新概念2第8课知识讲解.docx

一， new words and expressions:1， competition n. 比赛，竞赛boxing competition拳击赛 chess competition棋类赛学好与competition连用的动词大有好处,它们是：face competition 面对挑战 / enter a competition 报名参赛win a competition 赢得比赛Competition between (two parties)双方之间的比赛Competition with sb. (for sth.) 与.竞争; 角逐: eg.The competition between Lily and Lucy for the best garden prize.eg.Lily has one competition with Lucy for the best garden prize.Compete: 竞争; 对抗; 比赛 (V.)eg.Are you competing in the 800 meters? 你参加了800米的赛跑吗？compete with/against sb.同 . 竞争eg.It is not easy for a small company to compete against / with a big pete for (为 . )争夺, 竞争eg.The stores have to compete for customers in the Christmas season.圣诞节时期compete in 在 方面竞争(赛)eg.The company must be able to compete in the international marketplace. compete to do sth.竞争做某事eg.Several advertising companies are competing to get the petitor n. 竞争对手eg.You have met a strong and romantic competitor. 你遇到了强悍而浪漫的对手。competitive adj. 有实力的， 有竞争力的competitive business. 有竞争力的行业competitive spirit 竞争心，竞争意识所有的比赛都可以通称为competition速度比赛：race n. 比赛，竞赛 car race 汽车赛球赛：match n. 比赛 football matchcontest n. 比赛（更广泛） beauty contest 选美 baby contest宝宝大赛game : 游戏, 运动2,neat adj.1） 整齐的, 整洁的，有序的（可以和tidy互换） 2）简洁的，睿智的，灵巧的3)好的，极好的(这个只需要了解下就好了)a neat desk/room整洁的书桌 /房间 neat handwriting工整的笔记She was wearing a neat black suit.她穿着整洁的黑色礼服。I like everything to be neat and tidy。我喜欢一切都井井有条。a neat explanation/speech/idea/answer简明的解释/简练的发言/奇妙的想法/巧妙的回答a neat solution to the problem解决问题的捷径Its a really neat movie.这真是一部极好的电影clean adj. 干净的，无杂质的 clean hands 干净的手 clean air清洁的空气3，pool n. 1）水池(人工的) swimming pool 游泳池 2）水坑，水塘，池塘(尤指自然形成的) freshwater pool淡水池塘pond 池塘（尤指人工的） a fish pond养鱼池 across the pond在大西洋彼岸（非正式，口语）4，path 小路，小径the garden path 花园小径Follow the path through the woods.沿着这条小路穿过树林行动计划，成功的途径 （这个了解一下就行，不需要掌握）eg.the path to freedom/success/victory通向自由/成功/胜利的道路5，wooden adj. 木头的，木制的 wooden box木箱a wooden bridge over a pool在水池上的小木桥wood (1)木，木材（不可数名词）Tables are usually made of wood.(2)wood(or woods) 树林，林地（an area of trees, smaller than a forest）a large wood一大片树林go for a walk in the woods 在树林中散步成语：Cannot see the wood for the trees.只见树木，不见森林Knock on the wood(touch wood)西方人的一种迷信，说完好运后，敲木头，以免好运溜走。（2）木头似的，死板的，木讷的a wooden smile a wooden performance(3)wooden spoon 直译：木勺子 实译：最后一名，末等奖故事源自于以前剑桥大学的数学学院里面，他们通常给考试得了最后一名的人发个木勺子，表示鼓励他们要继续努力，好好学习。I get the wooden spoon in the beauty competition this year.二，课文讲解【Text】Joe Sanders has the most beautiful garden in our town. Nearly everybody enters for The Nicest Garden Competition each year, but Joe wins every time. Bill Friths garden is larger than Joes. Bill works harder than Joe and grows more flowers and vegetables, but Joes garden is more interesting. He has made neat paths and has built a wooden bridge over a pool. I like gardens too, but I do not like hard work. Every year I enter for the garden competition too, and I always win a little prize for the worst garden in the town!2、Nearly everybody enters for The Nicest Garden Competition each year, but Joe wins every time.nearly和almost 意义相似，表示“几乎”、“差不多”、“差点儿”的意思。I have nearly forgotten his name. 我差点把他的名字忘了。Im nearly/almost ready. 我快准备好了3，enter for sth报名参加，为。报名参加（各种竞赛，考试等活动）enter 1）进来，进去，进入 2）成为。的一员，加入 eg.Knock before you enter.进来前先敲门。enter a school/college/university考入学校/学院/大学entrance大门口，入口，通道;(俱乐部、社团、大学等的)准许加入、进入许可the entrance to the museum博物馆入口处a university entrance exam 大学入学考试 entrance requirement入学要求4，win（won，won） v. 赢 vi. 赢 I win. I lose. (输了) vt. 赢得 win something 后面往往是奖品,不能接对手I win the book. I win the gold cup. win a prize 赢得了一个奖win a prize for 因为而获奖eg.He got a pay raise for his hard work.I brought this book for its attractive cover(封面).5，Bill Friths garden is larger than Joes.名词加-s 表示所属关系，构成名词的所有格。这类名词往往指有生命的东西，特别是人。所有格的语法作用相当于形容词，限定后面的名词。这个被限定的名词在上下文中第二次被提到时可以省略，只要不引起误解。This is a photo of mine.这是一张我的照片（照片属于我，但里面的人不一定是我） This is a photo of me.这是我的照片（照片里面的人是我，但是照片不一定属于我的）6、He has made neat paths and has built a wooden bridge over a pool.make 和build在这里是同义词，“修建，建造”。make 的词义比较笼统、广泛，可解释为“做、作出、制造”等，而build主要限于建筑业，指“建造，建设，盖房子，修筑（桥梁）等”Have you made the skirt by yourself?They have made a road along the river.Over:在。上，横跨，表示从某物的一边移到另一边只能用over（above and across from one side to the other）eg.The birds flew over the field.They jumped over the stream.他们跳过了小溪。Over还可以表示覆盖着。eg.He put a blanket over the sleeping child.他把毯子改在了睡着的孩子身上。above也可以表示“在。上面”eg.We were flying above the clouds.我们在云层上面飞行。Over和above还可以表示“多于”，但是above与最低限度或者某固定点连用Over与树木，数量，年龄，金钱和时间连用。eg.2000feet above sea level.海拔2000英尺。Temperature will not rise above zero tonight.It costs over $100.这个值100美元以上。We waited over 2 hours.我们等了2个多小时。7，grow plants/rice 种植。 grow a beard.留胡须He has grown up. The village is growing(发展) into a town.The business is growing rapidly.三，【Key structures】形容词和副词的比较级和最高级比较级相当于汉语中“比更”这种句型，最高级则表示在某个范围“最”的概念。最高级在使用时前面通常要加定冠词the，并有一个短语或从句限定其范围。1、比较级和最高级的构成： 单音节词和少数双音节词在词尾加-er，-est，以辅音加-y结尾的词变-y为-i，再加-er，-est. 以-e 结尾的词加-r，-st. 以一个辅音字母结尾的单音节词要双写最后一个字母，再加-er，-est. 三个或者是三个音节以上（多音节）,比较级的构成: more+原级;最高级的构成: the most+原级.有一些双音节词既可在单词结尾加-er，-est，也可与more/less 和most/least 连用，如narrownro 狭窄的，clever，common kmn 普通的;常见的，pleasant等。 clever cleverer more cleverfun fn adj. 快乐 more fun （美国人用） 有些构成是不规则的：good/well(better best)；bad/ill(worse worst)；many/much(more most)；little(less least)；far(farther further , farthest furthest)（farther:距离上的远和更远，further:程度上的更进一步）further more(更有甚者)old(older elder, oldest eldest)older 比大, She is older than somebody. elder 做定语修饰其他名词, elder sister (年长的)姐姐.2、比较级和最高级的用法在使用比较级时，如果需要把所比较的两项都提到，那么就必须比较级后用than： My room is cleaner than the one next door.如果比较级之所指很清楚，它可独立存在：Which house do you prefer prf 宁可,宁愿(选择);更喜欢?I prefer the older one.最高级的限定范围一般用of，among m 在.之中;在.中间，in 等介词短语；限定范围也可以是从句；如果范围很清楚，则可以省略。the + 最高级 + 比较范围John is the tallest of the three brother.This is the coldest day in ten years.Mary is the most intelligent ntldnt 有才智的;聪明的;明智的;有理性的person Ive ever met.a bit, a little, rather, much, far, , a lot, , any, still, even等可修饰比较级far非常，很大程度上，远远，大于 Thats a far better idea.那个注意好得多。Still也可以加强比较级，“还要，更”eg.The next day was warmer still.第二天更暖和了。even也可以加强语气，“甚至、更、愈加，还”You know even less about it than I do.你对此事的了解甚至还不如我。She is even more intelligent than her sister.她甚至比她姐姐还聪明。any用于否定句或疑问句中，加强形容词或者副词的语气。I cant run any faster.我不能跑的更快了。A little修饰比较级，“稍微”，Its a little hotter有点热Its much hotter热了很多He is much taller than me, 他比我高得多。（much表示程度大得多） She is much better today.English is widely used and a lot more people are interested in it.A,much more B,a lot more例题：、1)- Are you feeling _?- Yes，Im fine now. A. any wellB. any betterC. quite goodD. quite better 2)The experiment was_ easier than we had expected. A.more B.much more C.much D.more much 3)If there were no examinations, we should have _ at school. A. the happiest timeB. a more happier time C. much happiest time D.a much happier time 4）the film is _d_ more interesting than that one.A. very B quite C rather D a bitrather并非是完全修饰比较级，而是一个拥有比较级含义的单词，rather常与wouldHe would rather play than work.他宁可玩,却不愿工作。the+adj/adv比较级，the+adj/adv比较级，表示“越。越。”eg. The _(long) you walk, the _(tired) you will be.四，【Special Difficulties】every构成的合成词:every和one，body，thing可以构成复合不定代词everyone，everybody，everything。是单数形式，后面谓语动词用单数。Everyone/Everybody knows what he has to do.= Everyone/Everybody knows what they have to do. 每个人都知道自己必须做什么。Everything is going well. 一切都很顺利。each 和every 均可译为“每一个”，两者常可互换。every 只能是形容词性，强调整体，常用来指一个大的、不确定的数目，不能直接做主语；each既可作形容词，又可作代词，强调个体，常用以一个确定的并通常是有限的数目，在作代词时，直接作主语或宾语，使用第三人称单数Every/Each time I wash the car it rains.each用于单数名词前，后接单数名词。用于复数主语后，谓语动词用复数。Each student has been given their own e-mail address. They each have their own e-mail address.他们每个人都有自己的电子邮件地址。Exercise:1,( )Bill Friths garden is larger than Joes. It is _ .a. larger garden b. a large garden c. large garden d. largest garden2,( ) The writer is fond fnd 喜欢的;爱好的of gardens. _ .a. They like him b. They like to him c. He likes them d. He likes3,( ) Joe wins every time. He always _ Bill Frith.a. wins b. beats c. gains d. earns4.( ) Joe grows more flowers. More flowers _ in his garden.a. grow b. grow tall c. grow up d. grow big5( ) Joes garden is interesting. Joe is _ in gardening.a. interesting b. interest c. interestingly d. interested6,( ) The writer doesnt like hard work. Its _ to look after a garden.a. a hard work b. a hard job c. hard job d. hardly a job7,( ) Every year the writer enters for the garden competition _ .a. very b. also c. and d. either8.( )Every year on that special day, each student _given a present.A,are B is C was D were 9,( )They