern Ireland since 1969- first to protect the Catholic people, later were seen as the symbol of British rule in Northern Ireland.3) IRAs violence in the 1970s (IRA: Irish Republic Army爱尔兰共和军，unofficially paramilitary force) set up in 1919, Official IRA(正式派): concentrate on a political process, run split in 1969 candidates for election Provisional IRA(临时派): felt armed force was the only way IRA bombed and shot security forces and city-centers in 1970s. Protestants took revenge on Catholics *Result: Northern Irish cities were divided into exclusively Protestant and exclusively Catholic areas. Two communities hardly mix at all.4) Bloody Sunday (血腥星期日，1972/1/30)In 1972, 468 people were killed in Northern Ireland, of whom 13 were Catholics who had been taking part in a peaceful civil rights march. It is an important symbol of British oppression.*Result: strengthen Catholic opposition to the British presence. 由于宗教冲突和政治问题不断升级，1972年1月30日, 468人在北爱被杀，其中13名是参加民权运动和平游行的天主教徒这一天被称为血腥星期日，是英国人压迫北爱的天主教徒的代表性。它加剧了天主教徒对英国人的反抗情绪。5) the Power-Sharing mechanism 1973, an agreement of a Power-Sharing mechanism was reached, allowing the minority Catholic political influence. The Protestant majority was outraged and went on strike, leading to the collapse of it. The Northern Irish parliament was suspended and replaced by “direct-rule” from London until now6) cooperation between the British and Irish governmentsIn 1985, the Anglo-Irish agreement was signed between the two governments, giving the Irish a right to consultation on Northern Irish matters.7) IRAs refusal to hand over their weapons In August 1994, the IRA declared a ceasefire. To make the Sinn Fein presence at the talks acceptable to Unionist politicians, the British government asked the IRA to hand over at least some of its weapons to show it seriousness. The IRA refused, and in February 1996, they set off two explosions in London. *Result: The future for Northern Ireland is still in doubt10. The Good Friday Agreement (北爱和平协议)As a result of multi-party negotiations, the Good Friday Agreement was approved on 10 April 1998. This agreement assures the loyalist community that Northern Ireland remains part of the United Kingdom and it wont change its political status unless the majority of the people of Northern Ireland agree. Under the terms of the agreement, Northern Ireland should be governed by three separate jurisdictions: that of the Republic of Ireland, that of Great Britain and that of its own elected executive government of ten ministers. 由于多党协商的结果，北爱和平协议于1998年4月10日获准通过。 这一协议向亲英派保证，北爱属于英国，并且只有征得北爱大多数人同意才能统一爱尔兰。按照此协议，北爱由爱尔兰政府、英国政府以及由北爱自行选出的十名部长组成的政府三方共同实施司法管辖。Unit 3 The Government of the United Kingdom (英国的政府)一、本单元重点内容1.Divine right of kings (君权神授)2.The civil war (内战)3.Magna Carta (大宪章)4.The Great Council (大议会)5.The Bill of Rights of 1689 (1689年通过的权利法案)6.The Cabinet (内阁)7.The Prime Minister (首相)8.The Constitution (宪法)9.The power and the functions of the Parliament (议会的权利和职能)10.The roles of the monarch (君主的角色)11.The House of Lords (上议院)12.The House of Commons (下议院)二、本单元重、难点辅导1. The old Monarchy (君主政体) (ruled by the King)1). the oldest institution of government2). King Egbert (埃格伯特国王)The ancestor of the present Queen Elizabeth II. United England under his rule in 829.3). divine right of kings (君权神授)The ancient doctrine held that the sovereign derived his authority from God, not from his subjects. This was used by the kings as an excuse for abusing power. And the dispute over the power of the king and the parliament led to the civil war. 最古老的政府体制是君主政体。 君主政体的权力主要来自于这样一条古老的信条：即，君主的权力是上帝而不是臣民赋予的。这就是所谓的君权神授。这种教条被君王用来作为滥用权利的借口。君王与议会之间的权力之争导致了内战的发生。 4). the Civil warIt was caused by a dispute over the power of the king against Parliament in the 17th C. The Republican “roundheads”, led by Oliver Cromwell, wanted to abolish the monarchy and to reassert the rights of Parliament. In 1642, the royalists were defeated and King Charles I was executed in 1649. 英国内战是由17世纪的国王与议会的权力之争引起的。共和党“圆颅 党人”在奥利弗克伦威尔的带领下，想要废除君主政体，重申议会的权力。1642年，保皇党人被打败，国王查理一世于1949年被处死。权力逐渐转移到议会手中。苏格兰由议会领导奥利弗克伦威尔统治11年。 5). Magna CartaA medieval Latin name meaning ”Great Charter”. In 1215, King John was forced by a group of feudal barons and the Church to grant them a charter of liberty and political rights. Magna Carta placed some limits on the kings ability to abuse his royal power. This is still regarded as Britains key expression of the rights of citizens against the Crown. 尽管 在理论上国王有上帝站在他这一边，但在实践中，甚至早在中世纪时，人们就已认为国王不能行使绝对权力。1215年,英国大封建领主和教会反对英王约翰的一些政策，迫使他签署了保证他们公民权利和政治权利的文件。这个大宪章在中古拉丁文中被称为Magna Carta ，限制国王滥用皇权。大宪章仍然被看作是维护英国公民权利不受王权侵犯的重要文件。2. The Parliament and the government1). the Great Council(大议会)In medieval times, this referred to a group of leading, wealthy barons who were summoned by the king several times a year to give the king some extra money. By the 13th C., representatives of counties, towns and cities were also included in order to raise more money. This was the beginning of what we know as Parliament today.Two houses: the House of Lords and the House of CommonsIn 1407, Henry IV,