高考中的省略.doc

高考中的省略在英语中，有时为了避免 结构上或内容上的重复，并使上下文紧密连接；有时因为语法的客观要求，句子中的一个或几个成分不需要表达出来，这种现象称为省略。英语中的省略要求不破坏语法结构，要保持句子意义的准确无误。省略有词法上的省略，也有句法上的省略，还有一种替代省略。省略部分的成分和含义可从上下文或具体语言环境中找到而且是有章可循的，英语的省略大致有以下几种情况： (英语中省略现象较为普遍，对省略的考查已成为高考中的热点。句子成分的省略，可分为以下几种情况： 1.省略主语，主谓语或主谓的一部分 2.不定式符号to的省略 3.不定式结构中动词的省略 4.状语从句中的省略 5.定语从句中关系词的省略 6.虚拟语气中if和should的省略7.考查not,so,neither,nor的“替代性”省略)一、简单句中的省略1省略主语1）祈使句中的主语通常被省略。如：(You) Open the door ，please.2)其它省略主语多限于现成的说法 如： (I) Thank you for your help 谢谢你的帮助。 (It)Doesnt matter.没关系。2省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。1）如：(There is) No smoking .禁止抽烟 (Is there)anything else ? 还有其它事吗？ (You come)This way please.请这边走。 (Will you) Have a smoke？抽烟吗？2）感叹句中常省略主语和谓语，如： What a hot day ! How wonderful!3省略宾语。如：Do you know Mr. Li ? I dont know (him.)4省略表语 如：Are you thirsty ? Yes ， I am (thirsty)5同时省略几个成分 如：Are you feeling better now? 你觉得好些了吗 ？(I am feeling ) Much better (now) 好多了。(I wish) Good luck (to you) .祝你好运/祝你顺利。1). -What do you think made Mary so upset? C -_her new bicycle. A. As she lost B. Lost C. Losing D. Because of losing2). One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and_. CA. the other is white B. another whiteC. the other white D. another is white3). - Would you like some wine?C - Yes, just _. A. little B. very little C. a little D. a few二、 并列句中的省略 （在后一并列分句中凡是与上文相同的成分，通常都要省略） 1） 如果主语不同，而谓语动词中的一部分相同，则省略谓语动词中相同的部分，如：John must have been playing basketball and Mary doing her homework. 2） 主语相同，谓语动词也相同，则二者都可以省略，如： His advice made John happy, but Mary angry. 3） 主语相同，而谓语不同，则可以省略主语，如： He gave up drinking for several days, but soon returned to his old ways. 4）在并列复合句中，如果that从句从属于第二个并列句且它的谓语动词和宾语等其它一些成分与第一个并列句相同， that从句通常可以省略这些相同的部分，如：Jack will danceat the party, but I know Tom wont . 三、复合句中的省略 I） 名词性从句中的省略 （1）作宾语的what从句中的谓语动词与主句的相同，则what从句可以省略谓语，甚至主语，如：Someone has used my bike, but I dont know who . He has gone, but no one knows where. （2）引导宾语从句的连词that在口语中常常省略,或并列的宾语从句中的第一个连词that也能省略，如: He said he had arrived here two days before and that he had lived in a hotel. （3）在以know,remember,forget邓动词结尾的简答句后的子句常可省略。Who won the tennis game last night?I dont know(who won the tennis game last night). （3）在某些表虚拟语气的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中，从句谓语动词中的助动词should可以省略。这些句子一般包含如下动词一及其派生词：一个坚持(insist)，二个命令(order, command)，三建议(suggest, propose, advise )，四要求(demand, require, request, ask) ，如：Its important that we speak to the old politely. Janes pale face suggested that she was ill and her parents suggested that she have a medical examination. (4) It is necessary(important, impossible, strange, natural, a pity, no wonder) that.主语从句中，如: It is necessary that the problem be solved at once. (5)有时也可以根据说话的情景来省略主句中的一些成分，如： Sorry Ive kept you waiting so long. II）定语从句中的省略 在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词that, which, who (whom)常可以省略，如： The man I saw is called Tom. Where is the pen I bought this morning? III）状语从句中的省略 1.当状语从句中的主语和主句的主语一致，或状语从句中的主语是it，并且又含有be动词时，常可以省略从句中的主语和be动词，如：He did as told. Though tired, they went on working. You shouldnt come to his party unless invited. He paused as if expecting her to speak. 1)._in thought, he almost ran into the car in frontof him.(NMET96) A.Losing B.Having lost C.Lost D.To lose 本题应选C。Lost in thought 为As he was lost in thought之省略。 2)._more attention, the trees could have grownbetter.(MET90) A.Given B.To give C.Giving D.Having given 本题应选A。Given more attention为If they were given moreattention之省略。 高考回顾1）. The flowers his friend gave him will die unless _ every day.(07四川) A. watered B. watering B. water D. to water答案:A解析:在unless 后省略了it is。2）. He dressed up and went to the party as if_. (07.山东诊断二)A. was invited B. had been invited C. invited D. to be invited答案：C解析：as if 后省略了he was。3）._broken, the glass can not hold water. (06石家庄质检)A Once B. After C. On D. Though解析 meant to 后省略了have thanked her before I left。4）. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if _whether he was going in the right direction. (03 安徽春) A. seeing B. having seen C. to have seen D. to see答案：D as if he was going to see whether2.虚拟条件句中,把should,had,were提前,则需省略if，如: Should it rain tomorrow ,we would have to put off the visit till next week.3.在as(so). as., than引导的比较状语从句中，常在as或than引导的分句中省略某些与主句相同的成分或省略在特定上 下文或特定情景中某些不言而喻的成分；或整个as/than从句。如： 1）.The pianos in the other shop will be_, but_.(MET90) A.cheaper;not as better B.more cheap; not as better C.cheaper; not as good D.more cheap; not as good 本题应选C。分别为cheaper than those in this shop 和theyare not as good as those in this s hop的省略。 2）.John plays football_,if not better than, David.(NMET94) A.as well B.as well as C.so well D.so well as 本题应选B。根据上下文可看出if not better than 为if Johndoesnt play football better than David(plays football) 的省略。那么，排除这个条件的话，John和David就踢得一样好了。 故要用副词well 的同级比较的肯定式。 3）.How beautifully she sings! Ive never heard _ .(NMET96) A.the better voice B.a good voice C.the best voice D.a better voice 本题应选D。从整个语境来分析，后句中的比较状语从句than hers被省略掉了。故此题应选比较级。 如： I know you can do better than Peter . This car doesnt run as fast as that one .高考回顾George offered a better suggestion to me than_. (06.中山第一学期期末)A Henry did to Smith B. that of Smiths C. Michaels D. what Charlie offered to me答案：D 解析: 在than 后完整的句子为Henry offered a suggestion to Smith 4.在as引导的让步状语从句中，当作表语的单数名词提前时，不定冠词要省略，如：Child as he is, he knows a lot.四、动词不定式中的省略 1.不定式符号to的省略1）有些动词，如：believe, find, think, feel, consider, imagine, prove等后作宾补的结构to be + n. / adj. 中的to be可以省略，如：I consider him stupid. His mother found him a clever boy. 2）感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice 等以及使役动词let, make, have后作宾补的动词不定式中的不定式符号to要省略，但变为被动结构时，to必须保留，如：They made the boy go to bed early. The boy was made to go to bed early. 3）在can not but, can not choose but, do nothing but., cant help but., prefer to do rather than do ., would do. rather than. 之后的动词不定式一般不带to；but之前有实义动词do的某个形式do, does, did, done 而且其宾语是something，nothing，anything和everything等不定代词时，也不带to, 否则要带to，如： We have nothing to do now but wait. I can not but admire his courage. He has no choice but to accept the fact. 4）在并列结构中为了避免重复，后一个to省略，如：Im really puzzled what to think or say. 但两个不定式有对照或对比的意义时，则后一个to不能省略，如：I came not to scold but to praise you. 5）在why, why not 引导的特殊问句中后跟省略to的动词不定式，如：Why talk so much about it? Why not try it again? 2.不定式结构中动词的省略在回答问句及其它形式的答语中，如有和上文重复的不定式时，在答语中只保留其不定式符号to，而 把动词和其它部分省略。如： 1）动词不定式与 be able to， be going to， have to， ought to， used to等构成复合谓语时，不定式结构常可省略，但要保留不定式符号to，如I dont want to wait for him， but l have toHe doesnt like fish， but he used to-Why didnt you come to our party？-I was going to，but l had a report to write2）动词不定式中动词原形部分是否省略，主要看句子前面是否已出现过同样的动词。如果句子前面出现过同样的动词，为了避免重复，句子后面的不定式常省略动词原形，而保留不定式符号to，如：They may go if they wish to. Dont go till I tell you to.3）动词不定式在 ask， warn， tell， advise， force， wish， expect， allow， permit , invite, persuade, order, would like, forbid等动词后作宾语补足语或主语补足语时，常可省略，如：She wants to come， but her parents wont allow her toDont touch anything unless your teacher tells you toYoud better give a performance if you are asked toHe didnt come, though we had invited him to. 4）动词不定式在happy， glad， eager，anxious，willing， ready等形容词等后承前省略动词原形，只保留不定式符号to ,如: -Will you join me in a walk？-Ill be happy toI think he should get a job，but you cant force him to if hes not ready to. 注：承前省略的动词不定式如果有助动词have或be，have been，则要保留be或have，have been，如：-Are you a doctor? -No, but I used to be . 1）.-Are you a sailor? - No, but I _ C A. am not B. used to C. used to be D.used to being 2）-Why didnt you take part in my birthday party yesterday? -I_, but I had an unexpected guest. B A. would like to B. would like to have C.should D.wouldnt like to5) 动词不定式在like, love， care， want， hope， wish， expect， prefer， refuse， decide, mean, intend, try， promis等动词后作宾语时，为了避免重复,常承前省略不定式后的内容,但要保留不定式符号to， 如: I have asked her to come， but she does not want to -Are you and Jane getting married？-We hope to注意：want， like用在 when，if ,what，as 引导的从句中，其后的to也常可省略，如：Ive decided to do what I likeIll teach you if you likeI would do it for you, but I dont know how to 1）.Would you like to come to dinner tonight? Id like to,_Im too busy. (NMET94) A.and B.so C.as D.but 本题应选D。据上文， 下文中的Id like to 后省略了come todinner tonight，这样很容易看出逗号 前后信息相反，故选but。 2）.Ill be away on a business trip. Would you mindlooking after my cat? Not at all,_.(NMET95) A.Ive no time B.Id rather not C.Id like it D.Id be happy to 本题应选D。据Not at all 的限制，A、B不合题意。C搭配错， 因d like后应跟不定式。Id be happy to 后省略了look after yourcat。 3）.The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, buthis mother told him_. (NMET95) A.not to B.not to do C.not do it D.do not to 本题选A。not to 后省略了和上文相重复的ride his bicycle inthe street。高考回顾1）. In the dream Peter saw himself_ by a fierce wolf, and he whole suddenly with a start. (2006 上海春).Chased B. to be chasedC. Be chased D.having been chased 答案: A 解析 see sb. done “看到某人被 ”,过去分词做宾语的补足语。2）、Does your brother intend to study German? Yes, he intends_.A / B to C so D that答案：B 解析 intend to 后省略了study German。3）、Would you like to go to the Grand Theatre with me tonight? A Yes, Id like to go to the Grand TheatreB Id like to, but I have an exam tomorrowC No, I wont D Thats right答案：B解析 Id like to 后省略了goto the Grand Theatre。4）、You should have thanked her before you left. I meant_, but when I was leaving, I couldnt find her anywhere. (2000北京春)A to do B to C doing D doing to答案： B 五、某些词法上的省略 1. 名词所有格后修饰的名词在以下情况可以省略 1）如果名词所有格修饰的名词在前文已出现，则可以省略，如： These are Johns books and those are Marys . 2） 名词所有格所修饰的名词，若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时，常常可以省略。如：at the doctors 在诊所 ，at Mr. Greens ，to my uncles ，at the barbers. 2. 冠词的省略 1） 在the next day (morning, week, year.)等短语中，有时为了使语气紧凑定冠词the 常可以省略，如：We went to the farm to help the farmers with the harvest (the) next day. 2）在副词的最高级前面的定冠词常可以省略，如：She sings best in the class. 3）在某些独立主格结构中，如： Our teacher came in, book in hand. Our teacher came in, with a book in his hand. 3. 介词的省略 1）both 后常跟of短语，其后可以接名词复数形式，也可以接代词宾格复数形式。接复数名词时，介词of可以省略，但接代词宾格时，of不能省略，如： Both (of) the films were interesting. She invited both of us to her birthday party. 2）在现在完成时表持续和重复的句型中，一段时间前的介词for可以省略，如： They have lasted (for) a long time. 在否定句中不可省略forI havent seen you for three months. 3）被动结构中，如果没有必要强调动作的执行者，则可以省略介词by短语，如： The letter was posted yesterday. 4）和一些动词搭配构成的短语中的介词，如：consider. (as)., prevent / stop. (from)doing., have trouble / difficulty. (in) doing.,spend. (in / on) doing. 等中的介词可以省略，如： I have some difficulty (in) answering the question. Can you stop him (from) going swimming in the river? 六 、替代性省略 1）在think,believe , imagine, suppose, guess,hope 等动词以及Im afraid 之后，可以采用so 代替一个肯定的宾语从句，也可以采用not 代替否定的宾语从句。-Do you believe the news stories?-I believe so./I dont believe so/I believe not.“你相信这个新闻故事吗？”“我相信。/我不相信” “ I hope not ” 不能说成I dont hope so.think, believe, imagine, suppose 可以说成I dont think (believe ,imagine,suppose)so.Do you think its going to rain over the weekend? _. A.I dont believe B.I dont believe itC.I believe not so D.I believe not高考回顾1）、After living in a village for so long, Kathy wont want to move to a big city. I dont imagine_.（07.武汉质检）A. so B. too C. it D. that答案：2）、Much of the power of the trade unions has been lost._, their political influence should be very great. (2006广东)A. As a result B.As usualC. Even so D. So far答案：C解析 Even so, 即使这样。3）、You havent lost the ticket, have you? _. I know its not easy to get another one the moment. (2004江苏)A I hope not B Yes, I have C I hope so D Yes, Im afraid so答案： A解析: 根据its not easy to get another one at the moment 可知说话者很珍惜。4）、The boys are not doing a good job at all, are they?_.（2003北京春）A I guess not so B I dont guessC I dont guess so D I guess not答案：C解析: I dont guess so.相当于I dont think so.。2）So / Nor(Neither)+谓语+主语这种句型是用来替代前面提到的情况,表明它也适用于后者，如: -I dont think I can walk any further. - Neither can I . Lets stop here for a rest.3）if的省略结构If not如果不是这样I might see you tomorrow. If not, then itll be Saturday. 我可能明天去看你。如果不是明天，那就在周六。if so 如果是这样I may be free this evening. If so, Ill come round and see you. 今晚我可能有空。要是有空我会过来看你。if ever 它通常与seldom连用，表示“极少”“难得”。如：She seldom, if ever, goes to the cinema. 她难得看电影。He seldom if ever travels abroad. 他到国外旅行，即使有过，也是极少的。if any如有的话There are few people nowadays, if any, who remember him. 当今记得他的人，如有的话，也不多了。if necessary (如果需要)，if possible (如果可能