提高生长性能管理好猪的环境(幻灯片)-Ma_imizi.ppt

MaximizingGrowthPerformanceManagingthePigs Environment提高生长性能 管理好猪的环境 MikeEllis麦克艾利斯博士DepartmentofAnimalSciencesUniversityofIllinois伊利诺大学动物科学系 商业性能和性能潜力 Effectofrearingenvironmentongrowthandcarcasscharacteristics 40to120kgliveweight 饲养环境对生长和胴体性状的影响 40 120千克活重 拥挤宽敞个体 日采食 千克 日增重 克 增重 耗料 背膘厚 毫米 眼肌厚度 毫米 预测瘦肉率 GrowthPerformanceonCommercialUnitsinUSMidwest美国中西部商品猪场内的生长性能 阶段体重范围 千克 日增重日采食增重 耗料 保育期生长肥育期断奶 肥育 Whyfocusonincreasinggrowthrate 为何注重增加生长速度 Throughputiseconomicallyimportant生产效率在经济上重要Lightweightpigscostmoney体重轻的猪使成本增加ParticularlyinAll In All Outsystems特别是全进 全出体系 underweightscost 10to 35perpig 体重低于标准每头猪降价10 35美分 Increasinggrowthratewillreducethenumberoflight weightpigswhenbarnisemptied加快生长率可以减少清空猪舍时的体重较轻猪只数Withinageneticlinevariationingrowthrateduetoenvironmentalfactorsmayresultlargelydifferencesinfeedintakeandnotfeedefficiency 同品种内由环境因素引起的生长率差异可能造成显著的采食量出差异 而且饲料效益上的差异呢 Increasinggrowthratewillincreaseoutputwitheithernoeffectorasmallpositiveeffectonfeedefficiency 加快生长速度将扩大产量 而且对饲料效益不会或极少对饲料效益产生负面影响 Maximizingtotalfacilityoutput提高设备的总利用率 Keyindexoffacilityoutputis 设备产出量的关键指标Liveweightofpigsproduced unitoffloorspacekg squaremeter单位面积所产猪的活重 千克 平方米 Abetterindexofperformancethangrowthrate 比生长率更好的性能指标Notcalculatedbymanyproducers许多养猪者都不计算Compromisebetweenindividualanimalperformanceandtotalbuildingoutput个体性能和设备总产量的折中 ReducedGrowthRate生长率降低 Causesinclude 原因包括Genetics遗传Disease疾病Gender性别Birthweight初生重Diet饲粮Stockingdensity floorandfeederspace groupsize饲养密度 每猪占地面积和采食槽位 群体大小Effectiveenvironment temperature humidity andairquality有效环境 温度 速度和空气质量Socialenvironment群居环境 Temperatureeffectonperformanceingrowingpigs温度对生长猪性能的影响 Atotalof256YorkshirexHampshireorpurebredDurocpigs initialweight34 7kg for4weeks Hyunetal 1998 Thermoneutral 24oC Cycling High 28 34oC Thermoneutral 24oC Cycling High 28 34oC ADG kg ADFI kg Gain Feed kg kg Restrictedspaceallowanceeffectonperformanceingrowingpigs圈栏面积对生长猪性能的影响 Atotalof256YorkshirexHampshireorpurebredDurocpigs initialweight34 7kg for4weeks Hyunetal 1998 Normalspace 0 56m2 Restrictedspace 0 25m2 ADG kg ADFI kg Gain Feed kg kg Normalspace 0 56m2 Restrictedspace 0 25m2 Mixingstresseffectonperformanceingrowingpigs混群应激对生长猪的影响 Atotalof256YorkshirexHampshireorpurebredDurocpigs initialweight34 7kg for4weeks Hyunetal 1998 ADG kg ADFI kg Gain Feed kg kg Static Mixed Static Mixed Effectsofnumberofstressorsonperformance a averagedailygain b dailyfeedintake c gain feed 应激对日增重日采食量和料肉比的影响 Highenvironmentaltemperature高温环境 Highrespiratoryrateandbloodflow呼吸率增高血流加快 Reducedfeedintake采食减少 Reducedthyroidhormone甲状腺激素减少 Reducedproteinsynthesisandgrowthrate蛋白质合成减少 生长缓慢 Reducedbloodglucose血中葡萄糖减少 Increasedcatecholamines儿茶酚胺增加 IncreaseenergyExpenditure增加能量消耗 ReducedIGF 1incirculation血中生长激素减少 Reducedinsulinproduction胰岛素产量减少 Increasedheatloss增加散热 Decreasedheatproduction产热增加 Bodytemperatureregulation体温调节 TemperatureEffectsonGrowth温度对生长的影响 Comfortzone适温区Rangeoftemperatureswithinwhichanimalneedstoneitherincreaseheatproductionorincreaseheatlosstomaintainastablebodytemperature动物既不需要增加产热也不需要增加散热就能保持稳定体温的温度范围 FloorType Straw垫草Solid水泥Fully全漏缝地板类型BeddedConcreteSlattedoCoCoCPigletsPre weaning Age 哺乳仔猪Day1303132Day3283029Day5242627Day17222425PigsPostWeaning Weight 断奶猪6kg dofweaning 2728306kg oncestartedeating 2627298kg24262810kg21232515kg19202320kg15172130kg13151945kg10121760kg9111690kg81015MEATANDLIVESTOCKCOMMISSION 1999 CriticalTemperatures关键温度 FloorType Straw垫草Solid水泥Fully全漏缝地板类型BeddedConcreteSlattedoCoCoCDrySows ingroups 空怀母猪ServiceArea101215 assumes Flushing Gestation151720FarrowingSows产仔母猪Day1to3postfarrowing182023Day4toweaning161820MEATANDLIVESTOCKCOMMISSION 1999 CriticalTemperature关键温度 ConsequencesofColdConditions寒冷的后果 Increasedenergyintake增加能量摄入Increasedmetabolicrate提高代谢率Increasedheatproduction增加产热Limitedeffectsongrowthperformance对生长性能影响有限Reducedfeedefficiency ConsequencesofHotConditions炎热的后果 Reducedfeedintake减少采食Reducedactivitylevel降低活动水平Reducedactivity减少活动Changesindiurnalbehavior avoidhotconditions 日常行为变化 避热 Reducedgrowthrate生长率降低 Relationshipbetweenvoluntaryfeedintakeandambienttemperatureforpigsatdifferentliveweight不同活重猪自主采食量和环境温度之间的关系 环境温度 代谢能摄入量 兆焦 天 Temperatureeffectonperformanceingrowingpigs温度对生长猪性能的影响 Atotalof256YorkshirexHampshireorpurebredDurocpigs initialweight34 7kg for4weeks Hyunetal 1998 Thermoneutral 24oC Cycling High 28 34oC Thermoneutral 24oC Cycling High 28 34oC ADG kg ADFI kg Gain Feed kg kg Effectoftemperatureondiurnalpatternofbehavioralobservations a Lying b Sitting c Standing d Eating 温度对行为的影响 躺倒 坐立 站立和采食 Temperaturemeansdiffer P 0 01 Hyunetal 2004 Effectoftemperatureondiurnalpatternofbehavioralobservations a Lying b Sitting c Standing d Eating Temperaturemeansdiffer P 0 01 Hyunetal 2004 Improvinggrowthperformanceunderhotconditions提高炎热条件下的生长性能 Increaseddietaryenergyconcentration addedfat 提高日粮能量含量 添加脂肪 Fastergrowthbutfattercarcasses生长加快但胴体较肥Reduceddietarycrudeproteinlevels 降低日粮粗蛋白水平 Lowprotein syntheticaminoacidfortifieddiets低蛋白 添加合成氨基酸的日粮Coolpigs对猪降温Shade阴凉Increasedventilationrates提高通风率Increasedevaporativecooling加强蒸发降温Wallows drip spraycoolers evaporativecoolers泥水打滚 滴水 喷水 蒸发降温器 Traditionalmultiple stagesystems传统多阶段系统 Groupsize群体大小 Commercialgroupsizesrangefrom10to800pigs商品猪群体大小从10到800头PotentialAdvantagesofLargeGroups大群的潜在优点Reducedpenning gates减少分圈和门Increasedstockingrate增加载畜率Reducedfacilitycosts减少设备费Easeofcheckingpigs 检查容易 Easeofhandlingpigs 容易管理 Lessmixingofpigsduringtransport转群时混群少 NumberofpigsperPen每圈猪数 FreeSpaceperpig m2 每头猪的自由空间 平方米 Effectofgroupsizeongrowthperformance群体大小对生长的影响 WolterandEllis 2002 Pigperformancefromweaningtomarket断奶到上市的性能 Whyshouldgrowingpigsresponddifferentlytogroupsizethanlargefinishingpigs 为什么生长猪对群体大小的反应与肥育猪不同 Abilitytochangefeedingbehaviorinresponsetoincreasinggroupsize 增加群体头数引起采食行为的变化 群体大小 每圈猪数 平均日增重 克 群体大小 每圈猪数 采食速度 克 分钟 肥育猪 肥育猪 生长猪 生长猪 Whatisimpactofverylargegroupsizesongrowthperformance 特大群体对生长有什么影响 Whatisoptimumgroupsize 什么是最佳群体大小 Situationspecific依具体情况而定Dependsongrowthphaseconsidered取决于对生长期的考虑Personalpreferences个人的偏好 Crowdingofpigsisoneofthemajorreasonsforreducedgrowthoncommercialoperations 拥挤是引起商品猪生长下降的主要原因之一 RecommendedFloorSpaceAllowance Fullyslatted0 035xBodyWeight0 667Partialslatts0 039xBodyWeight0 667Solid0 045xBodyWeight0 667 withbedding Recommendedandcommercialfloorspaceallowances饲养密度的推荐量和商业实际量 平方米 头 Effectofcrowdinginthenursery 5to30kgliveweight 保育猪拥挤的影响 5 30kg活重 Effectofgroupsize floorspaceongrowthperformance DeDeckeretal 2003 群体大小对生长的影响 FeederDesign饲槽设计 Numberofpigsperfeeder feedinghole每个饲槽和槽孔的猪数Size大小Feedingholes widthxlengthxheight 饲槽孔 长x宽x高 Distancebetweenholes孔间距离Heightfromthefloor离地高度Placement位置WetorDry湿与干TubeorBox管或箱 LargeGroup Multiple Location大群 多点 Feederspace槽位 Whatisfeedertroughspaceformaximumgrowth 什么是最有利于生长的槽位 Effectoffeedertroughspaceongrowth Wolter 2002 槽位大小对生长的影响 FeedWastage饲料浪费 TaylorandCurtis 1989 1 7to11 4 MorrowandWalker 1994 Collected测定值 1 Calculated计算值7 7 Growthperformanceofpigsfeddietsasmealorpellets Averageof4studies 猪饲喂粉料或颗粒料的生长性能 四个研究的平均 Pellet Meal颗粒料比粉料Dailygain g日增重 克 48Dailyfeedintake g日采食 克 90Gain feed增重 耗料 0 03 Relationshipbetweenearlyandlategrowth早期与后期生长的关系 Effectofearlygrowthrateonlategrowthperformance Wolter 2002 早期生长率对后期生长性能的影响 aSignificantlydifferentP 0 05 显著水平 Whatismosteconomicgrowthcurve 什么是最经济的生长曲线 体重 断奶后时间 固定的屠宰重 快常规慢 EffectofTransitionFeederonPost weaningGrowthTransition饲槽对断奶后生长的影响 Feedertype饲槽类型ConventionalTransition常规Weightat kg 体重 千克 Weaning断奶时6 06 014days14日龄8 48 928days28日龄14 114 3Morbidity 4 52 1发病率 Managingbarncloseouts管理好猪的送宰 Targetismaximumprofit目标是最大利润Determinedby 取决于Totalweightofpigsproduced所产猪的总重量Numberpigsintargetweightwindow达到目标体重的猪数Whatisoptimumremovalstrategy timing numberofanimals 什么是最佳 先送宰 策略 时间 猪数 WhatisoptimumuseofPaylean 什么是Paylean的最佳利用 Increasesgrowthrate7to10 使生长率提高7 10 Biggesteffectisinthefastestgrowingpigsduringfirst3weeksafterPayleanisintroduced最大的效应在于引进Paylean后最初3周期间生长最快生长最快的猪 Variationinweightofpigsatslaughter猪屠宰体重的变异 RecentestimateofthecosttotheUSslaughterindustrybecauseofinconsistentweights 1 32 pigslaughtered由于屠宰重不整齐划一使美国屠宰业在每头屠宰猪损失1 32美金Costtoproducerishigher生产者的损失更高Reducedpriceforpigssenttothepacker屠宰猪的价格降低Reducedpriceforlightweightpigsthathavetobeshippedtolowvalueoutlets体重轻的屠宰猪价格降低Complicatedbyall in all outmanagementsystems由于全进全出的管理系统Buildingsmustbeemptiedbyafixeddate猪圈必须在固定时间腾空 WeightforAgeisNormallyDistributed一定日龄时的体重是正态分布 Coefficientofvariationinliveweightatslaughter 10to12 屠宰重变异系数 10 12 Targetliveweightwindow100to130kg目标屠宰重在100到130kg Example 示例Meanliveweightofgroup 120kg群体平均活重 120kgLightestpigsingroup 84kg最轻的群体平均重84kgHeaviestpigsingroup 156kg最重的群体平均重156kg Liveweight活重 VariationinPigGrowthPerformance生长性能的变异 Liveweight活重 Causesinclude 原因包括Genetics遗传Disease疾病Gender性别Birthweight初生重Diet饲粮Stockingdensity floorandfeederspace groupsize载畜量 每猪占地面积和槽位 群体大小Effectiveenvironment temperature humidity andairquality有效环境 温度湿度度和空气质量Socialenvironment群居环境 Effectofsortingpigsbyweightonsubsequentperformance按体重分群对性能的影响 AutomaticSor