蜡烛的基本知识.doc

蠟燭製品基本知識一.蠟的概念、分類、性質1. 蜡的概念是一系列自然或合成产品的总称。 “蜡”首先是自然界的一些有机物，用于照明（蜡烛），与“油”相对。前者室温下是固体，加热后很快成为液体；后者常温下是液体。另外在其中还有一个“脂”的中间状态。最早的蜡多来自于动植物。蜡烛都用于宗教、礼仪和装饰。后来由两个方向发展了各种各样的蜡，并以物理延伸的概念为主.(1) 物理延伸：与现有的蜡具有相类似的物理性质的物质也都叫蜡。如石油中提炼出来的18个碳原子以上的正构烷烃具有室温下是固体，加热后很快成为液体，被称为“石蜡”；(2) 化学延伸：与现有的蜡具有相类似的化学结构的物质也都叫蜡。如只有10或13个碳原子的正构烷烃虽然室温下也是液体，但因为是正构烷烃，所以被称为“液体石蜡”。除照明外，蜡的其他性质陆续被应用，并已经成为一大类非常重要的物质。方便起见，该系列产品可细分为：天然蜡、合成蜡、 矿物蜡 、石油蜡(石蜡) ， 每一种蜡都用一些性能定义，如硬度、熔点、粘度、颜色和其他许多。这些性能决定了产品主要的潜在用途。2. 化學分類及性質蠟燭一般來說,都是由石蠟(paraffin wax) 、硬脂酸(stearin) 、蜂蠟(bee wax) 、棕櫚油(palm oil)按一定比例混合而成.(1) 共性:一般來說，各種蜡具有以下共同特性： A.20 下是固体，从软的、具有弹性的到脆且硬的固体； 一般在略高于40上时，就熔化，但不分解 可燃，可作为燃料 B.具有低的导热、导电性能C. 具有强的憎水性 (2) 特性:A. 棕榈蜡a.主要产地：印度尼西亚、马来西亚等; b.化学结构：以硬脂酸、棕榈酸为主的脂肪酸混合物; 用棕榈蜡或植物蜡生产的蜡烛,与石蜡生产的蜡烛相比，具有燃烧时间长、烟小、“流泪”少、香味柔和持久和色泽更好等优点，为天然绿色环保产品。在美国，出口棕榈蜡或植物蜡的蜡烛，将可以少交50%的惩罚性关税。c.生产工艺：植物、动物脂肪皂化、蒸馏得到粗硬脂酸，然后数次压榨分离并精制;d.性质： 高硬度，固体酸，晶体状。有一定的气味; e.主要用途： 乳化剂，硬化剂，蜡烛,上光，抛光. 主要质量指标熔点()相对密度(d)折光指数 (n)针入度外观 55-62(80/4) 0.8407(80) 1.4281(25) mm 015-025-040(大片) 正方形：（小片）001-01-03-05（大片） b.耐温:PVC材料-PET材料-铝质材料 低温50-70C（不耐酸碱型）-高温200C以上（耐酸碱型） c.行业应用:工艺礼品、化妆品、首饰品、塑料、皮革、反光布等。 d.常用的使用方法:喷撒、喷射、注塑、涂层、丝网印刷等。 e.闪光亮片:用于工艺礼品表面喷撒E. 珠光系列颜料a.珠光颜料、珠光浆用于工艺礼品表面浸蘸、喷涂b.珠光紫罗蓝，珠光蓝，珠光绿，珠光幻彩紫，601珠光浆，K120珠光粉 F. 蜡烛闪亮金属漆: 色彩鲜艳夺目, 呈现出如蚕丝般闪亮的金属光泽(6) 温度计：选择150200摄氏度规格的。用来测试温度，化学实验器材店有卖(7) 电吹风机：特殊蜡烛造型用。用来温化蜡。(8) 蜡:即石蜡，在化工店或蜡专营店购买，大综货物可以联系石蜡化工厂家的销售公司2.工藝流程(1) 计算蜡重; (2) 处理棉芯;(3) 模具;(4) 固定蜡芯;(5) 熔蠟A.熔化蜡蜡原料破碎，以便利于快速均匀受热，加快熔化。B.在大的外加热容器内放第二个小的容易，隔水加热（水浴加热）。这样就能很容易控制温度，避免过热，蜡起火，变色，挥发。 C.加入设计的颜色粉，搅拌均匀。D.在容器瓶中注入少许蜡液，放入蜡烛芯，做好造型，注入蜡烛液。E.加入需要的装饰物体。或注入不同颜色的蜡液。(6) 灌模(7) 脱模三.常見蠟燭的造型類別1.茶蠟(tea light candle):灌於一尺寸通常為1.5”(38mm)X0.75”(19mm)的金屬圓柱體內的一種蠟燭。結構組成副屬成分規格說明蠟基礎蠟純精練石蠟蠟添加劑0-30%硬脂酸紫外線抑制劑(防退色用)用量由工廠決定蠟溶解度130-142(54.4-61) 燈芯 樣式平編方編燈芯-纖維玻璃、棉、紙(不可含有金屬)頂端長度1/4”-1/2”底部長度深度1/4”或使用燈芯鐵片顏色 染色燈芯-粉底染至指定的顏色(若燈芯是染色的)浸染-用色素染至指定的顏色(若蠟燭是浸液染色的)香味香味用天然或人造油做指定的香味2.長錐蠟(taper candle):一種細長的圓錐型蠟,其長度通常在6”-18”之間,且必須放在適合其底部尺寸的燭台上使用。結構組成副屬成分規格說明蠟基礎蠟純精練石蠟蠟添加劑0-30%硬脂酸紫外線抑制劑(防退色用)用量由工廠決定蠟溶解度143-150(61.6-65.5) 燈芯 樣式平編方編燈芯-纖維玻璃、棉、紙(不可含有金屬)頂端長度1/4”-1/2”底部長度深度1/4”或使用燈芯鐵片顏色染色燈芯-粉底染至指定的顏色(若燈芯是染色的)浸染-用色素染至指定的顏色(若蠟燭是浸液染色的)香味香味用天然或人造油做指定的香味其它底部直徑7/8”+1%(除非有特別規定)(3) 柱型蠟(pillar or column candle):一種有規則的幾何形狀造型蠟燭,通常呈圓柱體狀立方體狀或橢圓體,其尺寸通常有3”X3”、3”X4”、3”X6”、3”X9”或4”X4”、4”X6”或6”X6”,可含有一個或多個燈芯.必須放在耐熱不會燃燒的表面或特定的燭座上使用。結構組成副屬成分規格說明蠟基礎蠟純精練石蠟蠟添加劑0-30%硬脂酸紫外線抑制劑(防退色用)用量由工廠決定蠟溶解度130-142(54.4-61) 燈芯 樣式平編方編燈芯-纖維玻璃、棉、紙(不可含有金屬)頂端長度1/4”-1/2”底部長度深度1/4”或使用燈芯鐵片顏色 染色燈芯-粉底染至指定的顏色(若燈芯是染色的)浸染-用色素染至指定的顏色(若蠟燭是浸液染色的)香味香味用天然或人造油做指定的香味4.罐蠟及填充蠟(filled and jar candle):這種蠟燭於生產時灌入一容器中,使用時蠟與容器是不可分離的。結構組成副屬成分規格說明蠟基礎蠟純精練石蠟蠟添加劑0-30%硬脂酸紫外線抑制劑(防退色用)用量由工廠決定蠟溶解度125-130(52-54.4) 燈芯 樣式平編方編燈芯-纖維玻璃、棉、紙(不可含有金屬)頂端長度1/4”-1/2”底部長度深度1/4”或使用燈芯鐵片顏色 染色燈芯-粉底染至指定的顏色(若燈芯是染色的)浸染-用色素染至指定的顏色(若蠟燭是浸液染色的)香味香味用天然或人造油做指定的香味其它容器必須是防火的且能耐熱而且不會被燒焦、融化、彎曲或破裂5.浮水蠟(floating candle):一種上部面積較大重心靠上的且具有扁平形狀之蠟燭,這種造型能方便蠟燭本身可以穩定地浮於水上。結構組成副屬成分規格說明蠟基礎蠟純精練石蠟蠟添加劑0-30%硬脂酸紫外線抑制劑(防退色用)用量由工廠決定蠟溶解度130-142(54.4-61) 燈芯 樣式平編方編燈芯-纖維玻璃、棉、紙(不可含有金屬)頂端長度1/4”-1/2”底部長度深度1/4”或使用燈芯鐵片顏色 染色燈芯-粉底染至指定的顏色(若燈芯是染色的)浸染-用色素染至指定的顏色(若蠟燭是浸液染色的)香味香味用天然或人造油做指定的香味6.Votive candle:一種小圓柱蠟,其尺寸一般為1.5”D或2.5”H且通常放入一玻璃杯內使用,不能單獨使用,否則會流蠟。結構組成副屬成分規格說明蠟基礎蠟純精練石蠟蠟添加劑0-30%硬脂酸紫外線抑制劑(防退色用)用量由工廠決定蠟溶解度130-142(54.4-61) 燈芯 樣式平編方編燈芯-纖維玻璃、棉、紙(不可含有金屬)頂端長度1/4”-1/2”底部長度深度1/4”或使用燈芯鐵片顏色 染色燈芯-粉底染至指定的顏色(若燈芯是染色的)浸染-用色素染至指定的顏色(若蠟燭是浸液染色的)香味香味用天然或人造油做指定的香味7.果凍蠟(gel candle):一種將加熱後的可塑性樹脂混合入白礦油中的並灌入一玻璃容器中的凝膠狀蠟燭,其色透明,遇明火時會劇烈燃燒。結構組成副屬成分規格說明蠟基礎蠟白色礦油和加熱後的可塑性樹脂混合而成(若非此二種成分,則必須事先告知)蠟添加劑無燈芯樣式燈芯-纖維玻璃、棉、紙(不可含有金屬)頂端長度1/4”-1/2”底部長度深度1/4”或使用燈芯鐵片顏色 染色燈芯-液體或用粉底染至指定的顏色香味香味用天然或人造油做指定的香味四.蠟燭的測試標準任何燃燒類產品,一定要通過正確而科學的方式進行完整的安全測試後方能進行量產,因為這種產品如果存在安全隱患而引起火災,它勢必給消費者造成財物上的重大損失,而且可能危及消費者的人生安全.EvaluationCitation/MethodCriteriaLABELINGOne Time Use Products *Fair Packaging and Labeling Act OR All Other Products*Uniform Packaging and Labeling RegulationsF.P. & L. Act(16 CFR 500)ORNIST Uniform Laws and Regulations Handbook 130Manufacturer, Packer, or Distributors Name & Address (City, State & Zip)Product IdentificationNet quantity of contents shall be expressed in terms of weight or mass, measure, numerical count, or combination so as to give accurate information to facilitate consumer comparison. (US and metric units)Candles - FPLA16 CFR 501.7Tapered candles and irregularly shaped decorative candles which are either hand dipped or molded do not need to be labeled with the diameter of the candle. The candles must be labeled with count and length or height in inches to meet the requirements of FPLA.CANDLEFilled Taper/IrregularVotive/Circular Votive/IrregularPillar/Circular Pillar/Square REQUIREMENTWax weight onlyHeight onlyHeight x DiameterHeight onlyHeight x DiameterHeight x Width Country of Origin Marking (If Imported)19 CFR 134Shall indicate country of origin legibly, permanently, and in comparable size and close proximity to any mention of country other than country in which the article was manufactured or produced. Must be visible at point of purchase.UPCVisualRecord if presentUse and Care InstructionsVisual ReviewShall be clear, concise, and understandable and:- Provide step-by-step method of use.- Be provided in language appropriate to destination countries.Provide a copy of the instructions in the report.EPA Registration/FIFRA 25b Exemption(Citronella candles only)EPA/FIFRAVendor must provide proof of EPA registration OR proof of state registration according to FIFRA; Lab will review documentation.Citronella Candle LabelingCA Dept of Pesticide Regulation & 40 CFR 156Must identify the active ingredient by name and %; listed as “Active Ingredient _% Oil of Citronella”; and the inert ingredients by name, listed in descending order of percentage as “Inert Ingredients_% (type of wax, scent, coloring in descending order, by percentage)”; must supply proof of ingredients. Must also state “Insect Repellant. For Outdoor Use Only”. A picture of a dead bug is acceptable, if used with all above required labeling.Cautionary Labeling (Candle)ASTM F2058-00Cautionary Labeling SizeASTM F2058Label Must Be A Minimum Of 0.4 In. (10 mm) High By 0.9 In (23mm) Wide. It shall Be Visually Different From Any Other Information. The Symbol And Signal Word Shall Be In Uppercase Boldface Letters At Least 0.04 In. (1mm) High Preceded By The Symbol At Least 0.12 In. (3mm) High. The Message Shall Be In Combination Of Uppercase And Lowercase Letters. The Uppercase Letters At Least 0.03 In. (0.8mm). If The Warning Label Appears In Conjunction With Other Label Text, The Word “Warning” Shall Be 10% Larger Than The Largest Text With The Exception Of The Product Title.Candle Lantern / Holder Warning Statement:Target Std.“Use With A Candle Only.Always Place Away From Flammable Materials And On A Temperature-Safe Surface During Use.Keep Away From The Reach Of Small Children.Never Leave Burning Candle Unattended.”Candle Instructions ReviewVisualInstructions For All TypesTrim Wick to ” Prior To Lighting. Do Not Allow Wick Trimmings To Accumulate In Wax Pool Place on temperature safe surface.Also must include the following for specific candle types:Filled Candle: “Container Will Be Hot When Candle Is Lit”ANALYTICALLead In Surface CoatingASTM E1613/E1645(Mod.)Shall not exceed 600ppm (0.06% by weight) total leadLead In Wick(All Wicks)16 CFR 1500.17(a)(13) Mod. Must be less than 600ppm (0.06% by weight) total leadNo metal wicks allowed.Polarity of Fragrance (Gel Candles Only)Combine fragrance with mineral oil: 1) 25% fragrance and 75% mineral oil;2) 75% fragrance and 25% mineral oil.Report. Fragrance shall be non-polar (100% soluble with no separation) at the two ratios of fragrance and mineral oil.Flashpoint of Fragrance/ Liquid on Raw Materials (If Applicable)(Gel Candles Only)16 CFR 1500.43a/16 CFR 1500.3(c)(6)Flashpoint shall be greater than 150 F.Paraffin ContentOnly for candles imported from China.US Customs LA Bulletin 02 005/US CustomersMethod 34-07Only for candles imported from China. Non-novelty candles must contain less than 50% paraffin wax (50% palm oil/non-paraffin). Percent paraffin must be reported. Additional tests may be necessary, at vendors expense, if Customs verification is required.Paraffin/Palm Oil ContentUS Customs LA Bulletin 02-005/US Customers Method 34-07Must Be Provided Label For Candle Content.PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICSDimensions of Candle (L x W x H) (In.)TM-HL-0001Report dimensions of candle; shall meet label claims (If applicable) (-0%/ +5%).Dimensions of Holder (L x W x H) (In.)TM-HL-0001Report dimensions of holder; shall meet label claims (If applicable) (-0%/ +5%).Weight Of Candle (Gms.)TM-HL-0001Report weight of candle; shall meet label claims (If applicable) (-0%/ +5%).Weight of Holder (Gms.)TM-HL-0001Report weight of holder; shall meet label claims (If applicable) (-0%/ +5%).Wick Length (In.)TM-HL-0001Sufficient length for lighting (min. ” exposed wick)FragranceSensoryMust comply with claimsWick Analysis:A.Shape&DimensionsVisualReport actual.B. Construction, Type, Defects, Etc.VisualReport actual.C. Metal CoresVisualMetal core wicks are not allowed.D. ClipVisualMust contain a wire clip on the bottom of candle or the wick needs to be recessed ” at the bottom.Aesthetic EvaluationVisualShall be free of bubbles, cracks, chips, or dents except when they are intended as part of the design/pattern.CONSTRUCTION QUALITIESWorkmanshipVisualNo major defects; one minor defect allowedSharp Points/Edges16 CFR 1500.48/49Shall have no hazardous sharp points/edgesMaterial TypeVisualAs ClaimedWood Humidity Content (If Applicable)Std. MeasureShall be in the range of 8 - 12% (Depending On Wood Type) For Wood Based Material OnlyWorkmanshipVisualNo Major Defects - Sharp Points Or Edges (All Material Types)PERFORMANCE (unconditioned and with appropriate candle)NOTE: Length of burn time is 64 hours. Extinguish candle after 64 hours and process report even if the sample has not self-extinguished, unless one of the following conditions exists:1. If the candle contains embedded objects that are not exposed within 64 hours, the candle must be burned long enough to expose all embedded material. 2. If there is a claim in excess of 64 hours, the candle must be burned to verify the claim.*Flammability of Solids16 CFR 1500.44(Mod)Burn Rate 0.1 in/sec. All surfaces of each different material on candleholders must be tested for flammability of solids.Fit Of CandleVisualShall Allow Proper Fit of Candle (As Labeled) Cup HolderActual UseNo Failure To Cup Or Support During The Burn Test. Note: Burn Appropriate Sized Candle For Evaluation Of The Cup Support Only, Wax Melt Over Or Other Burning Characteristics Does Not Constitute A Failure Scratch ResistanceVisualShall Not Cause Scratches Or Marring To Polished Wood Surface Under Its Own Weight (3 Times, 1 Foot) Note: Items For Indoor Use OnlyDrop TestASTM F-963 (Mod.)Modification: No Fracture one 18” Drop.Colorfastness to LightFade-O-MeterMust Withstand 10hrs. Colorfastness to light (min. class 4.0) Light source UV Germicidal 30W (G30T8) keeping the candle wrapping on item.Resistance To CorrosionASTM B117(Mod.)No Change After 24 Hours In Salt Spray (Fog) With No Corrosion Or Rusting (Modification = 1% Saline)Effects Of Extreme Temperature (Environmental)H-101224 Hours 0 F And 120 F - No Failure Or Visual ChangeNON-CONDITIONED APPROPRIATE CANDLEVisual SmokeVisual(Hourly readings)Smoke is recorded as “Intermittent” or “Continuous”. The total number of readings must not exceed 20% (intermittent) / 10% (continuous) of the total number of hours burned.Flame HeightASTM PS 59-02, Section 4.1 / TargetFlame height shall not exceed 2 inches when measured from the base of the flame to the tip of the flame.Secondary IgnitionASTM PS 59-02, Section 4.2Shall not cause secondary ignition, such as igniting material other than the intended wick during candle burning testing.End of Useful LifeASTM PS 59-02, Section 4.3Shall not break the container, exhibit excessive flame height, or exhibit secondary ignition prior to end of useful life.StabilityASTM PS 59-02, Section 4.4Shall not tip over when placed on a minimum 8-15 incline. Asymmetrical items - Rotation around vertical axis is required.Flammability Abuse TestContainer Interior OnlySustained Direct Flame (container inclined 45) Internal surface of candleholder only - the flame impingement shall be 5 minutes. Shall not crack or break exposing a sharp point/edge or expose flame to the outside of the holder. Holder damage (non-hazardous) is acceptable.Burning Time (if claimed)Std. MeasureAs approval sample must comply with claims (Report claimed & actual length of burn time in hours)Burning Characteristics / AbnormalitiesVisual1 (hourly readings)Shall Not Collapse Or Produce Wax Melt Over Which Will Contact The Table Surface; Wax Shall Not Be Flammable; Shall Not Self-Extinguish Prior To Complete “Wick Burn”*, No Visually Excessive Build-Up Of Residue On Container Walls, No Sparking. (*Attempt Will Be Made To Re-Light The Candle Up To Three Times When Self Extinguish Occurs. If Candle Relights, Then Not Considered A Failure, If Candle Self Extinguishes More Than 3 Times, This Is Noted As A Failure). (Length Of Burn Is 8 Hours Per Day/Maximum Burning Time For Test 64 HoursIf Item Has Embedded Materials, Candle Shall Be Burned Longer, Until These Mater