高中语法-名词.doc

名词专题知识要点名词的分类，数，格，用法和常用名词辨析高考重点名词辨析，不可数名词，双重所有格，名词作定语学生难点名词辨析，不可数名词要点一 名词的分类1 .专有名词：指某人，某地，某机构等专有的名称，其首字母要大写。如HongKong,China,Bill Clinton,Red Cross 个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如student,book名 普 可数名词词 通 C 集体名词：表示若干个体组成的集合体，如：family, class, police名词 不可数名词 物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：cotton,air,tea U 抽象名词：表示抽象概念，如 :work，happiness,news2 Group noun2.1 有些集体名词通常只用作复数，如：people, cattle, police, the youth(used as a plural noun: The youth of a place or country are the young people there. This is a formal use. .the youth of America.You can also talk about the youth of a particular period. .the youth of today.When youth has either of these meanings, it is a plural noun. You use a plural form of a verb with it. Eg. The youth of the country are too often uncouth, unfit, and uncivilised. The youth of the Nineties are seeing splits and social divisions opening up before them.);2.2 有些名词只用作单数，如：machinery, furniture, equipment, jewellery, clothing, luggage(baggage), traffic, mankind, poetry;2.3 有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数，单数看做整体，复数强调集体中的成员们。如：The crew is large.船员人数很多（指整体）；The crew are all tired.船员们都累坏了（个体）。family, class，group, team, army, government, party, board.3 Uncountable noun3.1 没有复数，不加a, an或数词。加the表特指，表泛指用零冠词。常考不可数名词：wealth, advice, equipment, progress, furniture, scenery, information, knowledge, traffic, baggage, news, weather, jewelry, poetry, fun, cloth, clothing,3.2 有些词既作可数又不可数，但意义不同：CUglassironpaperlightbeautyexperienceroomorangewoodyouthfishtimeMan, word3.3 一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词，但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时，可用作可数名词且词义发生变化，主要类型如下：抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如：抽象名词（不可数） 具体化（个体名词，可数名词）in surprise惊讶地 a surprise一件令人惊讶的事win success获得成功 a success一个(件)成功的人(事)win honor赢得荣誉 an honor一个(件)引以为荣的(事)Failure(失败)is the mother of success a failure失败者失败是成功之母。youth青春 a youth一个青年人have pity on sb.怜悯某人 a pity可惜的事情with pleasure乐意 a pleasure乐事knowledge a knowledge ofwealth a wealth of抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。如：A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.He received a good education.Would you like to have a walk(swim, bath, talk)with me?She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.3.4 物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类之多、各式各样时，可以用作可数名词。如：物质名词有形或数的相应物体，有单、复数。如：some coffee一些咖啡，a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡，some drink一些饮料, a drink一杯饮料，three drinks三杯饮料，his hair他的头发，a few grey hairs几根白发，waters水体，fruits各式水果。物质名词有前置后置修饰时，前面要使用不定冠词。have breakfast The road is covered with snow.have a wonderful breakfast They have a heavy snow every year.Time and tide wait for no man.We had a wonderful time last night.3.5 不可数名词量的表示：物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量，如a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice一则建议。名词前“许多”的不同Much, a little, a bit of, less, the least, a great deal of, a large/small amount of,U接动词单数形式Large amounts of 接动词复数形式。Many/a good many, a few, fewer, several, a number of,复C接动词复数形式Many a单 C接动词单数形式。A lot of/ lots of, plenty of, some, any, enough, a large quantity of, a mass of /masses of , the rest of, most of,U接动词单数形式Large quantities of接动词复数形式。复C接动词复数形式要点二 名词的数4 可数名词的复数构成规则: （1）规则变化。单数名词词尾直接加-s。如：boy boys, pen pens。以s、x 、ch 、sh结尾的单词一般加-es。如：glass glasses,box boxes, watch watches, brush brushes。特例：stomach stomaches。以“辅音字母 + y”结尾的变“y”为“i”再加“-es”。如：baby babies, lady ladies, fly flies。Key?!以“o”结尾的多数加-es。如：tomato tomatoes, potato potatoes, hero heroes ,Negroes, dingoes。但以两个元音字母结尾的名词和部分外来词中以o结尾的词只加-s。如：radio radios, zoo zoos, photo photos, piano pianos, kilo kilos, tobacco tobaccos。以“f”或“fe”结尾的名词复数形式变“f”或“fe”为“v”，之后再加-es。如：wife wives, life lives, knife knives, wolf wolves, self selves, leaf leaves等。特例：handkerchief handkerchiefs, roof roofs, chief chiefs, gulf gulfs, belief beliefs, cliff cliffs。复合名词的复数形式。（A）在复合词中最后名词尾加-s。如：armchair armchairs, bookcase bookcases, bookstore book-stores, boy-friend boy-friends, grown-up grown-ups。（B）man和woman作定语修饰另一个名词时，前后两个名词都要变成复数。如：man doctor men doctors, woman driver women drivers。（C）与介词或副词一起构成的复合名词应在主体名词部分加-s。如：brother-in-law brothers-in-law, passer-by passers-by, editors-in-chief总编辑。有的名词有两种复数形式。如：zero zeros 、zeroes, deer deers 、deer。penny的两种复数形式含义有所不同。如：pence（便士的钱数），pennies(便士的枚数)。（2）不规则变化。改变元音字母的。如：man men, mouse mice, foot feet,woman women, tooth teeth, goose geese。特例： ox oxen, child children。单、复数同形。如：means, aircraft, deer, fish, Chinese,Japanese, sheep, works（工厂）,Swiss 。有些名词通常只用作复数。如：glasses眼镜，clothes衣服， trousers裤子，socks,goods货物，belongings所有物, glasses(眼镜);remains(遗体/物);clothes; thanks, stairs, ruins 废墟，contents(目录); customs(海关); arms(武器); wages工资，riches财富, surroundings环境，savings储蓄, fireworks烟火,ashes骨灰, compasses圆规， congratulations祝贺，have words with sb. 同某人吵架，in high spirits以很高热情地，give ones regards to sb.向某人问侯，in rags衣衫破烂，It is good manners to do sth.有礼貌做某事, in other words, take turns, make preparations for, shake hands, make friends with, make ends meet, take pains下功夫。缩写,数字,字母等在后面加s或s都可,如: some VIPs (VIPs); in his 50s / 50s; in the 1990s / 1990s; There are two ts in the word “letter”.表示某国人的复数形式:A:单复一样:(Chinese / Japanese) B: 把man变成men : Englishmen; Frenchmen, policeman; C:其它加s (包括Germans, humans)5 形式上复数而非复数。News, politics, physics, maths. 以s结尾，仍为单数的名词：the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。例如：The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book. 一千零一夜是一本非常有趣的故事书。6 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses （眼镜）trousers,clothes等，若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair（对，双）;suit（套）; a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。要点三 名词的格7 名词的所有格7.1 其构成多在词尾加上“s”,如：Toms bike, Marxs works。以s结尾的专有名词，在词尾后加“”或“s”。如：Engels/Engelss works（someone elses keys）。以s结尾的复数名词，只在词尾加“”。如：students homework, a workers night school 一所工人夜校。不以s结尾的复数名词，仍在词尾加“s”。如：mens clothes 男士衣服 childrens books 儿童读物。7.2 如果一个事物为两个人共有，只在后一个名词的词尾加“s”，如果不是共有，就要在两个名词的词尾分别加上“s”。例如：Tom and Mikes video camera汤姆和迈克合用的摄像机 Toms and Mikes video cameras汤姆、迈克各自的摄像机7.3 表示店铺或某人的家时，常在名词所有格后省去shop, house等名词。 如：the tailors 裁缝店，the barbers理发店，go to the doctors上诊所， at my uncles在我叔叔家，go to the chemists (shop)7.4 She has views different from her fathers7.5 表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词，可以在词尾加“s”或“”来表示所有格。如：todays newspaper, half an hours rest, two weeks work, ten minuteswalk, Chinas population, Shanghais industry7.6 表示无生命的名词一般用of短语表示所有关系。如：the students of their school, the teachers of Grade 27.7 双重所有格：a / an / this / that / these / those / some / any / a few / no / every / several / such / another / which 等+名词+of +.s / 名词性物主代词（表示“部分”的概念或表示某种感情色彩，如：赞赏、讨厌等）；Some students of Mister Zhangs have gone to college.张老师的一些学生已经上大学了。That invention of hers belongs to the world. 她的那项发明是属于全世界的（表赞赏）。比较：a friend of her mothers她母亲的一个朋友（强调她母亲的朋友中的一位，为双重所有格）a friend of her mother她母亲的朋友（强调两人间的关系，为of所有格）a picture of his brothers(他弟弟的所拥有的照片中的一张，照片上不一定是他本人)a picture of his brother（他弟弟本人的一张照片，照片上就是他本人）7.8 关于“的”：the key to the door, the entrance to the park, the answer to the question, the reply to the question, the invitation to the concert, his contribution to his motherland, the approach to the study of English.要点四 名词的用法名词可作除谓语的其它成分。8 名词作定语8.1 名词作定语往往起分类作用，表示