大学英语(二).doc

第一单元1、这种事情因人而异。This sort of thing varies from person to person.2、对管理者来说，每次决策都受到政策、程序、法律惯例等因素的制约For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like. 3、我们想知道是谁把人定义为理性动物的We wonder who defined man as a rational animal. 4、从系统的观点看，问题的产生有很多种原因，决策既有预期的结果，也有意料之外的结果From a systems point of view, problems have multiple causes and decisions have intended and unintended consequences.5他们充分利用了旅馆的设备They took full advantage of the hotels facilities.Decisions are not made a vacuum. They are made within a framework of values, goals, standards, resources, and priorities.Values give meaning to your decisions. Goals give them direction. Standards offer you a basis for comparison and a guide for adjusting values and goals. Resources make it possible to reach goals. Priorities enable you to rank values, goals, standards, and resources in their order of importance to you, Together they form your framework for decision making.决策不是凭空做出的，它有一定的框架，其中包括价值观、目标、标准、资源和选择的优先次序。价值观赋予决策以意义，目标决定决策的方向。标准是比较决策优劣的依据，对调整价值观和目标起导向作用。资源使目标实现现成为可能。优先次序使价值观、目标、标准和资源能按其重要性进行排序。所有这些因素综合起来形成决策的框架。 第二单元1、也许有另外一个巨大的黑洞正告诉吞噬着其他星球。Maybe another huge black hole is swallowing up stars at very rapid speed.2、直到最近天文学家才开始对黑洞进行研究。It is only recently that astronomers have begun research into black holes.3、有一天也许人类会遭此命运。Mankind may one day meet this fate.4、由十个人组成的委员将于八点抵达机场。The committee consisting of 10 members will arrive at the airport at 8 oclock.5、我们越是了解异域人民，就越能理解他们的思想。The more we learn about other people, the better we understand their ideas.There is a clear distinction between one who is supposed to know and another, usually a younger person who is supposed not to know. However, teaching is not necessarily the area of a special group of people, nor should it be looked upon as a technical skill. Teaching can be more like guiding and assisting than forcing information into a blank mind. If you have a certain skill, you should be able to share it with others. You do not have to get a certificate to convey what you know to them or to help them in their attempt to teach themselves. All of us, from the very youngest children to the oldest members of our society, should come to realize our own talent and abilities as teachers. We can share what we know, however little it might be, with others who have need of that knowledge or skill. 一般认为，有知识的人与没有知识的人它们通常是较年轻的人之间的区别非常明显。然而，教学不一定是某个特殊群体的领域，也不应该被看作是一项专业技能。教学不止时将信息硬塞进空白的头脑，而更应是指导和帮助。只要你有某种特定的技能，你就应当能与他人分享。你没有必要持有证书才能把你的知识传授给他人，或为它们的自学提供帮助。我们社会中的每一个成员，从蹒跚学步的孩童到耄耋之年的老者，都应当意识到自己作为教师的才能。尽管我们知之甚少，但仍应能与那些需要我们的人来分享我们的知识和技能。 第三单元1、阅读开拓了他的想象力的新天地。Reading opened up his new world of imagination.2、他责备我疏忽大意。He blamed me for my negligence.3、她的父母非常关心她的幸福Her parents have her welfare at heart.4、考虑到你的年龄，你不适合这项工作。Taking your age into account, you are not suitable to this job.5、你所说的话等于直接的指责。What you said amounts to a direct accusation.Before my graduation from college, I went into business to make money for my music study abroad, which I always think of as a waste of time. Now I do not for a moment mean I look down upon business. My point is that it was not for me. I went into it for money, and aside from the satisfaction of being able to help the family, money was all I got out of it. I felt that life was passing me by. Apart from being merely discontented, I felt rather miserable. My ambition was to save enough to go to Europe to study music. Finally, I accumulated enough to go abroad. I resigned from my position and sailed for Europe without hesitation. There I worked harder than I ever thought I would and enjoyed every minute of it. I was leading a full life; thats what I had dreamed of. 为了攒钱出国学习音乐，我大学还没有毕业就开始经商了但我总是认为那是在浪费时光。这里我丝毫没有看不起经商的意思，而是说它不适合我。我经商是为了赚钱，除了能给家里一些补贴所带来的一点满足外，所得到的只是钱了。我感到时光正从我身边流逝。开始我只是不满意，后来变得痛苦不堪。我的目的就是攒下足够的钱，到欧洲学习音乐。终于，我攒够了出国的钱。我毫不犹豫地辞掉工作，漂洋过海奔向欧洲。在欧洲，我刻苦学习，比曾经想象的还要刻苦，带每一分钟都过得很快乐。我生活得很充实；这才是我梦寐以求的生活。 第四单元1、应该允许工人在做同样工作时享有根据意愿选择不同雇主的自由。The workers should be allowed the freedom to seek the same type of work but with a different employer.2、英国政府推行了新的措施保护家庭佣人不再受雇主虐待。The British government introduced new measures to help protect domestic workers from abuse by their employers.3、人权组织声称，把犯人们用铁链锁在一起不仅不人道，而且效果也差。Human rights organizations say that putting prisoners in chains is not only inhumane but also ineffective.4、其他一些不那么引人注目的案例同样值得关注。Other, less dramatic, cases are equally deserving of attention.5、很多人怀疑这是否能成功地减少虐待事件的发生。Many people doubt whether this will successfully reduce the incidence of abuse.In addition to practical reason for using brick as the principal construction material, there was also an ideological reason. Brick represented durability and permanence. The Virginia Company of London instructed the colonists to build hospitals and new residences out of brick. In 1662, the Town Act of the Virginia Assembly provided for the construction of thirty-two brick buildings and prohibited the use of wood as a construction material. Had this law ever been successfully enforced, Jamestown would have been a model city. Instead, the residents filed to comply fully with the law; and by 1699 Jamestown had collapsed into a pile of rubble with only three or four habitable houses. 把砖作为主要建筑材料除了有它的实际原因外，还有意识形态上的因素。砖象征着坚固和永久。伦敦的弗吉尼亚公司指导殖民者用砖建造医院和新的居民点位。1662年，弗吉尼亚立法院的城镇法案规定了三十二幢建造必须用砖建造，禁止把木材用作建筑材料。如果这个法案能够成功实施，詹姆斯顿就会成为一个典范城市。不过，当地居民没有完全按照法案来做，到1699年的时候，这个城镇就颓落成了一推碎石，能住人的房子只剩下三四座了。 第五单元1、的确，电子技术作出了当时的乐器无法产生的效果。Electronics did, in fact, make possible sounds that no instrument up to that time could produce.2、不言而喻，我们现在不是生活在传统时期。It goes without saying that we are not living in a traditional period nowadays.3、你在外出期间，能让我接替你经营生意吗？Would you like me to take over the business from you while you are away?修复后的老房子呈现出一幅新的面貌。The old house took on a new look after being repaired.4、为了能有一个体面的工作，他每天学习到深夜。He stayed up studying until midnight every day for the sake of a decent job.Have you heard about new compact discs? Theyre the latest invention from Sony. A CD consists of a piece of aluminium coated with transparent plastic, 12cms across, for producing sound. Its similar to an ordinary record, except that its read by a laser beam, and the information recorded on the aluminium is digital.The makers claim that a CD can reproduce the original sound perfectly, without any distortion or background hiss. As the system is computerized, theres no loss of quality between the studio master and the record you buy.Also, a CD is much tougher than a vinyl record, so it doesnt need such careful handling. Dust and dirt wont damage it, and as theres no contact between the laser and the disc, it will never wear out. 你听说过一种新式坚实的小型薄圆盘吗？它是索尼（Sony）公司的最新发明。这种小型薄圆盘（CD）是一款直径为十二厘米的铝片，表面涂上一层透明的塑胶用以播出声音。它以数字型是把信息记录在铝片上，并且用激光来解读，除此之外，它和普通的唱片很相似。 制造商宣称这种唱片能够完美地再现原声，不会是真，也不会带有任何伴随的嘶嘶声。由于制造系统完全由计算机控制，你所买的唱片和录音室制作的母片的质量毫无差别。 另外，这种激光唱片比乙烯基唱片坚固的多，所以使用时不需要十分小心。灰尘和污物都不会对它造成危害，又由于激光和铝片之间没有接触，它将永无损耗 单元测试一1、决策者应该能够对将来做出最好的推测。Decision makers should make a best guess at what the future will be.2、如果我们认识了黑洞，黑洞就不那么可怕了。Black holes wouldnt be so intimidating if we understand them.3、安安乐死的确能解除临终病人的痛苦。Euthanasia can really relieve dying patients from their suffering.4、据估计在英国工作的外籍家庭用人有两万多人。There are estimated to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain.5、现代音乐很注意观众的参与The modern music stresses the audiences participation in the performance. Not A Gold MineDreams of finding lost treasure almost came true recently. A new machine called “The Revealer” has been invented and it has been used to detect gold which has been buried in the ground. The machine was used in a cave near the sea-shore whereit is saidpirates used to hide gold. The pirates would often bury gold in the cave and then fail to collect it. Armed with the new machine, a search party went into the cave hoping to find buried treasure. The leader of the party was examining the soil near the entrance to the cave when the machine showed that there was gold under the ground. Very excited, the party a hole two feet deep. They finally found a gold coin which was almost worthless. The party finally found a small gold coin which was almost worthless. The party then searched the whole cave thoroughly but did not find anything except an empty tin trunk. In spite of this, many people are confident that “The Revealer” may reveal something of value fairly soon. 并非金矿 进来，找到失去财宝的梦想几乎成了现实。一台新的名叫“显宝器”的机器已被发明用来探寻埋在地下的黄金。这台机器曾在海岸附近的一个山洞里用过，据说海盗过去常常在那里藏金子，海盗们总是在这个洞里埋金子，而后来又没能拿走。带着这台新机器，一个探索对开进了山洞，希望能找到埋藏得金银财宝。这个对的领队在检查靠近洞口处土壤时，机器显示出地底下有黄金。他们十分兴奋，挖了一个两英尺深的坑。最后总算找到了一枚小金币，但几乎一文不值。接着他们彻底搜索了这个洞穴，但除了一个空铁皮箱之外，什么都没找到。尽管如此，许多人相信这台“显宝器”可能不久会揭示一些有价值的东西。 第六单元1、将来某一天机器人是否会具有和人一样的视觉尚不可知。It is not yet known whether robots will one day have vision as good as human vision.2、机器人与自动化机器有很大的区别。Robots differ greatly from automatic machines.3、今天下午我们有两节课，课间有些休息时间。We have two lessons this afternoon, but theres some free time in between.4、夏天时，人们常让皮肤暴露于阳光之下。People often expose their skin to the sun in summer.5、这些网络一直处于戒备状态，搜索着危险的迹象。These networks are always on the alert for warning signs.Labor refers to the use of mental or physical work to produce goods. Most labor changes raw materials into finished products and then distributes these to buyers. In industrialized countries, labor is generally more mental than physical. For example, in both manufacturing and agriculture, machines accomplish the very tiring physical work that unskilled laborers used to do. In other industries computer programmed robots and other forms of data processing equipment perform many of the jobs which used to require a lot of mental labor. Therefore, to a certain extent, capital can be used to replace labor or reduce the amount of physical and mental labor that humans have to use in order to conduct business. 劳动是指生产产品的脑力和体力工作。大多数劳动使原材料变为制成品，然后分销给购买者。在工业化国家，脑力劳动通常比体力劳动的比重更大。例如，在制造业和农业中，机器完成过去由非技术劳动者完成的及其劳累的体力劳动。在一些工业部门，计算机程序控制的机器人和其他形式的数据处理设备，完成需要许多大量脑力劳动的工作。因此，在某种程度上，资本可用来替代或减少人类为了经营企业必须使用的体力和脑力劳动量。 第七单元1、我们从家庭、学习、工作、和大众传媒中获得对各种事物的兴趣。We acquire interests in a variety of things and subjects from our families, schools, jobs, and the mass media.2、你是否把所有的钱都从银行里取出来由你自己决定。Its up to you whether you will withdraw all your money from the bank.3、工作中需要耗费大量精力的人们会发现放松是最理想的休闲活动。People who need to exert much energy in their work will find relaxation most desirable in leisure.4、世界上最容易浪费的就是时间，因为最难把握的也是时间。Time is the easiest thing in the world to waste for it is the most difficult thing to control.5、你必须摆脱许多诱惑，否则你的日程表就会落空。You must push away many temptations or your schedule is useless. Nearly all TV in the USA is commercial, and programs are interrupted every quarter of an hour or so for advertisements. These breaks make people upset, especially during some exciting action in a good film. However, commercials do make it possible to show programs on TV that are expensive to produce.There is one channel where there are no commercial, breaks. Programs on this channel are run by the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) and can be seen all over the USA. Although the PBS gets a grant from the government, the government does not interfere in any way in the organization of its programs. There are programs on everyday affairs, music, the arts, as well as serious discussions on all kinds of topics. Some programs are supported by companies or institutions, but these organizations are not allowed to influence the content of a program. 在美国，几乎所有电视频道都会播放商业广告，节目没播放15分钟左右就会插入广告。节目经常被打断使人们感到厌烦，特别是在一部好的电影的精彩片段正播放时更加如此。然而商业广告的确使耗资巨大的节目得以播放。 仅有一个频道不存在商业广告的打扰。该频道播放由公众广播服务公司制作的节目，全美国的人们都能收看得到。尽管公众广播服务公司是由政府拨款支持的，但政府丝毫不会干涉期节目的安排。该频道的节目多种多样，有每日时事、音乐、艺术以及有关各种话题的严肃讨论等。其中一些节目由公司或机构赞助播出，即使如此，也不允许他们干预节目的内容。 第八单元1、喷漆飞行时差综合症是每一位国际旅行者随时都可能遇到的问题。The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes across at some time.2、既然我们明白了时差反应是怎么回事，我们就可以想办法来消除它。Now that we understand what Jet Lag is, we can go some way to overcoming it.3、经过一段时间之后，生理系统将会重新自我调整过来，但是这需要时间。In time the physiological system will reset itself, but it does take time.4、即使做了最大的努力，注意力持续的时间也会起伏不定。Even with the greatest effort, our span of attention fluctuates.5、愤怒者容易忘记手上的痛苦，恐惧者难以享受乐趣，紧张或焦虑者会小题大做。The angry man forgets the pain of injury, the fearful man finds it difficult to enjoy pleasure and the tense or anxious person may react violently to the smatters. Despite the presence of workaholics, there is a growing realization in the United States that excessive work demands can be physically and mentally harmful. Many people claim that when a job is so important, personal relationships suffer and relaxation becomes secondary. Consequently there has been a shift in values, with more emphasis being given to personal relationships and non-work activities. Leisure time provides opportunities to find personal satisfaction and freedom from the routine of work. 尽管存在工作狂，但是在美国，人们日益认识到工作任务过重有害于身心健康。许多人认为，把工作看得太重，会影响人际关系，休息也会变的次要了。因此，人们在价值观上出现了变化，开始更重视人际关系和业余活动。休闲时间能使人在日常繁琐工作中找到自娱自乐和自由的空间。 第九单元1、长寿正改变着我们的社会，但这只是经验之谈。Long life is altering our society, but in experienced terms.2、婴儿与不能工作的老年人相比，更是一个负担。Babies are more of a liability than the inactive aged.3、你对发生的事情的描述接近实际情况。Your account of what happened approximates to the real facts.4、成功的育儿之道始于让孩子们知道，它们属于这个家庭，他们受到宠爱没有别的原因，只是因为他们自身的存在。Successful parenting begins by communicating to children that they belong, and are loved for no other reason than just because they exist.5、保持健康的自尊心是一个人一生中不懈的挑战。Maintaining a healthy self-esteem is a challenge that continues throughout life.It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life, but manners on the road are becoming horrible. It is more than necessary to launch a be-kind-to-other-drivers campaign, otherwise, the situation may get completely out of control. Road politeness is not only good manners, but good sense too. It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilized behavior. On the other hand, a friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of good will and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditions. But such acknowledgements of politeness are all too rare today. 人们尽可以对交通阻塞、汽油费用以及现代生活快节奏大肆抱怨，但变得越来越恐怖的趋势行车规矩。因此，非常有必要发起一场“善待其他驾驶员”的运动，否则，局势可能完全失控。行车礼貌不仅是良好的举止，而且也是良好的意识。因为，驾驶员在遭遇野蛮行为时，需要最大限度的冷静和理智来克制报复念头。另一方面，对礼貌行为回以友好的点头或挥手致意均有助于营造友好的气氛，进而产生当今交通环境必不可少的忍耐。然而，今天这宗礼貌地回应已很少见了。 第十单元1、我们的足球队没有希望赢得这场比赛。Our football team stands no chance of winning the match.2、大党提名人具有得到党的忠诚信徒的支持这一关键优势。A major-party nominee has the critical advantage of support from the party faithful.3、胡选人尽力突出表现一种强有力的领导形象。Candidates try to project a strong leadership image.4、这届政府执政已有三年。The government has been in power for three years.5、两党制度缘何在美国政治中如此根深蒂固呢？How does it happen that the two-party system is so strongly is so strongly rooted in American politics?We send our children to school to prepare them for the time when they will be big and will have to work for themselves. Nearly all they study at school has some practical use in their life, but is that the only reason why they go to school?There is more in education than just learning facts. We go to school above all to learn how to learn, so that when we have left school we can continue to learn. A man who really knows how to learn will always be successful, because whenever he has to do something new, he will rapidly teach himself how to do it in the best way. The uneducated person, on the other hand, is probably unable to do something, or does it badly. The purpose of schools, therefore, is not just to teach languages, arithmetic, etc. , but to teach pupils a way to learn 我们送孩子上学时为他们在长大成人时自立做准备。几乎它们在学校学习的所有东西在一生中都有实用价值，不过，这难道是她们上学的唯一理由？ 教育远不止获得某些具体的知识。我们上学首先是要学会怎样学习，以便在我们离校后能继续学习。一个真正懂得怎样学习的人总是会成功的，应为无论何时他都要做新的工作，那么他将很快学会用最佳办法来完成它。另一方面，未受教育的人可能就做不成什么事，或做得很糟。因此，学校的目的不仅是教语言、算数等课程，还要教给学生学习的方法。 单元测试二1、我没问你应该让孩子们接触新思想。We should expose children to new ideas.2、这是一个中肯的问题。This is a relevant question.3、人们认为饭后散步促进消化。It is believed that taking a walk after meals promotes digestion.4、他的收入与他的技术及能力很不相称。His earnings are out of all proportion to his skill and ability.5、我们都被大自然的美深深地打动了。We were all deeply stirred by the beauty of nature.Can machines be as intelligent as human being? There is a lot of discussion these days about artificial(人工的) intelligence machines and their relation to human intelligence. People in many different occupations(职业) are involved in this discussion. They want to know how artificial intelligence will improve their lives. They also want to know if “intelligent” machines can be harmful to them. They would like to know what scientists predict for their future.Human beings are a unique species. They have more complex brains than any other beings. They have the gift of speech and can communicate their thoughts, ideas, and feelings. Human beings are interested in the past and can learn from past experiences. They study their present problems carefully and try to find the best solutions. They look to the future and plan their next activities. They invent tools and machines to help them in their work.机器能像人一样聪明吗?近来很多人探讨了人工智能机及其与人类智能的关系。各行各业的人都参与了这场讨论。他们想要知道人工智能机会