锻炼是怎样影响大脑.docx

How exercise affects the brain: Age and genetics play a role 发布时间：2012-05-28文章出自：美国每日科学原文链接：点击查看ScienceDaily (May 18, 2012) Exercise clears the mind. It gets the blood pumping and more oxygen is delivered to the brain. This is familiar territory, but Dartmouths David Bucci thinks there is much more going on.In the last several years there have been data suggesting that neurobiological changes are happening - there are very brain-specific mechanisms at work here, says Bucci, an associate professor in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences.From his studies, Bucci and his collaborators have revealed important new findings:The effects of exercise are different on memory as well as on the brain, depending on whether the exerciser is an adolescent or an adult.A gene has been identified which seems to mediate the degree to which exercise has a beneficial effect. This has implications for the potential use of exercise as an intervention for mental illness.Bucci began his pursuit of the link between exercise and memory with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), one of the most common childhood psychological disorders. Bucci is concerned that the treatment of choice seems to be medication.The notion of pumping children full of psycho-stimulants at an early age is troublesome, Bucci cautions. We frankly dont know the long-term effects of administering drugs at an early age - drugs that affect the brain - so looking for alternative therapies is clearly important.Anecdotal evidence from colleagues at the University of Vermont started Bucci down the track of ADHD. Based on observations of ADHD children in Vermont summer camps, athletes or team sports players were found to respond better to behavioral interventions than more sedentary children. While systematic empirical data is lacking, this association of exercise with a reduction of characteristic ADHD behaviors was persuasive enough for Bucci.Coupled with his interest in learning and memory and their underlying brain functions, Bucci and teams of graduate and undergraduate students embarked upon a project of scientific inquiry, investigating the potential connection between exercise and brain function. They published papers documenting their results, with the most recent now available in the online version of the journal Neuroscience.Bucci is quick to point out that the teams of both graduate and undergraduates are responsible for all this work, certainly not just me. Michael Hopkins, a graduate student at the time, is first author on the papers.Early on, laboratory rats that exhibit ADHD-like behavior demonstrated that exercise was able to reduce the extent of these behaviors. The researchers also found that exercise was more beneficial for female rats than males, similar to how it differentially affects male and female children with ADHD.Moving forward, they investigated a mechanism through which exercise seems to improve learning and memory. This is brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and it is involved in growth of the developing brain. The degree of BDNF expression in exercising rats correlated positively with improved memory, and exercising as an adolescent had longer lasting effects compared to the same duration of exercise, but done as an adult.The implication is that exercising during development, as your brain is growing, is changing the brain in concert with normal developmental changes, resulting in your having more permanent wiring of the brain in support of things like learning and memory, says Bucci. It seems important to exercise early in life.Buccis latest paper was a move to take the studies of exercise and memory in rats and apply them to humans. The subjects in this new study were Dartmouth undergraduates and individuals recruited from the Hanover community.Bucci says that, the really interesting finding was that, depending on the persons genotype for that trophic factor BDNF, they either did or did not reap the benefits of exercise on learning and memory. This could mean that you may be able to predict which ADHD child, if we genotype them and look at their DNA, would respond to exercise as a treatment and which ones wouldnt.Bucci concludes that the notion that exercise is good for health including mental health is not a huge surprise. The interesting question in terms of mental health and cognitive function is how exercise affects mental function and the brain. This is the question Bucci, his colleagues, and students continue to pursue. 锻炼是怎样影响大脑：年龄和基因的作用发布时间：2012-05-28文章出自：译言原文链接：点击查看Exercise clears the mind. It gets the blood pumping and more oxygen is delivered to the brain. This is familiar territory, but Dartmouths David Bucci thinks there is much more going on.锻炼是怎样影响大脑：年龄和基因的作用。科学日报（2012.5.18）：锻炼使大脑清醒。锻炼压缩血管并传送更多的氧气到大脑。这是大家熟已为知的说法，但是Dartmouth的David Bucci认为远不止这些。在过去的几年中已经在大量的数据显示神经正在发生变化-来自心理大脑科学部门的副教授Bucci说：这正是大脑中的特殊机制在起作用。通过他的研究，Bucci及他的合作伙伴发布了新的重要研究成果：锻炼对记忆和大脑的影响是不同的，其影响取决于锻炼人是成年人还是未成年人。一种似乎可以识别哪种锻炼是有益的基因已经被发现。这就意味着锻炼可用作心理疾病治疗的潜在可能性。Bucci开始进行锻炼和注意力不集中症（ADHD)的研究,注意力不集中症是儿童常见的心理障碍。Bucci告诫说在早年使儿童处于较高的心理兴奋状态会带来很多麻烦，因为我们并不知道实行药物治疗所带来的长期影响效果，即对大脑的影响，因此寻找可以替代的治疗方式是显而易见非常重要的。Bucci用佛蒙特州同事的研究结果开始注意力不集中症的研究。通过对佛蒙特州注意力不集中症儿童的研究，体格健壮或参与团队动作的儿童和安静的儿童相比对外界行为干预有更好的反应尽管缺乏二者之间的系统关系，但对于Bucci来说，锻炼与注意力不集中症的下降关系已经足够了。Bucci结合他对学习和记忆的兴趣及二者潜在的大脑作用，Bucci及一个本科生研究生团队开始了一个锻炼和大脑作用相互关系的科学研究工程。他们发布了他们的研究成果，现在最新的已经可以在Neuroscience杂志上获得。Bucci很快指出：这项研究有团队组各个成员的功劳，并不仅仅是我一个人。当时的本科生Michael Hopkins 是这篇论文的第一作者。在早期有注意力不集中症的小白鼠表明锻炼有改善作用。同时研究者发现锻炼在雌性小白鼠上的作用明显于雄性小白鼠，这一点和儿童上的性别影响作用不同现象相似。更进一步，研究小组发现了一个锻炼似乎可以提高学习和记忆的机制。这就是BDNF，并且它参与了大脑的生长发育过程。这种BDNF在锻炼的小白鼠中表现出了显著的记忆改善效果，并且锻炼对未成年小白鼠的记忆改善作用明显比成年小白鼠更持久。这就意味着在大脑发育阶段进行锻炼会使正常的大脑发育发生变化，使你更多的脑神经，这些脑神经对学习和记忆起积极作用。在早期进行锻炼就变的很重要了，Bucci说。Bucci最新的一份论文是把他对小白鼠锻炼和记忆的研究成果转移到对人的研究中，这项新研究的试验者是从Haover社区中招募的研究生和个人。Bucci说：根据试验者BDNF的基因类型，非常有趣的发现这些研究结果表明锻炼并不能使正常人的学习和记忆得到改善。这就意味着锻炼作为一种治疗方式仅对记忆力不集中症的儿童有效。Bucci说锻炼对生理及心理有益并不是一个新颖的观点，但心理健康和认知功能的有趣问题是锻炼是怎样影响心理功能和大脑的，这仍然是Bucci及他的同事继续在探索的问题。本文由由译言网kkstrr提供职场英语：用完美答案应对面试官刁钻问题 2012年05月28日 10:44 沪江英语你会取代我的地位吗Q: Will you be out to take my job?提问：你会取代我的地位吗？A: Maybe in about twenty years, but by then, I suspect youll be running the entire company and will need a good, loyal lieutenant to help you manage this department!回答：也许20年后会。不过到那个时候，您将会掌管整个公司，并且需要一个优秀的、忠诚的员工来协助您管理这个部门。如果你在这里工作了5年还没有得到升职Q: What if you work here for five years and dont get promoted? Many of our employees dont. Wont you find it frustrating?提问：如果你在这里工作了5年还没有得到升职，我们这里很多员工都遇到过这种情况。到时，你会不会觉得很受挫？A: I consider myself ambitious, but Im also practical. As long as I am continuing to learn and grow within my position, Ill be a happy camper. Different companies promote people at different rates, and Im pretty confident that working for you will keep my motivated and mentally stimulated for several years to come。回答：我觉得自己是个很有抱负的人，同时我也很实际。只要我能够在所从事的岗位上不断地学习和成长，我就很高兴了。不同公司的晋升速度是不一样的。我自信在贵公司工作可以在未来的几年里一直激励我进步。你最大的缺点是什么？Q: What is your biggest weakness thats really a weakness, and not a secret strength?提问：你最大的缺点是什么？我指的是真的缺点，而不是披了缺点外衣的优点。A: I am extremely impatient. I expect my employees to prove themselves on the very first assignment. If they fail, my tendency is to stop delegating to them and start doing everything myself. To compensate for my own weakness, however, I have started to really prep my people on exactly what will be expected of them。回答：我很没有耐心。我希望我的下属能在接到任务的第一时间就证明自己的实力。如果他们失败了，我就不会再把任务交给他们去做，而是自己亲力亲为。不过，为了弥补这个缺点，我会在一开始把工作交代给他们的时候，就说清楚我希望得到的是什么样的结果。我要怎么确定你以前的工作经历对我这一行有用呢？Q: You have changed careers before. Why should I let you experiment on my nickel?提问：你之前从事过不同的行业，我要怎么确定你以前的工作经历对我这一行有用呢？A. As a career-changer, I believe that Im a better employee because Ive gained a lot of diverse skills from moving around. These skills help me solve problems creatively。回答：作为一个在不同行业工作过的人来说，我觉得自己更能胜任成为好员工，因为我在不同的行业里积累了各种工作经验和技能，这些技能可以帮助我在思考问题时更有想法、更具创造力。如果你知道你之前所在的公司正在面临困境，那你为什么不早点离开那里呢？Q: If you knew that things at your company were rocky, why didnt you get out of the company sooner?提问：如果你知道你之前所在的公司正在面临困境，那你为什么不早点离开那里呢？A: I was working so hard to keep my job while everyone around me was being cut that I didnt have any time left over to look for another job. With all of the mergers that have been happening in our field, layoffs are a way of life. At least I gave it my best shot!回答：当我的同事纷纷被解雇的时候，我还在努力地工作，我没有时间去找其他的工作。我们这个行业常常会有兼并，下岗也就成了常态。至少，我坚持到了最后职场英语：用完美答案应对面试官刁钻问题(2) 2012年05月28日 10:44 沪江英语你曾经两次被炒鱿鱼，你对此有什么样的看法？Q: From your resume, it looks like you were fired twice. How did that make you feel?提问：从你的简历里可以看出，你曾经两次被炒鱿鱼。你对此有什么样的看法？A: After I recuperated from the shock both times, it made me feel stronger. Its true that I was fired twice, but I managed to bounce back both times and land jobs that gave me more responsibility, paid me more money, and were at better firms。回答：每次从被解雇的震惊中恢复过来之后，我都变得更加强大。没错，我的确被解雇了两次，但每次我都能振作起来，重新找到工作，而且这些工作比之前的都更加需要责任心，当然薪水也更高，公司也更好。如果你所经营的公司是生产X产品的，而现在市场对该产品的需求不高，你会怎么做？Q: If you were running a company that produces X and the market wastanking for that product, what would you do?提问：如果你所经营的公司是生产X产品的，而现在市场对该产品的需求不高，你会怎么做？A: I would search for new markets for the product while I spurred the engi你是学哲学专业的，你认为这对你从事我们这个行业有什么帮助？neers to change the product to make it more marketable to its original core audience。回答：我会为该产品寻找新的市场，同时，我会鼓励工程师对原产品进行改革升级，使它更适应原目标客户的需求。Q: You majored in philosophy. How did that prepare you for this career?提问：你是学哲学专业的，你认为这对你从事我们这个行业有什么帮助？A: Philosophy didnt prepare me for a career in architecture at all. But it did force me to become philosophical about my prospects. After two years of trying to figure out what to do with my life, I visited Chicago one weekend, and was absolutely spell bound by the gorgeous architecture all around me. I came home, applied to architecture schools all over the country, and was accepted by one of the best. Ive never looked back.this is definitely the career that I was meant to be in。回答：哲学对于我从事建筑行业来说并没有帮助，但是这却让我不得不从哲学角度来考虑我的前景。我花了两年时间考虑自己到底该从事什么工作。有一次，我去了芝加哥，在那里我被周围奇妙的建筑所深深吸引。我回到家，向国内最好的那些建筑院校递交了申请，并被其中一所录取。我从来没有后悔过，这就是我想要从事的行业。你现在已经40多岁了，而你愿意从头开始接受一份入门级的工作吗？Q: Are you telling me that, now that youre forty-something, you would be willing to start at an entry-level position just to get your foot in the door here?提问：你现在已经40多岁了，而你愿意从头开始，接受一份入门级的工作，你是这个意思吗？A: Sometimes you need to take a step backward to mov