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區域協作與環境保護RegionalCooperationwithReferencetoEnvironmentalProtection 何建宗教授香港公開大學Prof K C HoTheOpenUniversityofUniversity GlobalEnvironmentalIssueswithLocal RegionalandWorldwideConcern LossoflandresourcesandsoilerosionWatershortageandpollutionCoastalandmarineresourcesatriskAtmosphericpollutionConservationandbiodiversityDeteriorationofthequalityoflivingenvironmentOzoneLayerdepletionGlobalwarmingandclimatechangesDisasters Lossoflandresources In2005 over70percentoftheEarth slandsurfacewasseverelydamagedbytheconstructionofroads mining urbanizationandunplannedeconomicdevelopments LatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanregionarelikelytobethehardesthitwith 80percentofthelandaffected closelyfollowedbyAsiaandthePacificregion Moreover 75percentofvaluablehabitatsaredisturbedbyhumanactivitiesincludingagricultureandurbandevelopment resultinginthelossofbiodiversityandotherenvironmentaldamages SoilErosion Over10percent between25 30millionha oftheworld sirrigatedlandsareclassedasseverelyderelict Soilerosionisakeyfactorinlanddegradation Around15percentoftheEarth slandcoveroranareabiggerthantheUnitedStatesandMexicocombined isnowclassedasdegradedasaresultofhumanactivities Landdegradationmainlyresultsfromandwithwatererosionandspreadofagriculturalchemicals Watershortageandpollution 60percentoftheworld slargest227rivershavebeenstronglyormoderatelyfragmentedbydamsandotherengineeringworks Halfoftheworld sriversareseriouslydepletedandpolluted Insomecountries groundwaterlevelsarefallingasaresultofover abstraction Some80countries amountingto40percentoftheworld spopulation weresufferingseriouswatershortagesbythemid 1990s Thereareabout4billioncasesofdiarrheaand2 2milliondeathsayear equivalentto20jumbojetscrashingeveryday Coastalandmarineresourcesatrisk Dischargesofuntreatedsewageisthebiggestrisktocoastalandoceanicpollution Aboutone thirdoftheworld sfishstocksarenowrankedasdepleted overexploitedorrecoveringafterthreats asaresultofover fishing harmfulalgalblooms commonlyknownasredtides andpollution Otherthreatstotheoceansincludeclimatechange oilspills dischargesofheavymetals persistentorganicpollutants POPs andlitter Atmosphericpollution Acidprecipitation resultedfromemissionsofsulfurdioxides nitrogenousoxides carbonmonoxideandcarbondioxidefromburningoffuels Dirtyairaffectsthehealthofhumanbeingsaswellascausingsevereecologicaldamages Manypeopledieofrespiratorydiseasesandlungcancerduetothepollutionofambientandindoorenvironments Thousandsoflakesintheworldhadreductionsinfishpopulationsduetoacidificationfromthe1950stothe1980s Sourcesofairpollutantsemissionincludepowergenerationplants industriesandvehicles Conservationandbiodiversityloss Forests whichcoveraroundone thirdoftheEarth slandsurface 3866millionha havedeclinedby2 4percentsince1990 Productionofroundwoodforfuelisthemaincauseofforestlossindevelopingcountries althoughcommercialloggingfortheconsumptionindevelopedcountriesisoftenverydestructiveMangroveforests naturalseadefences nurserygroundsforfishandprimenestingandrestingsitesformigratorybirds arethreatenedTheintroductionofalienspeciesfromonepartoftheworldtoanotherhasemergedasasignificantthreatinrecentyearsalongsideclimatechange Alienspeciesoftenhavenonaturalpredatorsintheirnewhomesandcanout competenativespeciesforbreedingandfeedingsites Deteriorationofthequalityoflivingenvironment PopulationincreaseIncreasedurbanizationHousingTransportNoiseLandscapeandamenityReclamationNaturalandanthropologicalheritages OzoneLayerdepletion Theprotectionoftheozonelayerhasbecomeoneofthemajorchallengesoverthepast20years InSeptember2000 theAntarcticozoneholecoveredmorethan28millionkm3 Globalwarmingandclimatechanges Greenhousegas CO2 emissionsareunevenlydistributedbetweencountriesandregions OrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment OECD countriescontributedmorethanhalfofemissionsin1998 withapercapitaemissionofaboutthreetimestheworldaverage ClimatechangerepresentsanimportantadditionalstressonthoseecosystemsTheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeandtheKyotoProtocolarethekeypolicyinstrumentsadoptedbytheinternationalcommunitytotrytoaddresstheproblemofgreenhousegasesemissions SeaLevelRise ESPOeffects Disasters Itisestimatedthatthenumberofpeopleaffectedbydisastersclimbedfromanaverageof147millionayearinthe1980sto211millionayearinthe1990s Thenumberofpeopleaffectedbydisastersclimbedfromanaverageof147millionayearinthe1980sto211millionayearinthe1990s Globalfinanciallossesfromnaturaldisasterswere in1999 estimatedtocostashighasoverUS 100billion Believeitornot somescientistshaveclaimedthatthelevelofweather relateddisastershasclimbedduetoincreasedhuman madeemissionsintoatmosphere Inthe1990s 90percentofthosekilledinnaturaldisasterswerevictimsofeventssuchasfloods windstormsanddroughtswhicharecloselylinkedtorisesinwaterlevelandglobalclimatechange THEEIGHTEENTHAPECMINISTERIALMEETING HANOI VIETNAM15 16November2006JOINTSTATEMENT Ministersrecognizedtheimportanceofsustainabledevelopmentinmarineandcoastalresources andtheopportunitiesthiscreatesforwealthandemploymentgenerationfrominvestmentandtrade TheMarineResourcesConservationWorkingGroup s MRCWG workonpost tsunamieconomicactivitiesandnaturalbufferprotectionensuresgreatersustainablegrowthforaffectedareas Fromtheearlydays sustainabledevelopmenthasbeenamatterofgreatconcernforAPEC TheAPECLeaders EconomicVisionStatementin1993stated Ourenvironmentisimprovedasweprotectthequalityofourair waterandgreenspacesandmanageourenergyresourcesandrenewableresourcestoensuresustainablegrowthandprovideamoresecurefutureforourpeople ThisStatementprovidesthemandateforAPEC sworkonsustainabledevelopment InMarch1994 MinistersofAPECadoptedanEnvironmentalVisionStatementandaFrameworkofPrinciplesforIntegratingEconomyandDevelopmentinAPEC In1995 theAPECEconomicLeaders DeclarationforActionreaffirmedtheintegrationoftheenvironmentandsustainabledevelopmentintoAPECactivities The1996ManilaDeclarationofMinistersResponsibleforEnvironmentsketchedoutpriorityissuesconcerningsustainabledevelopmentsuchaspromotionofpublic privatepartnership localempowerment sustainablecitiesandsustainablemarineenvironment The1997APECEconomicLeadersstatedcategoricallythat AchievingsustainabledevelopmentisattheheartofAPEC smandate In2004 APECfurtherenhanceditscommitmentstopursuingsustainabledevelopmentwithDeclarationoftheTourismMinisterialMeeting JointStatementoftheMiningMinisterialMeeting andtheScienceandTechnologyMinisterialMeeting TheEconomicandTechnicalCooperation ECOTECH smandatestates APECeconomieswillpursueeconomicandtechnicalco operationinordertoattainsustainablegrowthandequitabledevelopmentintheAsia Pacificregion TheECOTECHagendaincludesinitiativesforpromotingandensuringsustainabledevelopmentthroughcooperativeschemes jointresearchandtraining sharinginformationandexperiences andtheproliferationofbestpractices Areasofcooperationinthecomingyears Globalclimatechanges withemphasesonenergypoliciesandtechnologiesofpowergeneration compliancewiththeKyotoProtocolandtheuseofrenewableenergy Ozonelayerdepletion phasingoutofCFCderivativesandotherozonelayerdepletionagentsRegionalatmosphericpollution promotionofcross bordercontrol cleanerproduction environmentalfriendlytransportand emissiontrading Marinepollution marinedumpingandoilspillages pliancetoLondonConventionandtheMA
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