高中英语语法学生版1.doc

高中定语从句详细讲解（一）定义及相关术语定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。（二）关系代词引导的定语从句关系词指代成分that人，物主 宾Which人，物主 宾who人主 宾Whom人宾whose人，物定1 who指人，在定语从句中作主语。TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwhohadlosthisway.Thatistheteacherwhoteachesusphysics. 。2whom指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。MrLiuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.LiMingisjusttheboy(whom)Iwanttosee.Theprofessor(whom)youarewaitingforhascome.Thegirl(whom)theteacheroftenpraisesisourmonitor.注意：关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替，也可省略。Theman(whom/who)youmetjustnowismyoldfriend. 3 Which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.Thefactorywhichmakescomputersisfarawayfromhere.Helikestoreadbookswhicharewrittenbyforeignwriters.。4that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。Thenumberofpeoplethat/whocometovisitthiscityeachyearreachesonemillion.Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?Thepersonthat/whomyouintroducedtomeisverykind.Theseasonthat/whichcomesafterspringissummer.YesterdayIreceivedaletterthat/whichcamefromAustralia.5 Whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。whose+n. 引导定语从句的结构是定语从句的一个考查热点，此结构可以换成是the+n.+of+which引导定语从句或者可以换成是of which +the+n.Ivisitedascientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry.Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.Ioncelivedinthehousewhoseroofhasfallenin.注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?Doyoulikethebookthecoverofwhichisyellow?限制性定语从句中只能用that引导定语从句的情况1当先行词是everything,anything,nothing(something除外),all,none,few,little,some等不定代词时，或当先行词受every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等代词修饰时。如：HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lisaid?Thereseemstobenothingthatisimpossibletohimintheworld.Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou.Hestayedinthelibraryandlookedupanyinformationthattheyneeded.注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who，如：Anymanthat/whohasasenseofdutywontdosuchathing.Allthegueststhat/whowereinvitedtoherweddingwereimportantpeople.2 当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.3 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如：ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.这是我看过的最好的电影。4当先行词被thevery,theonly修饰时。如：ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy.Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowns.注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。如：WangHuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting.5 当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时。如：Whoisthemanthatisstandingbythegate?WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?6 当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。如：TheytalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthattheyrememberedatschoolLookatthemanandhisdonkeythatarewalkingupthestreet. who、whom、that 的区别 a.先行词为those或people 时，常用关系代词who,不用that b.介词之后用关系代词whom引导定语从句介词+关系代词引导定语从句的用法 a. 介词之后的关系代词只能用which（先行词为物）或者是whom（先行词为人） b. 介词的选择方法有三个原则：一“先”二“动”三“意义” I lost my pen, with which I took notes. (先行词为pen,使用钢笔用with) This is the house in which he lives. (定语从句中谓语动词live为不及物动词)The gas is oxygen without which we cant live. (根据句意决定)（3） “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。Theschool(which/that)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.他曾经就读过的学校很出名。TomorrowIllbringherethemagazine(which/that)youaskedfor.TomorrowIllbringherethemagazineforwhichyouasked.明天我将把你要的杂志带来。Thisistheboy(whom/who/that)Iplayedtenniswithyesterday.ThisistheboywithwhomIplayedtenniswithyesterday.这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。注意：含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。Thisisthewatch(which/that)Iamlookingfor.(正)这是我正在找的手表。ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.(误)Thebabies(whom/who/that)thenurseislookingafterareveryhealthy.(正)Thebabiesafterwhomthenurseislookingareveryhealthy.（误）“介词+关系代词”前还可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代词或者数词。如：Heloveshisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.Uptonow,hehaswrittentenstories,threeofwhichareaboutcountrylife.先行词为way时 先行词为way，在定语从句中作状语时，用that，in which引导定语从句，也可以省略关系词。e.g. I dont like the way(that/in which) he speaks to his parents.（四）关系副词引导的定语从句 (when, where, why)注意：在从句中缺少状语先行词关系词成分时间 time, day. holidayWhen状语地点 place ,city, house ,caseWhere状语原因（the reason）why状语1 when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametothisschool.Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallyarrived.October1,1949wasthedaywhenthePeoplesRepublicofChinawasfounded.Doyouremembertheyearswhenhelivedinthecountrysidewithhisgrandparents2where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.Ivisitedthefarmwherealotofcowswereraised.Isthistheplacewheretheyfoughttheenemy?3. why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.Thereasonwhyhewaspunishedisunknowntous.Idontknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如：Greatchangesaretakingplaceinthecitywhere/inwhichtheylive.Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisquiteclear. 先行词表示时间、地点、原因时，在定语从句中作状语，选择相应的关系副词when、where、why引导定语从句。若其在定语从句中作主语或宾语，则选择关系代词引导定语从句。区别三组例句： where he lives.a. This is the place that/which he visited last year. when my brother was a little boy.b. I still remember the time that/which we spent together. why he was late.c. This is the reason that/which he gave us. 某些非地点时间名词有定语从句修饰，关系词在从句中作状语，由where引导定语从句（stage, case, point, situation）；同样用法的还有occasion,由when引导定语从句。 e.g. I can think of many cases where students know a lot of words but dont write a good essay. There are many occasions when people dont know what they want.（五）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句 形式上：不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上：是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。译法上：译成先行词的定语：“的”关系词的使用上：A作宾语时可省略 B可用that C可用who代替who非限制性定语从句形式上：用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上：只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上：通常译成主句的并列句。关系词的使用上：A不可省略 B不用that,why C不可用who代替whomHismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.China,whichwasfoundedin1949,isbecomingmoreandmorepowerful.LastsummerIvisitedthePeoplesGreatHall,inwhichmanyimportantmeetingsareheldeveryyear.（6） 关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句时，其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是：1.as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如：Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.他跟她结婚了，这是很自然的事。Heishonest,as/whichwecansee.他很诚实，这一点我们看得出来。2.as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。which引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as常常有“正如、正像”的含义。如：Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.众所周知，中国是发展中国家Heisfromthesouth,aswecanknowfromhisaccent.John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.正如你所知，约翰是个著名作家。注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用whichTomwaslateforschoolagainandagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.Thesetablesaremadeofmetal,whichmadethemveryheavy.1. 当先行词受such,thesame修饰时，关系词常用as。如：Iveneverheardsuchstoriesashetells.我从未听过象他讲的这样的故事。Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.他可不象他看上去的那样傻。ThisisthesamedictionaryasIlostlastweek.这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一样。注意：当先行词受thesame修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。如：SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMaryswedding. Sheworethesamedressasheryoungersisterwore.定语从句中的谓语动词关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中的谓语动词应与先行词保持一致。e.g. Anyone who wants to have a holiday puts up your hand. Those who want to have a holiday put up your hand. This is one of the students who have passed the exam. This is the only one of the students who has passed the exam.Exercises:1.There are three bedrooms in the house,_ is Marys. A the smallest of which B the smaller of which C the smallest of them D the smallest one 2.The Greens will move into the new house next Monday,_ it will be completely finished.A by the time B by which time C by that time D by this time 3.Alice has a large collection of phone,_ was taken in London.A none of them B no one of which C all of which D none of which4.With the fast development of agriculture, the people _village I taught before lived a happy lifeA who B whose C in whose D in which 5.There is a mountain _ the top is always covered with snow.A whose B of which C its D that 6.She may have missed her train, in _ case she wont arrive for another hour.A what B that C which D this 7.There are two thousand students in our school,_ are girls.A two-thirds in which B two-thirds in them C two-thirds of them D of whom two thirds 8.I have bought two ballpens,_ writes well. A neither of them B none of them C neither of which D none of which 定语从句1This is the best factory _we visited last year .A. where B. which C. in which D. that2.Is this the factory _computers are built ?A. that B. which C. in which D. in that3.please pass me the dictionary _cover is red .A. whose B.its C. which D. which of4.The man _has arrived .A. whom I told you B. that I told you C. whom I told you about him D. I told you about5. Do you know the comrade _we are talking ?A. to whom B. to who C. whom D. to that6. They visited the house _the great writer was born .A. from where B. in which C. which D. in where7. The comrade _is speaking at the meeting is my teacher .A. whom B. which C. who D. whose8. He asked us to watch carefully everything _he did in class .A. who B. that C. what D. where9. Ill visit the professor tomorrow ,_he will be back from Shanghai .A. who B. that C. when D. which10.The school _I study is a new one .A. on which B. at where C. on that D. at which11. China has many islands,_the largest is Taiwan .A. in which B. at which C. which D. of which 12. The city _my mother grew up is not far from here .A. what B. where C. that D. which13. Our teacher lives in the house _door faces to the north .A. which B. his C. that D. whose14. Do you know the man _your father nodded ?A. whom B. to whom C. to who D. about whom15.Wrestling is a sport in _people easily get hurt .A. that B. when C. which D. what16. I told you _I know .A. all that B. all which C. all what D. all whom17.China has a lot of famous writers ,one _is Lu Xun .A. of which B. of whom C. of who D. of them18. Is this factory _we visited last year ?A. in which B. around that C. whom D. the one19. Who is the man _was there ?A. who B. which C. that D. whom20. Is there anything _I can do for you, sir ?A. that B. which C. whose D. who21. I still remember the day _she first wore that green dress . A. which B. in which C. on that D. on which22. The knife _we used to cut the bread is very sharp .A. with which B. with it C. with that D. which23. The games _the young men competed in were difficult .A.in which B. which C. it D. who 24.It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park.A. that B. which C. as D. it25. George Mallory was an English school teacher _ loved climbing.A. who B. whom C. he D. which 历届高考英语单项选择题定语从句精选26.His parents wouldnt let him marry anyone _ family was poor.A.of whom B.whom C.of whose D.whose 27.She heard a terrible noise, _ brought her heart into her mouth.A.it B.which C.this D.that 28.In the dark street , there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help. A.that B.who C.from whom D.to whom 29.The weather turned out to be very good , _ was more than we could expect.A.what B.which C.that D.it 30.After living in Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child.A.which B.where C.that D.when 31Carol said the work would be done by October,_personally I doubt very much.A. it B.that C.when D.which 32Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _,of course , made the others unhappy.Awho Bwhich Cthis Dwhat 33.Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase , _ was very reasonable.A.which price C.the price of whichC.its price D.the price of whose34._ has already been pointed out , grammar is not a set of dead rules.A.As B.It C.That D.Which 35.He lived in London for 3 months , during _ time he learned some English.A.this B.which C.that D.same36.On the wall hung a picture, _ color is blue.A.whose B.of which C.which D.its37.Whenever I met him , _ was fairly often, I like his sweet and hopeful smile.A.what B.which C.tha