工程造价与管理论文英文文献中英对照.doc

英文文献Engineering cost managementProject cost control emphasis should be transferred to the project construction early days, is transferred to the project decision and design stage. Project cost control in construction projects throughout the entire process, the key lies in the pre construction investment decision-making with design phase, whereas in the investment decision is made, the key lies in designing. According to expert analysis: architectural design, in the preliminary design stage, design stage, construction design stage to the engineering effect were 75% 95%, 35% 75%, 5% 35%; while in the construction phase, through the optimization of construction organization design, construction cost saving the possibility of only 5% to 10%. We should put the focus shifted to the design stage, in order to get twice the result with half the effort.Pay attention to the technical and economic optimization combination. The combination of technology with economy is most effective way to control engineering cost. China engineering fields for a long time did not do this. The lack of technical personnel economy idea, design thought is conservative, the design of the outcome of the economy are not fully reflect. Therefore, we should solve the problem is to improve economic efficiency as the goal, in the construction process, organization, technology and economy organic ground union rises. Through the economic analysis, comparative study and effect evaluation, correct processing of advanced technology and reasonable in economy between the relation of unity of opposites, strive to advanced technology under the conditions of economic rational, reasonable in economy based on advanced technology.Carry out limitation is designed method. To be consciously put the application of value engineering to the specific design, actively promote quota design in engineering design contract, by way of bidding. This has been proven in practice is an effective way, it is not only an economic problem, more precisely a technical and economic problems. This limitation is designed to effectively control the project cost. In order to make the limitation is designed to achieve the desired objectives, should be involved in the design personnel must be experienced skilled economic designer. Their design results must be practical, advanced and reasonable cost. Control of engineering cost on the other hand is the need for comparison, because the outcome is a process of gradual improvement, and not to decide, so the comparison is a measure of its practical, advanced and economical means.Do good project cost control in the process. ( 1) compilation of economic and feasible construction scheme. Before construction, construction enterprises should be combined with the construction drawings and the actual situation at the scene, their mechanical equipment, construction experience, the management level and technical specification acceptance criteria, a set of practical and feasible construction scheme. The construction scheme is engineering implementation of the programme of action. ( 2) to technical personnel, materials, machinery and personnel staff communication and coordination. In the process of construction, construction technology, materials and mechanical personnel should cooperate closely, understand each other, to management as the core, to reduce costs for the purpose of. ( 3) to the project completion settlement. Strict supervision system. Control project cost effectively, in the early phase of the project shall be subject to supervision (including cost management ) system. Through analyzing the design process of supervision, make the design more reasonable, cost control to limit the scope of, accomplish truly with the smallest investment maximize output.Strict supervision system. Control project cost effectively, in the early phase of the project shall be subject to supervision (including cost management ) system. Through analyzing the design process of supervision, make the design more reasonable, cost control to limit the scope of, accomplish truly with the smallest investment maximize output.To establish and perfect the independent project cost advisory body, cultivate a Zhi De have both engineering team. To establish a real sense of independent engineering cost consulting agencies. Through improving the laws and regulations, normative behavior, separate government functions from enterprise management, the establishment of independent business partnership, share-holding system, the limited responsibility system and other forms of organization, an industry-based, diversified services integrated project consulting company, build and development and reform the engineering cost intermediary service institutions, make construction project management of a gradual transition by an independent specialized agency in charge of project cost whole process tracking management, truly between owner and contractor plays an intermediary role. To strengthen engineering cost consulting industry association construction, establish project cost consulting industry self-discipline mechanism, and constantly improve the Engineering Cost Association in engineering cost consulting industry status, to be truly representative of the interests of the majority of the industry practitioners, government and enterprises to become connection link and the bridge. At the same time to strengthen the project cost specialty in higher education and in service education. As a result of project cost management in construction projects and various economic interests are closely related, and the whole social economic activities play a very important role, it requires the cost engineering technical personnel should have different levels of knowledge, in addition to their professional knowledge and have a deep understanding, also deal with the design content, design process, construction technology, project management, economic laws and regulations have a comprehensive understanding of. Therefore, the project cost management, project cost per unit of society groups, has already obtained a cost engineer qualification personnel, in order to carry out plan, has the goal, multiple levels of continuing education and training, to understand and master Chinese bilateral agreements with countries project cost technology, regulations, management system and its development trend, to expand domestic and foreign exchanges, and actively participate in international or regional engineering activities, improve their professional quality, so that the current practitioners in intelligent structure, theory and working experience three aspects can meet the needs of engineering cost management. Cost engineering professionals need to strengthen their own learning, in addition to the professional knowledge to upgrade, should also work in combination with a broad understanding and master the relevant engineering and technical expertise, educational organizations and industry regulatory bodies constitute a complete education system, so as to the field of engineering senior talent development to create good conditions.中文译文：工程造价与管理工程造价控制重点应转移到项目建设的前期，即转移到项目决策和设计阶段。工程造价控制贯穿于项目建设全过程，关键在于施工前的投资决策和设计阶段，而在做出投资决策后，关键在于设计。据有关专家分析：建筑设计方案，在初步设计阶段、技术设计阶段、施工图设计阶段对工程的影响分别达7595、3575、535；而在施工阶段，通过优化组织施工设计，节约工程造价的可能性只有510。所以应该把重点转移到设计阶段，以取得事半功倍的效果。 注重技术与经济的优化结合。技术与经济相结合是控制工程造价最有效的手段。中国工程设计领域长期以来没有做到这点。技术人员缺乏经济观念，设计思想保守，使设计成果的经济性得不到充分体现。因此，我们现在应该解决的问题是以提高经济效益为目的，在工程建设过程中将组织、技术与经济有机地结合起来。通过经济分析、技术比较及效果评价，正确处理技术先进与经济合理两者之间的对立统一的关系，力求在技术先进条件下的经济合理，在经济合理基础上的技术先进。 推行“限额设计”方法。要自觉地把价值工程运用到具体的设计中去，积极推行限额设计，在工程设计发包中采用招投标方式。这是被实践证明的有效途径，它不单纯是一个经济问题，更准确地说是一个技术经济问题。这种“限额设计”能有效地控制整个项目的工程造价。为使“限额设计”达到预期目的，应该做到参与设计人员必须是有经验懂技术经济的设计师。他们设计的成果必须实用、先进而且造价合理。控制工程造价的另一方面是必须进行多方案比较，因为设计成果是一个逐步完善的过程，并不是一开始就能确定下来，所以多方案比较是衡量其实用性、先进性和经济性的重要手段。 做好工程实施过程中的造价控制。（1）编制经济可行的施工方案。施工前，施工企业要结合施工图纸及现场实际情况、自身的机械设备、施工经验、管理水平和技术规范验收标准，编制一套切实经济可行的施工方案。该施工方案是工程实施的行动纲领。（2）做好技术人员、材料人员、机械人员的沟通与配合。施工过程中，施工技术人员，材料人员和机