【红宝书】考研英语--考前模拟试题（第二.pdf

w w w w h o n g b a o s h u c o m 红宝书红宝书网址 红宝书 考研英语考前预测 最后冲刺 3 套题 1 红宝书红宝书 网上附赠 网上附赠 2012 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语模拟试题 第二套 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语模拟试题 第二套 Section I Use of English Directions Read the following text Choose the best word s for each numbered blank and mark A B C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1 10 points At the beginning of the century medical scientists made a surprising discovery that we are 1 not just of flesh and blood but also of time They were able to 2 that we all have an internal body clock which 3 the rise and fall of our body energies making us different from one day to the 4 These forces became known as biorhythms they create the 5 in our everyday life The 6 of an internal body clock should not be too surprising 7 the lives of most living things are dominated by the 24 hour night and day cycle The most obvious 8 of this cycle is the 9 we feel tired and fall asleep at night and become awake and 10 during the day 11 the 24 hour rhythm is interrupted most people experience unpleasant side effects 12 international aeroplane travelers often experience jet lag when traveling across time 13 People who are not used to 14 work can find that lack of sleep affects their work performance 15 the daily rhythm of sleeping and waking we also have other rhythms which 16 longer than one day and which influence wide areas of our lives Most of us would agree that we feel good on 17 days and not so good on others Sometimes we are 18 fingers and thumbs but on other days we have excellent coordination There are times when we appear to be accident prone or when our temper seems to be on a short fuse Isn t it also strange 19 ideas seem to flow on some days but at other times are 20 nonexistent Musicians painters and writers often talk about dry spells 1 A built B shaped C molded D grown 2 A demonstrate B illustrate C present D propose 3 A designates B fluctuates C calculates D regulates 4 A second B latter C other D next 5 A ups and downs B goods and bads C pros and cons D highs and lows 6 A name B idea C expression D image 7 A unless B when C since D although 8 A nature B character C feature D fact 9 A mode B way C form D fashion 10 A watchful B ready C alert D attentive 11 A As B Because C Though D If w w w w h o n g b a o s h u c o m 红宝书红宝书网址 红宝书 考研英语考前预测 最后冲刺 3 套题 2 12 A Of course B For example C In consequence D In particular 13 A zones B areas C belts D sphere 14 A change B shift C transfer D alternate 15 A Instead of B Rather than C As well as D In comparison with 16 A last B move C live D survive 17 A many B several C some D most 18 A all B partly C seldom D often 19 A when B how C that D which 20 A particularly B specifically C apparently D virtually Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions Read the following four texts Answer the questions below each text by choosing A B C or D Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 40 points Text 1 At the root of British decline was the persistence well into the twentieth century of the very organizational structures that had brought Britain to dominance in the nineteenth century Fundamentally Britain s economic problem was not its bloody minded workers but its narrow minded managers Major British firms continued to be controlled by proprietary interests who for fear of losing financial and managerial control over their enterprises failed to make the investments in managerial structures That came to characterize successful capitalist development in economies such as the United States Germany and Japan With the consolidation of managerial capitalism in these nations in the first decades of this century business that did not build managerial structures to plan and coordinate manufacturing and marketing could not hope to compete effectively in international competition for mass markets Of particular relevance to the story being told here in the absence of investments in managerial structures proprietary firms continued to rely on manual workers to coordinate the flow of work the division of labor and the training of young recruits on the shop floor In the twentieth century as in the nineteenth century the reliance of British capitalists on shop floor labor to coordinate production activities continued to have the advantage of fixed costs that were low relative to the organizational and technological investments characterizing managerial capitalism as it was developing elsewhere But over the course of the twentieth century as managerial enterprises in places such as the United States Germany and Japan began to transform the high fixed costs of their innovative investment strategies into low unit costs the value creating advantages of Britain s low fixed cost labor intensive strategy became increasingly difficult to maintain As was the case in the expansion of the British cotton textile industry before World War I value creation came to depend increasingly on the supply of greater effort by shop floor workers w w w w h o n g b a o s h u c o m 红宝书红宝书网址 红宝书 考研英语考前预测 最后冲刺 3 套题 3 rather than on the planned coordination of effort saving technology by managers The British labor intensive strategy with its low fixed costs and reliance on worker effort could compete for a time against high fixed cost competition But with the development and utilization of effort saving technologies elsewhere the competitive capabilities of British effort using strategies reached their social and technical limits By the first decades of the twentieth century therefore Britain was no longer the workshop of the world Textiles and iron and steel along with metalworking industries producing ships locomotives steam engines and textile machinery had formed the manufacturing basis of the nation s nineteenth century economic power 21 According to this article what is the reason for the British decline A The workers didn t work hard B The owners of enterprises were narrow minded and they were unwilling to renovate its organizational structure C Managerial capitalism was consolidated in other countries in the first decades of the twentieth century D Both B and C 22 Britain employed strategy A effort saving B high fixed innovative costs C labor intensive D capital intensive 23 Before World War I British cotton textile industry s value creation depended on A low fixed costs B utilization of effort saving technologies C greater effort by shop floor workers D investments in managerial structures 24 characterizes the United States Germany and Japan s successful capitalist development A Low fixed costs B Utilization of effort saving technologies C Greater effort by shop floor workers D Investments in managerial structures 25 Which of the following isn t true about managerial capitalism according to this article A Only those enterprises that built managerial structure could hope to compete effectively in international competition in the twentieth century B Managerial capitalism was characterized by organizational and technological investments C Now compared with the innovative investment strategies the labo intensive strategy still had advantage in value creating because of its low fixed costs D A and B are true w w w w h o n g b a o s h u c o m 红宝书红宝书网址 红宝书 考研英语考前预测 最后冲刺 3 套题 4 Text 2 When Thomas Butler stepped off a plane in April 2002 on his return to the United States from a trip to Tanzania he set in motion a chain of events that now threatens to destroy his life A microbiologist at Texas Tech University in Lubbock Butler was bringing back samples of the plague bacterium Yersinia pestis for his research Yet on re entering the country he is alleged to have passed right by US customs inspectors without notifying them that he was carrying this potentially deadly cargo That move and its consequences have led the federal government to prosecute Butler for a range of offences If convicted on all counts he could be fined millions of dollars and spend the rest of his life in jail The US scientific community has leapt to butler s defence arguing that his prosecution is overzealous alarming and unnecessary The presidents of the National Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Medicine have written to Attorney General John Ashcroft claiming that the case could endanger research into countering the threat of bioterrorism And the academy s human rights committee has asked its members to write letters on Butler s behalf and to donate funds for his defence Those who defend Butler argue that the rules governing the import of pathogens are so restrictive that bending them is the only option for researchers who are working to provide protection from deadly diseases that afflict the developing world Why they ask prosecute Butler for infractions of rules that made his work more difficult without serving a useful purpose The supporters consider that the charge laid against Butler merely reflects the determination of federal prosecutors to throw the book at Butler to make an example of him to others Many researchers now fear falling victim to an overzealous prosecution if they fail to dot all the i s and cross all the t s on their paperwork Some US microbiologists are so frightened of being hauled off in handcuffs for a minor administrative oversight that they have decided to avoid biodefence research entirely despite the current funding boom in the field Whether Butler is a villain or a scapegoat is now for a jury to decide But whatever verdict is eventually reached scientists who are lobbying on Butler s behalf would do well to consider public perceptions If the rules governing the import of pathogenic bacteria make no sense then microbiologists must make that case clearly and lobby for the regulations to be changed Researchers are also justified in making statements to help ensure that any punishment that Butler might receive is proportionate But researchers risk a damaging public protest if the main message that emerges is that his peers think he was justified in carrying samples of the plague bacterium onto a commercial flight Appearing to deny the importance of rules designed to protect the public from deadly pathogens however unwieldy those rules may be in practice will not engender trust It will not foster a culture of responsibility And it would show disregard for the public s faith that scientific research will be conducted as safely and as competently as possible 26 Thomas Butler was charged with A carrying prohibited research materials B handling a potentially deadly substance illegally C posing the bioterrorism threat D shipping plague samples back to Tanzania w w w w h o n g b a o s h u c o m 红宝书红宝书网址 红宝书 考研英语考前预测 最后冲刺 3 套题 5 27 According to Butler s defenders the prosecution of Butler will A discourage the biological research B loosen the import controls of pathogens C punish one to warn a hundred D cause new panic in the United States 28 The expression throw the book at Line 2 Paragraph 4 most probably means A to make someone famous overnight B to frighten someone very muchh C to make someone a scapegoat D to punish or criticize someone severely 29 The author believes that scientists should A advocate for the abolition of import rules B speak in defense of Butler s behavior C give careful attention to public health D learn a lesson from Butler s case 30 Who is likely to be least critical of Butler A The federal government B The US scientific community C The American public D US Customs Service Text 3 Many critics of the current welfare system argue that existing welfare regulations foster family instability They maintain that those regulations which exclude most poor husband and wife families from Aid to Families with Dependent Children assistance grants contribute to the problem of family dissolution Thus they conclude that expanding the set of families eligible for family assistance plans or guaranteed income measures would result in a marked strengthening of the low income family structure If all poor families could receive welfare would the incidence of instability change markedly The unhappily married couple in most cases remains together out of a sense of economic responsibility for their children because of the high costs of separation or because of the consumption benefits of marriage The formation maintenance and dissolution of the family are in large part a function of the relative balance between the benefits and costs of marriage as seen by the individual members of the marriage Major benefit generated by the creation of a family is the expansion of the set of consumption possibilities the benefits from such a partnership depend largely on the relative dissimilarity of the resources or basic endowments each partner brings to the marriage Persons with similar productive capacities have less economic cement holding their marriage together Since the family performs certain functions society regards as vital a complex network of social and legal buttresses has evolved to reinforce marriage Much of the variation in marital stability across income classes can be explained by the w w w w h o n g b a o s h u c o m 红宝书红宝书网址 红宝书 考研英语考前预测 最后冲刺 3 套题 6 variation in costs of dissolution imposed by society e g division of property alimony child support and the social stigma attached to divorce Martial stability is related to the costs of achieving an acceptable agreement on family consumption and production and to the prevailing social price of instability in the marriage partners social economic group Expected AFDC income exerts pressures on family instability by reducing the cost of dissolution To the extent that welfare is a form of government subsidized alimony payments it reduces the institutional costs of separation and guarantees a minimal standard of living for wife and children So welfare opportunities are a significant determinant of family instability in poor neighborhoods but this is not the result of AFDC regulations that exclude most intact families from coverage Rather welfare related instability occurs because public assistance lowers both the benefits of marriage and the costs of its disruption by providing a system of government subsidized alimony payments 31 Some criticize the current welfare regulations because A those regulations encourage family dissolution B the low income families are not given enough the family assistance grants C they expand the set of families eligible for family assistance D the guaranteed income measures are increased 32 According to this passage family stability depends on A the couples earning ability B the relative balance between the benefits and costs of marriage C how much possessions the couple have before marriage D a network of social and legal support 33 All of the following are mentioned by the author as factors tending to perpetuate a marriage EXCEPT A the stigma attached to divorce B the social class of the partners C the cost of alimony and child support D the loss of property upon divorce 34 The author argues that A the agreement between couples reinforce mortal stability B expected AFDC income helps to strengthen family stability C AFDC regulations are to blame for family instability D public assistance upsets the balance between benefit and cost of marriage 35 The tone of the passage can best be described as A confident and optimistic B scientific and detached C discouraged and alarmed D polite and sensitive w w w w h o n g b a o s h u c o m 红宝书红宝书网址 红宝书 考研英语考前预测 最后冲刺 3 套题 7 Text 4 Ever since Al Gore invented it the Internet has been a paradise for those with a creative attitude to facts Students for example commission and sell essays with such ease there that online paper mills devoted to this trade are one of the few dotcom business models still thriving With a few clicks of a mouse a student can contract out any academic chore to research sites such as Gradersaver com or the Evil House of Cheating One market opportunity however frequently creates another The past few months have seen a rapid rise in interest in software designed to catch the cheats The subscriber base of Turnitin a leading anti plagiarism software house based in Oakland California has risen by 25 since the beginning of the year Around 150 000 students in America alone are under its beady electronic eye And in Britain the Joint information Systems Committee the unit responsible for advising the country s universities on information technology has tested the firm s software in the five colleges If it goes well every university lecturer in the country will soon be able to inspect his students submissions with it Turnitin s software chops each paper submitted for scrutiny into small pieces of text The resulting digital fingerprint is compared using statistical techniques originally designed to analyze brain waves John Barrie the firm s founder was previously a biophysicist to more than a billion documents that have been fingerprinted in a similar fashion These include the contents of online paper mills the classics of literature and the firm s own archive of all submitted term papers as well as a snapshot of the current contents of the World Wide Web Whenever a matching pattern is found the software makes a note After highlighting instances of replication or obvious paraphrasing according to Turnitin some 30 of submitted papers are less than original the computer running the software returns the interpreted document to the teacher who originally submitted it leaving him with the final decision on what is and is not permissible Which teachers and institutions will choose to employ such software Past research has shown that perhaps surprisingly academic dishonesty links with high academic achievement Nor is public exposure of widespread cheating likely to polish a university s reputation Universities with the highest achieving students and the most faultless reputations may therefore have the most to lose from anti plagiarism software Indeed a curious pattern has emerged among Turnitin s clients good universities such as Duke Rutgers and Cornell employ i