E化学习中国大.pdf

E 化學習 中國大 商業教育的解決方案 E 化學習化學習 中國大 商業教育的解決方案中國大 商業教育的解決方案 E Learning A Solution for Business Education in China 娜 Danna Liang 中華技術學院企業管 系講師 Department of Business Administration China Institute of Technology 摘 要 摘 要 由於市場商機龐大及高經濟成長 促使許多國際企業在中國大 成 子公司 也使得大 高等商業教育人才的需求增大 如何藉由高等商業教育培養出可為 企業使用的高級人才已成為非常重要的課題 因此高等商業教育與中國大 經 濟的成長息息相關 也是其經濟持續發展的必要資源 而線上 E 化之學習 僅可以解決大 人才養成問題 對於教育機構 也代表 一個企業的機會 Abstract In China more and more enterprises are now establishing their subsidiaries in China due to its large market and growing economy so demand for opportunity to attend business school and demand for high quality graduates from business school is extremely high As China becoming an economic powerhouse in the 21st century the need for educating its business professionals and university students in higher education institutes is growing with the nation s GNP How to cultivate high quality human resource through higher education becomes an important issue in China Therefore education especially higher education is considered as an essential source of a nation s economic growth E Learning not only can be a solution it also presents a business opportunity for education institutions and content providers Key words E learning higher education high quality human resource solution business education Introduction 331 E 化學習 中國大 商業教育的解決方案 As the global economy become increasing integrated and the WTO and GATT agreements open up new markets but also expose domestic markets to the world every country has to improve their competitiveness in order to survive and thrive Traditional competitive advantages such as land labor and raw material are replaced by knowledge strategy and skilled management Therefore education especially higher education is considered as an essential source of a nation s economic growth In China more and more enterprises are now establishing their subsidiaries in China due to its large market and growing economy demand for opportunity to attend business school and demand for high quality graduates from business school is extremely high How to cultivate high quality human resource through higher education becomes an important issue in China However the nation lacks the physical infrastructure to accommodate these needs In the western countries such as the U S and the U K many universities and corporations have already studied and successfully implemented E Learning Combination of these factors leads to my interest in conducting survey and research on the subject of E Learning for business education in China E Learning not only can be a solution which leverage on the enormous investment Chinese government has been putting into the Internet infrastructure to reach large numbers of students and business professionals it also presents a business opportunity for education institutions and content providers Overview As China becoming an economic powerhouse in the 21st century the need for educating its business professionals and university students in higher education institutes is growing with the nation s GNP China has invested profusely in higher education and Internet infrastructure which provides a fertile ground for distributed learning through the World Wide Web This paper argues that the distributed learning could be an effective and efficient solution for business education in China and offer strategies for such endeavor In this paper a literature review should answer the following questions o What is the process and strategy lead to successful E Learning in business 332 E 化學習 中國大 商業教育的解決方案 o Can the infrastructure in China support E Learning o What is the need for business high ed in China o What are the examples of E Learning in developing countries Most of the current literatures are done in the US and UK and focused on comparing E Learning to more traditional learning pedagogical models implemented in E Learning measure return of investment in E Learning and how traditional higher education institutions are dealing with these issues The findings of these questions will enable me to understand E Learning in business education the E Learning market in China analyze strategy to exploit the market place and make recommendation to learner and service provider in this field The result of my research will allow me to publish scholarly papers consult business and organization which would like to tap into this market and become more effective faculty members in my university in terms of implementing E Learning initiatives Literature Review and Analysis Article 1 The virtual university Is it a panacea or a Pandora s Box Journal of American Academy of Business Cambridge Hollywood Mar 2002 Z S Demirdjian This study first explores the benefits of graduating from the E Learning program from both an economic and convenience perspective Then the researcher evaluates its possible detriment against concepts drawn from social psychology The fundamental question is whether there is enough evidence that students of online education systems might somehow run the risks of dehumanization endure possible setbacks due to deficient group experiences and be affected by deprivation dwarfism in their development toward maturity Peter Drucker the visionary dean of modern management experts declared that in several decades The big university campuses will be relics and the residential university is destined to yield to the virtual university Increasingly the virtual 333 E 化學習 中國大 商業教育的解決方案 university system is being packaged as a panacea Peter Noble offer strident objections to the high tech transformation of education He argues that the traditional classroom is a setting that provides a lot of experiential learning for the student s life and development Because of the nature of the E Learning a lot of these benefits have to be forgone The opportunity cost of lost group experiences may prove to be later quite dear to society This article uses inductive logic qualitative approach and it is based upon literature review The theory formulated in terms of research questions The virtual university Is it a panacea or a Pandora s Box Article 2 The China syndrome Communications International London Apr 2001 Vineeta Shetty This study describes the Chinese government clearly sees broadband networks as the precursor of the intelligent household community logistics and citizen information services incorporating e commerce distance learning telemedicine and entertainment It is a vision that many countries have but China s political system means that the construction of these networks can be planned with much closer cooperation with city planning construction and property development companies than is typical elsewhere Xue Chen The era of broadband access has arrived in advance in the coastal and developed urban areas The competition between different operators in constructing access networks has become heated It is those who complete the construction of digitized broadband and intelligent full service access networks for millions of households who will win in future competition This article uses deductive logic quantitative approach and it is based upon observation Its proposition is that China government has put in substantial effort for a broadband Internet infrastructure and uses data and quotes to support the proposition 334 E 化學習 中國大 商業教育的解決方案 Article 3 Moving toward a distributed learning model based on self managed learning S A M Advanced Management Journal Cincinnati Summer 2001 Paul J Guglielmino Lucy M Guglielmino The authors propose that the quality of an organization s intellectual capital may make the difference between success and failure in today s world of relentless competition and rapid innovation They cite research that suggests that the more efficient and effective learning approaches make the learner with assistance from others responsible for taking advantage of relevant continuing education opportunities that are distributed through the organization Such self directed employees are generally highly motivated and productive They further assert that each company s educational model will reflect its own environment and culture Davenport and Prusak emphasize the importance of the growing awareness by management that knowledge is a vital corporate asset and that companies excel or decline on the basis of what they know and how well they create new knowledge to improve performance Piskurich Current research has revealed that self directed learning SDI is more efficient and effective for the following reasons 1 It offers a greater relevance to the particular needs of the learner 2 It offers greater flexibility in the learning process 3 It develops immediate as well as long range payoffs in terms of developing problem solving skills 4 It can provide highly focused learning This article uses deductive logic both quantitative and qualitative approach and it is based upon literature review The theory started with the hypothesis that self directed E Learning can improve an organization s competitiveness Article 4 Information technology and commercialization of knowledge Corporate universities and class dynamics in an era of technological 335 E 化學習 中國大 商業教育的解決方案 restructuring Journal of Economic Issues Lincoln Jun 2001 Bruce Pietrykowski This study focuses on the introduction of computer based technologies which may well signal a new terrain of struggle over the purpose and nature of higher education Both critics and advocates alike see computer based instructional technology ushering in a new era of labor market restructuring The current state of technological change in the academy is critically assessed David Noble raised the dual threat of a increased corporate control over the terms and conditions of academic labor and b faculty loss of control over the very content of higher education itself Armstrong argues that traditional campus provides an important transitional structure for high school students to become adults and citizens Even young adults would suffer dire consequences if their socialization processes are interrupted in their lives Growing up in a social vacuum would put a person in a precarious position Allen Wolfe In addition to common interests of vendors and administrators there are elements of a shared agenda between corporate training interests and universities The opportunity to offer higher education to working adults and others that fall outside of the traditional demographic resulted in the creation or expansion of for profit educational providers such as the University of Phoenix and DeVry Institute To minimize costs and maximize profit Phoenix eschews tenure academic freedom full time faculty traditional departments academic buildings football stadiums dormitories libraries in short all the accoutrements of academic life This article uses inductive logic qualitative approach and it is based upon literature review The theory formulated in terms of proposition The introduction of computer based technologies may well signal a new terrain of struggle over the purpose and nature of higher education The citations are somewhat one sided mostly against the E Learning 336 E 化學習 中國大 商業教育的解決方案 Article 5 Web Based Education at Conventional Universities in China A Case Study Weiyuan Zhang Jian Niu Guozhen Jiang This empirical study describes that the Chinese government has authorized a total of 45 universities to offer Web based educational programs One is China Central Radio and Television University the Open University in China The other 44 universities are all leading conventional universities This case study is intended to provide a descriptive analysis of Web based educational practices at the 44 leading conventional universities by focusing on the current state of Web based education in China and its discernible trends for the future It is hoped this analysis of Web based educational efforts in China will provide some insight for other countries The authors cite numerous empirical studies and presented the overall picture of E Learning effort in many Chinese universities This study uses mostly quantitative and some qualitative methodology The authors do not try to formulate a theory but try to present an objective description of current status Critique Most articles describing the E Learning in the higher ed paint a fairly negative picture The authors argue that the E Learning deprives the students experiential learning opportunities However those articles focused on corporate training regard the E Learning have a very positive and indispensable effect on corporate competitiveness The theory discussed in the university setting does not mention that E Learning because of its potential on efficient delivery can reach huge number of learners who might not any chance to attend classes in a traditional setting such is the case in many developing countries 337 E 化學習 中國大 商業教育的解決方案 From these articles my preliminary assessment is that E Learning in a pure individual self pace form might not be a perfect substitute for university education but could be very valuable to supplement traditional class room instructions In the corporate setting I can see it would be very beneficial and could be a tremendous business opportunity in China Problems Encountered in China As with other innovation online education E learning in China has encountered problems and difficulties despite its rapid development These problems remain to be resolved in the future The first problem is that many students simply do not have access to computers or the Internet at home as is particularly the case for students from poor families Even if students do have a computer and Internet access at home bandwidth may be so narrow and download times so slow they often lost patience Cost is another barrier to access The price for the Internet access is still relatively high in China therefore many students cannot afford on line education as a chief way of completing their years long program of study The second problem concerns the shortage of online instructional resources and duplication of online programs The third problem concerns the effective management of external online learning support centers located both on campus and at locations across the country Normally these centers are based in other educational partner institutions A key issue for expansion of online education therefore is determining how best to establish and maintain constructive and mutually beneficial relationships between partner institutions to ensure effective learning and student support The forth problem concerns teacher training at each of the Institutes of Online Education Because online education is partially or totally a new thing to most of teachers training is an urgent task to those universities that provide distance education 338 E 化學習 中國大 商業教育的解決方案 The fifth problem concerns the extension of E learning education to learners in remote and economically disadvantaged areas in China So far students enrolled in online educational programs are mostly from urban and rich areas The bigger problem facing China s vast population wishing to gain access to higher education therefore is to how to send coal to those in the snow It should be borne in mind at this point that one significant advantage of distance education at least in theory is that it can free learners from time and place constraints thereby extending quality education to anybody anywhere The sixth problem concerns the credibility of online education and the quality of its graduates To date there have not been many graduates from the Institutes of Online Education therefore questions as to credibility and quality can hardly be answered at the this time Further Opportunities for Research Although online education in China has only enjoyed a short history it has produced profound implications for the higher education students and teachers Students engaging in online programs must first to familiarize themselves with the use of the computer and the Internet Basic computer and Internet literacy is essential if students are to become autonomous and effective online learners For teachers they face problems similar to those facing their students Like their students teachers must first attain basic computer and Internet literacy skills They must also learn online teaching strategies and hone their online teaching skills Most importantly they need to transform their traditional role from that of simply a course lecturer to that of an all round helper so they can provide their stu