IELTS 剑哥阅读 cam5 t2 p3.docx

READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.The Birth of Scientific English科技英语的诞生World science is dominateddominated dmineitidadj. 占主导地位的；强势的；占统治地位的；数 受控的v. 控制，支配；处于支配地位（dominate的过去式）dominate dominant domain field area today by a small number of languages, including Japanese, German and French, but it is English which is probably the most popular global language of science. This is not just because of 后跟短语the importance of English-speaking countries such as the USA in scientific research; the scientists of many non-English-speaking countries findfind fandn. 发现vt. 发现 that they need to write their research papers论文 in English to reach不定式 a wide international audience. GivenGiven her high achievement today, it may seem surprising that she was forced to quit university 3 years ago.Given its good air quality, it may seem surprising that London was called “smog city” 200 years ago. the prominence of scientific English today, it may seem surprising that no one really knew how to write science in English before the 17th century. Before that, Latin was regarded as the lingua franca 1 for European intellectuals.虽然当今世界科学为包括日语、德语和法语在内的少数几门语言所统治，但是英语可能才是科学界最普及的世界语言。这不仅仅是由于美国这样的英语国家在科学研究中所起的重要作用，而且还是因为许多非英语国家的科学家发现为了拥有广大的国际读者群，他们需要用英语写研究论文。今天，科技英语的地位已经显得非常重要。因此，你可能很难想到在17世纪之前竟没有人很清楚在科学写作中如何使用英语， (事实上)在17世纪之前，被人们视为欧洲知识分子通用语言的是拉丁文。The European RenaissanceRenaissance rineisns; rensns; rnessn. 文艺复兴（欧洲14至16世纪） (c. 14th-16th century) is sometimes called the revivalrevival rvav()l n. 复兴；复活； of learning, a time of一个的时代 renewed更新的 interest in the lost knowledge of classical times. At the same time, however, scholars also began to test and extendextend kstend; ek-vt. 延伸；扩大；expand extent emerge emergent ；emergence md()nsn. 出现；merge md vt. 合并 stimulate stmjletvt. 刺激；鼓舞simulate smjletadj. 模仿的；假装的vt. 模仿；假装；冒充survival survive revive revival this knowledge. The emergent出现的 nation states国家 of Europe developed competitive竞争 interests in world exploration and the development of trade. Such expansion这种扩张, which was to take the English language west to America and east to India, (was be to do )I am going to have lunch.I will have lunch.I shall have lunch.I am to have lunch.I am about to have lunch. I am coming.was supported by scientific developments such as the discovery of magnetism (and hence the invention of the compass), improvements in cartography and - perhaps the most important scientific revolution of them all - the new theories of astronomy and the movement of the Earth in relation to the planets and stars, developed by Copernicus (1473-1543).约在14到16世纪间出现的欧洲“文艺复兴”有时被称作是“知识复兴”，在这一时期，人们对失落的古希腊罗马时期的知识重新萌发了兴趣。然而，与此同时，学者们也开始检验和扩展这种知识。欧洲新兴国家竞相进行世界探险、发展贸易，这些活动的增加，使英语向西传到了美洲，向东传到了印度。这些活动获得了科学进步的支持，如磁场的发现以及由此而发明的指南针，地图制作技术的改进，和其中或许最为重要的科学变革由哥白尼(1473-1543)创立起来的地球与其他行星和恒星相对运动的理论和天文学的新理论。England was one之一 of the first最早 countries国家 where scientists科学家 adopted采纳 and publicised Copernican哥白尼 ideas思想 with带着 enthusiasm热情. Some of these scholars学者, including two with介词后+n/名词性从句/代词/动名词ingI am not interested in what you are doing. interests兴趣 in language语言 -John Wallis and John Wilkins helped帮助 found建立 the Royal Society皇家学会 in 1660 in order to promote促进 empirical经验的 scientific科学的 research研究.英格兰是率先有科学家热情地接受并宣传哥白尼的思想的国家之一。这些学者当中，有两位对语言感兴趣，他们分别是John Wallis和John Wilkins。1660年，这两位学者帮助组建了英国皇家学会，来推广实证性的科学研究。Across Europe similar academies and societies arose, creating new national traditions of science. In the initial stages of the scientific revolution, most publications in the national languages were popular works, encyclopaediasencyclopaedia 英 ensaklpi:dj 美 nsaklpid n. 百科全书, educational textbooks教科书 and translations译著. Original原创 science科学 was在 not没 done完成 in English until到为止 the second half of the 17th century. For example, Newton published his mathematical数学 treatise, known as被称作 the Principia, in Latin, but published his later work on the properties of light - Opticks - in English.整个欧洲大陆上都陆续出现了类似的研究院和协会，从而创立起了新的民族科学传统。在科学革命的初始阶段，大多以本国语言出版的出版物都是大众读物、百科全书、教科书和译著。直到17世纪下半叶，英语才成为原创科学所使用的语言。例如，牛顿发表自己的数学论文自然哲学的数学原理时用的是拉丁文，但后来发表他有关光的特性的论文光学时，用的却是英文。There were several reasons why original science continued to be written in Latin. The first was simply a mattera matter of sth 一个的事a matter of life and death 生死攸关的事As a matter of fact=in fact 事实上 of audience. Latin was suitable for an international audience of scholars, whereas English reached a socially wider, but more local, audience. Hence, popular science was written in English.原创科学一直使用拉丁文写作有多个原因。首先就是读者的问题。拉丁文适合广大国际学者阅读，而英语虽然可以被社会上更多的人所理解，但这些读者更多的是英国国内的读者。因此，大众科学是用英语写就的。A second reason for writing in Latin may, perversely, have been a concern关注担忧 for secrecy. Open公开 publication出版 had有 dangers危险 in puttingIn doing sth 在做某事By doing sth 通过做某事Put on your coat Put your coat onPut on the shelves the books that we bought yesterdayI had finished my homework.My homework had been finished. 主语一致用被动语Be动词+done 一定是被动式Be动词：am is are was were being been beFor example: the work is done.You car has been hauled to the police station. into the public domain preliminary ideas （which定从句，后跟修饰 had not yet been fully exploited开发 by被 their author.） This growing concern about intellectual property知识产权 rights was a feature of the period时代 - it reflected both the humanist人文主义 notion概念 of the individual个体的, rational理性的 scientist科学家 who（修饰科学家） invents发明 and discovers发现 through通过 private 私人的intellectual智力的 labour劳动, and the growing connection between original science and commercial exploitation. There was something of a social distinction between scholars and gentlemen who understood Latin, and men of trade who lacked a classical education. And in the mid-17th century it was动词 common practice for mathematicians to keep their discoveries and proofs secret, by writing them in cipher, in obscure languages, or in private messages被 deposited存放The book on the tableThe book which is on the table The book which is bought by TomThe book bought by TomDoing主动进行 done是被动 in a sealed密封的 box with和 the Royal Society. Some scientists might have felt more comfortable with Latin precisely准确地 because its audience观众, though虽然 international, was socially国际化 restricted受限. Doctors医生 clung klv. 坚持（cling的过去分词）the most keenly to Latin as an insider language.第二个用拉丁文写作的原因或许显得荒谬，对于秘密的担忧。公开出版著作可能会导致还未被原作者研究透彻的初步理念进入公众领域。对知识产权的日益关注是那个时代的特征，这既反映出一种人文关怀，即对富于理性的科学家个人通过自己的脑力劳动进行发明和发现的关怀，又体现出原创科学与商业化利用间日益紧密的联系。那些懂拉丁文的学者、绅士与没有受过什么正规教育的商人是有社会差异的。17世纪中期的时候，数学家将自己的发现和例证用密码、晦涩的语言来描述，或写成个人的便条，封存在英国皇家学会的小盒子里，以保守秘密，这在当时是司空见惯的事情。有些科学家更愿用拉丁文的原因可能就是因为尽管拉丁文的读者是世界性的，却是非常有限的，社会上没有多少人懂。医生则对拉丁文万分钟爱，将其视为“内部人的语言”。A third reason第三个理由 why the writingBe to do with sth 与有关Its to do with learning, and with the importance介词短语 of original science in English （was delayed may） have been to do with the linguistic inadequacy of English in the early modern period. English was not well equipped to deal with scientific argument. First, it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary. Second, it lackedlack 英 lk美 lk vt.缺乏，缺少；需要的东西n.缺乏，不足，没有；缺少的东西 the grammatical resources required to represent the world in an objective and impersonal way, and to（并列不定式） discuss the relations, such as cause因 and effect果, that（从句修饰前） might表示 hold between在之间 complex复杂的 and hypothetical假设的 entities实质.原创科学迟迟未用英文书写的第三个原因可能与近代早期英语语言还不发达有关。英语还不能很好的用于科学说理。首先，英语缺乏必要的技术词汇；其次，英语没有必要的语法，无法客观公正地表现世界，也无法讨论各种关系，如复杂而又是假设性的各实体间可能存在的因果关系。Fortunately, several members of the Royal Society possessed拥有 an interest兴趣 in language语言 and became变的 engaged参与 in various versadj. 各种各样的；多方面的linguistic语言 projects项目. Although虽然尽管 a proposal提议 in 1664 toto do sth 去做某事 establish建立 a committee委员会 for improving改善 the English language came to little没有意义, the societys协会 members成员 did做 a great deal to foster培养 the publication of science in English and to encourage鼓励 the development发展 of a suitable writing style一种恰当的写作风格的发展. Many members of the Royal Society also published monographsmonologue独白 dialogue对话 in English. One of the first was最早的专著之一是 by（之后引出的是作者） Robert Hooke, the societys first curator of experiments, who described描述 his experiments实验 with microscopes显微镜 in Micrographia (1665). This work is largely主要的 narrative叙述的 in在上 style风格, based根据 on a transcript手稿 of oral口头 demonstrations证明 and lectures讲座.幸运的是，有几名英国皇家学会的成员对语言感兴趣，并开始从事各种语言学方面的研究工作。尽管1664年关于建立改善英语委员会的提议没有什么结果，但是英国皇家学会的成员却做了大量的工作，促进用英语出版科学著作，鼓励恰当写作风格的形成。许多英国皇家学会的成员也用英文发表了学术专著，首批成员包括学会首任实验管理员罗伯特. 胡克，他1665年出版了显微图集，书中描述了他的显微镜实验。这本著作以口头讲解示范和讲座的文字记录稿为蓝本，大体上是记叙文风格。In 1665 a new scientific journal, Philosophical Transactions, was inaugurated. Perhaps the first international English-language scientific journal, it encouraged a new genre of scientific writing, that of short, focused accounts of particular experiments.1665年，一份新的科学杂志哲学汇刊创刊。这或许算得上是首份英文国际科学期刊。该期刊鼓励新的科学写作风格：简洁、重点地描述某一特定实验。The 17th century was thus a formative period in the establishment of scientific English. In the following century much of this momentum was lost as German established itself as the leading European language of science. It is estimated that by the end of the 18th century 401 German scientific journals had been established as opposed to 96 in France and 50 in England. However, in the 19th century scientific English again enjoyed substantial lexical growth as the industrial revolution created the need for new technical vocabulary, and new, specialised, professional societies were instituted to promote and publish in the new disciplines. 因此，17世纪算是科技英语形成的发展阶段。在接下来的一个世纪中，科技英语的这种发展势头却消失了，因为德语成为了欧洲科学领域的主导语言。据估计，到了18世纪末，德语科学杂志有401份，与之相对，法语科学杂志有96份，英语科学杂志有50份。尽管如此，到了19世纪，伴随着工业革命对新技术词汇的需要，科技英语在词汇上重新有了大幅度的增长。同时，新的专业学会也纷纷建立起来，促进新学科的发展和著作的出版。1 lingua franca: a language which is used for communication between groups of people who speak different languagesQuestions 28-34Complete the summary.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 28-34 on your answer sheet.In Europe, modern science emerged at the same time as the nation state. At first, the scientific language of choice remained 28 . 首先,科学语言的选择依然是. It allowed scientists to communicate with other socially privileged thinkers while protecting their work from unwanted exploitation. Sometimes the desire to protect ideas seems to have been stronger than the desire to communicate them, particularly in the case of mathematiciansMathematicians ,mmtn n. 数学家（mathematician的复数形式）magic 魔法 magician 魔法师 and 29 . 有时候为了保护观点的渴望比交流的观点强大,尤其是对于数学家和In Britain, moreover, scientists worried that English had neither the 30 nor the 31 to express their ideas. This situation only changed after 1660 when scientists associated with the 32 Royal Society set about developing English. An early scientific journal fostered a new kind of writing based on sho