外文文献原稿及译文.doc

外文文献原稿和译文原 稿About Programmable Logiccontrollers（PLCs） PLCs (programmable controller) is used in a variety of automatic control system and process control hub.They contain multiple input and output, input and output is used to transistors and other circuit, analog switch and relay to control the equipment.PLC software interface, standard calculator interface, specialized language programming and network equipment. Programmable logic controller I/O channel rules including all input output contact and contact, to expand capacity and the largest number of channels.Contact number is the sum of input and output points.PLC can specify any combination of these values.Extension units can be stack or connected to each other to increase the total control.The largest number of channels are in an extension system, the total number of maximum input and output channels.PLC system rules include scanning time, number of instructions, data storage and storage program.Scan time is used to monitor input and output module of PLC need time.Standard operation instruction is used in PLC software.Data storage is the ability to store data.Program memory is the ability to control software. Used for programmable controller input devices including DC, AC, intermediate relay, thermocouple, RTD, frequency or pulse, transistors and interrupt signal input;Output devices include DC, AC, intermediate relay, frequency or pulse, transistor, three-terminal two-way thyristor switch components;PLC programming equipment including control panel, handle and computer. Programmable control is used to control a variety of software programming language.These languages including iec61131-3, sequential table (SFC), action block diagram (FBD), ladder diagram (LD), and the structure of the text (ST), instruction sequences (IL), relay ladder diagram (RIL), flow charts, C language and Basic language.Iec61131-3 programming environment can support five languages, with international standards to regulate, SFC, respectively, FBD, LD, ST and IL.This allows more vendor compatibility and a variety of languages.SFC is a kind of graph language, it provides the programming in order to cooperate, can support the order selection and tied for choice, to choose between them.Runtime FBD with a big, established the complicated process, in the form of graphs.Standard mathematical and logical operation can be combined with user interaction and interface operation.LD is suitable for discrete control and interlock logic diagram language.It is fully compatible with FBD on discrete control.ST is a kind of text language, used for complex mathematical and computational process, language is not applicable to chart.IL is similar to the combination of coding low-level languages.It is used in relatively simple logical instructions.Relay ladder diagram and ladder diagram is used for programmable controller is an important programming language.Ladder diagram programming is designed to relay logic diagram representation of the program.Flow chart is a graphic language, for use in a controller or operations described in the order of application software, it is used to establish a standard component of recycled runtime.C language is a high-level programming language, suitable for processing the most complicated calculation, a continuous data acquisition task.It typically run in PC debugging.BASIC language is used to handle the number of consecutive data acquisition and interface operation of high-level language. Programmable controller also specification of many computer interface equipment, network rules and characteristics.PLC energy equipment and running environment is also very important.The development history of programmable controller In 1968, general motors (GM), according to the needs of the development of the market situation and put forward the many varieties, small batch, new car brand model strategy.To implement this strategy, relying on the original industrial control device obviously not, and there must be a kind of new industrial control device, it can be with the change of the products, flexible and easily change control scheme to difficult to meet the different requirements of control. In 1969, the famous American digital equipment corporation (DEC) according to the function requirements of GM, developed the new industrial control device, and the GM of a vehicle to run automated production line for the first time to succeed.According to this new type of industrial control devices can be programmed to change control scheme this characteristic, and the situation of the specialized for Logic control, says the new industrial control device for the Programmable control (Programmable Logic Controller), hereinafter referred to as PLC. From 1968 to now, the PLC has experienced four generation: most of the first generation of PLC with a machine development, with the core memory storage, only the logic control function.In the second generation of PLC products for 8-bit microprocessor and semiconductor memory, PLC product seriation.The third generation of PLC product with high performance microprocessor and chip is used in great quantities in the PLC CPU, PLC speed greatly improved, thus enabling it to develop in the direction of multi-function communications and networking.The fourth generation of PLC products not only comprehensive use 16-bit and 32-bit high-performance microprocessors, high-performance slice microcontroller processor, RISC (Reduced instruction set computer) Reduced instruction system CPU and other advanced CPU, and more than one processor in a PLC configuration, multi-channel processing.Also produced a large number of embedded microprocessor module, only makes the fourth generation of PLC product has the function of logical control, process control, motion control, data control, networked control functions really worthy of the name of multi-functional controller.At the same time, the PLC network composed of PLC has also been rapid development.PLC and industrial control of PLC network in factory enterprises become the preferred device, composed of PLC multi-stage distributed PLC network become indispensable fundamental part of CIMS system.People spoke highly of the importance of PLC and its network, it is one of the three pillars of modern.Selecting machine model Market popular PLC products manufacturer in China with the following companies: (1) schneider company, including the introduction of early from Modicon company by the tianjin instrument instrument and meter plant products, products are now Quantum, Premium and Momentum; (2) rockwell company (including AB company) PLC products, products are now SLC and Micro Logix Control Logix etc. (3) of Siemens PLC products, products are now 400/300 / S7-200 series; (4) ge PLC products; (5) the companys products such as omron, mitsubishi, Fuji, panasonic, one of the most popular is the mitsubishi FX series.The basic principle of PLC selection is: in the input/output quantity meet the requirements under the premise of should choose the most reliable, maintenance, and use the most convenient and cost-effective optimal products.Selecting I/OPLC is an industrial control system, the control object is industrial production equipment or the production process of industrial products, working environment is the industrial production field.It connects the industrial production process is achieved by I/O interface module.PLC has a lot of I/O interface module including switch input module, the switch output module, analog input module and analog output module and special module, we should use according to the characteristics of their implementation options. (1) determine the number of input/output According to the requirements of the control system, determine the number of input/output required, should increase the spare quantity of 10% 20%, in order to increase control function in any time. (2) the switch quantity input/outputSwitch input/output interface and can take the signals from the sensors and switches and control equipment.A typical 24-240 - v ac input/output signals, 5-240 - v dc input/output signals. (3) the analog input/outputAnalog input/output inte rface can accept the signal generated by the sensor.These interfaces can be used to measure turnover rate, temperature and pressure, and thus to control the voltage or current output device.Range for these interfaces - 10-10 v, + 0 to 10 v, 4-20 ma, or 10 to 50 ma. Some manufacturers on the PLC design special dedicated analog interface, so it can receive low level signal.In general, this interface module can be used to receive different types of thermocouple and RTD mixed signal. (4) special function input/outputWhen selecting a PLC, user may faced some special types of input/output and some because of the location of the limited input/output and fast response and frequency problem caused by the non standard input/output.Now, the user should consider whether to accept by the market or manufacturers to provide a special module, through a dedicated part of the module and dispose data, so as to reduce the use of the CPU, improve the efficiency of the task processing, to minimize failure caused by high limit control.PLC statusIn a PLC, the lack of keyboard and other input and output devices is a very worthy of attention.In PLC front usually have a certain amount of status indicators.Usually indicates that:The start-up - as long as the PLC charged, it will be started.Program is running - this will indicate whether running or if no program is running.Error display - when PLC has a large hardware or software errors, it will be displayed.These lights are usually used for debugging.A certain number of button will also be provided to the PLC hardware.The most common button is a run/programming selection switch, when in keeping the state, it will be transferred to the programming;When the production status, it will be transferred to the operation.A PLC system almost no start closing switch or reset switch at the front.It needs to be designed into the system the rest.The state of the PLC can also be ladder logic diagram.Test whether the program implemented is very common for the first time.first scan input in ladder diagram by scanning for the first time, will is right, and in the rest of the time when the scanning is wrong.In this case, the PLC - 5 first scan address is S2:1/14 .According to the example of the logical relationship, the first scan will seal the light until the clear is started.So the light will be start brighter in the PLC, but after the clear is launched, it will shut down and remain in the closed position.first scan module is mentioned in the first pass module.PLC application domain At home and abroad at present, the PLC has been widely used in steel, petroleum, chemical, electric power, building materials, machinery manufacturing, automobile, textile, transportation, environmental protection and cultural industries with happiness and usage can be roughly divided into the following categories: (1) the switch quantity logic control This is the most basic, the most widely PLC applications, it replaces the traditional relay circuit, realize logic control, sequence control, can be used for control of single equipment, also can be used in many machines and automatic assembly line.Such as injection molding machine, printing machine, stapler machinery, combined machine tool, grinding machine, packaging production line, plating production line, etc. (2) analog control In the process of industrial production, there are a lot of continuous change, such as temperature, pressure, flow, liquid level and speed and so on are all analog.In order to make the programmable controller to deal with analog, must implement the analog quantity and digital quantity between A/D and D/A conversion module, the programmable controller for analog control. (3) motion control PLC can be used in circular motion and linear motion control.From control mechanism configuration, early applied directly to switch the I/O module connection position sensors and actuators, now in general use special motion control module.Such as driving a stepper motor or servo motor of uniaxial or multi-axis position control module.The worlds major products almost all have motion control function of PLC manufacturers, widely used in all kinds of machinery, machine tools, robots, elevators, etc. (4) process control Process control is to point to the analog quantities such as temperature, pressure, flow rate of the closed loop control.As industrial control computer, PLC can prepare the all kinds of control algorithm procedures, complete the closed-loop control.PID control is generally be applied closed loop control system of the control method.Large and medium-sized PLC has PID module, at present many small PLC also has the function module.PID processing is generally run special PID subroutine.The process control in metallurgy, chemical industry, heat treatment, boiler control occasions has wide application, etc. (5) the data processing Modern PLC with mathematical operation, data transmission, data conversion, sorting, look-up table, a function, such as the operation can complete data collection, analysis, and processing.These data can be compared with the reference value of memory, accomplish a certain number of control operation, also can send to other intelligent device, the use of communication function or printing them tabulation.Data processing is generally used in a large control system, such as unmanned control of flexible manufacturing systems;Can also be used to process control system, such as paper making, metallurgy, food industry, some of the large control system. (6) communications and networking PLC communication with the communication between PLC and the communication between PLC and other smart devices.With the development of computer control, factory automation network is growing fast, the PLC manufacturers have attached great importance to PLC communications functions, have launched their own network systems.The newly production PLC has a communication interface, communication is very convenient. PLC application field is still in the extension, in Japan, the application of PLC has been from the traditional industrial automatic control equipment and machinery, extended to the following areas of application: small and medium-sized process control system, remote maintenance service system, the energy conservation monitoring control system, and of the relation of living machines, relationship with the environment, and all have rapidly rising trend.It is important to note that with PLC, DSC mutual penetration, both the boundaries of an increasingly fuzzy, PLC applied to discrete manufacturing industry from the traditional to the applied to the continuous process industries to expand.译 文PLC介绍PLC（可编程控制器）是用于各种自动控制系统和过程的可控网络集线器。他们包含多个输入输出，输入输出是用于晶体管和其它电路，模拟开关和继电器来控制设备的。PLC用软件接口，标准计算器接口，专门的语言和网络设备编程。可编程逻辑控制器I/O通道规则包括所有的输入触点和输出触点，拓展能力和最大数量的通道。触点数量是输入点和输出点的总和。PLC可以指定这些值的任何可能的组合。扩展单元可以被堆栈或互相连接来增加总的控制能力。最大的数量的通道是在一个扩展系统中输入和输出通道的最大总数量。PLC系统规则包括扫描时间，指令数量，数据存储和程序存储。扫描时间是PLC需要的用来监测输入输出模块的时间。指令是用于PLC软件的标准操作。数据存储是存储数据的能力。程序存储是控制软件的能力。用于可编程控制器的输入设备包括DC，AC，中间继电器，热电偶，RTD，频率或脉冲，晶体管和中断信号输入；输出设备包括DC，AC，中间继电器，频率或脉冲，晶体管，三端双向可控硅开关元件；PLC的编程设备包括控制面板，手柄和计算机。可编程控制器用各种软件编程语言来控制。这些语言包括IEC61131-3，顺序执行表（SFC），动作方块图（FBD），梯形图（LD），结构文本（ST），指令序列（IL），继电器梯形图（RIL），流程图，C语言和Basic语言。IEC61131-3编程环境能支持五种语言，用国际标准加以规范，分别为SFC，FBD，LD，ST和IL。这便允许了多卖主兼容性和多种语言编程。SFC是一种图表语言，它提供了编程顺序的配合，能支持顺序选择和并列选择，二者择其一即可。FBD用一种大的运行库，以图表形式建立了一些复杂的过程。标准数学和逻辑运行可以与用户交流和接口运行相结合。LD是适合于离散控制和互锁逻辑的图表语言。它在离散控制上与FBD是完全兼容的。ST是一种文本语言，用于复杂的数学过程和计算，不太适用于图表语言。IL是与组合编码相似的低级语言。它用在相对比较简单的逻辑指令。继电器梯形图或梯形图是是用于可编程控制器的重要的编程语言。梯形图编程是设计成继电器逻辑程序的图表表示法。流程图是一种图表语言，用于在一个控制器或应用软件中描述顺序操作，它用于建立有标准组件的可循环使用的运行库。C语言是一种高级编程语言，适用于处理最复杂的计算，连续的数据采集任务。它典型地在PC机上运行调试。BASIC语言是用于处理数据的连续的数字采集和接口运行的高级语言。可编程控制器也规范了许多计算机接口设备，网络规则和特色。PLC能源设备和运行环境也是非常重要的。可编程控制器及其网络的发展历史1968年，美国通用汽车公司（GM）根据市场形势与发展的需要，提出了“多品种、小批量、不断翻新汽车品牌型号”的战略。要实现这个战略决策，依靠原有的工业控制装置显然不行，而必须有一种新的工业控制装置，它可以随着生产品种的改变，灵活方便地改变控制方案以难以满足对控制的不同要求。1969年，著名的美国数字设备公司（DEC）根据GM的功能要求，研制出了这种新的工业控制装置，并在GM公司的一条汽车自动化生产线上首次运行取得成功。根据这种新型工业控制装置可以通过编程改变控制方案这一特点，以及专门用于逻辑控制的情况，称这种新的工业控制装置为可编程序控制（Programmable Logic Controller）,简称PLC。从1968年到现在，PLC经历了四次换代：第一代PLC大多用一位机开发，用磁芯存储器存储，只有逻辑控制功能。在第二代PLC产品中换成了8位微处理器及半导体储存器，PLC产品开始系列化。第三代PLC产品随着高性能微处理器及位片式CPU在PLC中大量使用，PLC的速度大大提高，从而促使它向多功能及联网通信方向发展。第四代PLC产品不仅全面使用16位、32位高性能微处理器，高性能位片式微处理器，RISC（Reduced instruction set computer）精简指令系统CPU等高级CPU，而且在一台PLC中配置多个处理器，进行多通道处理。同时产生了大量内含微处理器的只能模块，使得第四代PLC产品成为具有逻辑控制功能、过程控制功能、运动控制功能、数据控制功能、联网控制功能的真正名副其实的多功能控制器。同一时期，由PLC组成的PLC网络也得到飞速发展。PLC与PLC网络成为工厂企业中首选的工业控制装置，由PLC组成的多级分布式PLC网络成为CIMS系统不可或缺的基本组成部分。人们高度评价PLC及其网络的重要性，认为它是现代化的三大支柱之一。选择模型我国的市场流行的PLC产品的生产厂家有以下几个公司：（1）施耐德公司，包括引进自Modicon公司由早期天津仪器仪表厂的产品，现在的产品有Quantum，Premium和Momentum；（2）罗克韦尔公司（包括AB公司）PLC产品，现在的产品有SLC、Micro Logix和Control Logix等；（3）西门子公司的PLC产品，现在的产品有S7-400/300/200等系列；（4）通用电气公司PLC产品；（5）日本公司的产品如欧姆龙，三菱，富士，松下，其中最受欢迎的是三菱公司的FX系列。PLC选型的基本原理是：在输入/输出数量满足要求的前提下应选择最可靠、维护和使用最方便以及性价比最优的产品。输入/输出选择PLC是一种工业控制系统，其控制对象是工业生产设备或工业产品生产过程、工作环境是工业生产现场。它连接的工业生产过程是通过I/O接口模块实现。PLC有很多I/O接口模块包括开关量输入模块、开关量输出模块、模拟量输入模块和模拟量输出模块以及一些特殊的模块，使用时我们应该根据他们的特点执行选项。（1）确定输入/输出数量根据控制系统的需求，确定所需输入/输出的数量，应增加备用量的10%-20%，为了能在任何时间增加控制功能。（2）开关量输入/输出开关量输入/输出接口可以从传感器和开关和控制设备接受信号。典型的交流输入/输出信号24-240V，直流输入/输出信号5-240