可达GWD阅读题目翻译100篇.pdf

可达亲译 GMAT 阅读 100 篇 乌鸦乌鸦 1 Ravens display many sophisticated behaviors in the wild 2 Experiments suggest that these behaviors result partly from Logical reasoning not merely from instinct or rote learning 3 In one experiment ravens were presented with food hanging on a string 4 To get the treat a raven had to repeatedly reach down from its perch and pull up the string with its beak stepping on the string after each pull to prevent slippage 5 Some ravens examined the situation for several minutes and then quickly performed this multistep procedure on their first try without any preliminary trial and errors 6 Since the ravens would not have previously encountered this situation in the wild they could not have learned it through past experience 7 Hence they apparently imagined possibilities and reasoned out what steps to take 可达亲译 GMAT 阅读 100 篇 1 In operant behavioral conditioning of laboratory animals each step in a desired behavioral sequence is typically rewarded with food 2 Thus the animal can learn each step without understanding how it contributed to the overall outcome of the behavioral sequence 3 But no one step in the pull up sequence except the last was rewarded with food the raven had to accomplish the whole lengthy sequence in order to eat 4 Skeptics might object however that each step was mentally rewarded simply because the food came nearer not because the raven already understood which action would have this effect 5 But that explanation seems implausible 6 If each step were acquired by trial and error learning presumably numerous trials would be required and the entire sequence would probably take months of training 可达亲译 GMAT 阅读 100 篇 1 乌鸦表现出在野外的复杂行为 特点 2 有研究表明这些行为特 征来自于逻辑推理 而不只是本能和 死记硬背 3 在一次实验中 我 们把食物吊在一根绳索上供乌鸦食用 4 为了获取款待 这只乌鸦必 须不停地从自己所在的栖枝往下够 用鸟喙向上拉拽绳索 同时 每一次 拉拽后都用双脚踩住绳索 以防滑落 5 一些乌鸦只做了几分钟实地 考察 就立即开始执行这一多步骤流 程 并一次成功 而不用预先试错 6 由于乌鸦没有可能在野外遇到 相同处境 它们不可能通过过去的经 验获得这个方法 7 因此 这些 乌鸦很明显是自己想像出所有的可能 性并推理出正确的方法 可达亲译 GMAT阅读100篇 1 在实验室给动物进行行为条件 训练 时 通常每做对一个步骤我 们会奖励食物 2 这样一来 动 物能学习每一动作 即便不了解这对 行为序列的最终结果会有什么样的贡 献 3 可是 对于乌鸦而言 拉拽序列除了最后一个步骤以外并 不会带来任何奖赏 它们必须完成整 个流程才能获得食物 4 当然 怀疑者也许会反对 认为每个动作都 能带来精神上的奖励 乌鸦知道食物 正在一步步接近 而不是单独某个步 骤就能直接带来最终结果 5 但 这样的解释是不合理的 6 如果 每一个分解动作都需要试错的方法学 习 那么所有步骤都要试错 整个的 学习过程算下来恐怕需要几个月的训 练时间 可达亲译GMAT阅读100 篇 可达亲译 GMAT 阅读 100 篇 1 Researchers modified the experiment to find out if ravens could have solved the puzzle by random movements that happened to be rewarding but were unsupported by logic 2 This time different ravens had to pull downward to the string to move the food upward In this situation the ravens often yanked on the string occasionally bringing the food slightly closer 3 But no raven executed the full necessary sequence of motions even though it was no more complex than in the first experiment 4 This suggests that the ravens found pulling downward to move food upward illogical and thus unlike in the first experiment could not deduce what actions were needed 可达亲译 GMAT 阅读 100 篇 1 研究者于是修改实验 试图 发现是否乌鸦解决谜团的过程是通 过随机动作 这些随机动作碰巧可 以带来奖赏而非逻辑使然 2 这一次 不同的乌鸦必须向下拉拽 绳索 从而将食物上移 在这种情 况下 乌鸦经常会猛拉绳索 偶尔 能将食物拉近一点 3 但是没 有乌鸦可以完成整个动作序列 即 便这次的动作并不比第一次实验时 复杂 4 这表明 乌鸦认为向 下拉拽绳索让食物上移不合逻辑 因此不能像第一次实验那样 分析 出正确的动作 可达亲译GMAT 阅读100篇 可达亲译 GMAT 阅读 100 篇 小店小店网络网络 1 Many of the largest US retailers have begun experimenting with small store format 2 Rather than operating the small stores as wholly separate self contained outlets though the companies are managing all the stores in an area as a closely knit network 可达亲译 GMAT 阅读 100 篇 1 By distributing small outlets throughout the area a retailer can guarantee that one of them will almost always be closer to a given shopper than a behemoth store at the edge of town 2 In addition small stores make it easier for customers to get from their cars to the stores and once inside to find the products they re looking for 3 Until recently though those advantages were overwhelmed by the two key advantages held by large stores broader product selection and lower operating costs 4 Now retailers are finding that tightly linked networks of small stores can enjoy the same scale advantages 可达亲译 GMAT 阅读 100 篇 1 When it comes to product selection retailers are finding that what customers really value is a broad choice of product categories not an endless array of products within a category 2 Research indicates many large retailers are being penalized for carrying too many different brands of the same product 3 One study found that in grocery stores more than half of the dry goods items items other than groceries and hardware ranging from dishcloths to can openers sell less than one unit per week 4 Other studies indicate that once a threshold of a variety within a product category is reached total category sales barely budge by including more 可达亲 译 GMAT 阅读 100 篇 1 很多美国最大的零售商开始 试验小型商店的形式 2 摒弃 个体分离的 自给自足商铺的运营 模式 这些公司开始使用在一个地 区多家商店集成的网络模式 可 达亲译GMAT阅读100篇 1 通过将小商店在一个地区分 布开来的方式 零售商可以保证旗 下必有一个店对某一购物者来说 距离小于城镇周边的巨型商场 2 而且 小商店让顾客驾车去商 店变得更加容易 而一旦进入商店 总能发现他们寻找的商品 3 直到前些日子 大商店有两个关键 优势让小商店的上述优点无从发挥 更多样化的产品选择和更低的运 营成本 4 但现在 零售商已 通过将小公司密切联系在一起形成 网络 获得同样的规模化优势 可达亲译GMAT阅读100篇 1 先说多样化选择 零售商发 现顾客真正需要的是可供选择的类 别数量 而不是同一类别下漫无边 际的产品列表 2 研究显示 很多大型零售商因为在同一产品中 提供的品牌数量过多而遭受处罚 3 一项研究发现 在蔬果店里 超过一半以上的dry good干性商 品 除蔬果和厨具以外的商品 如 洗碗布 开瓶器 每周的销量少于 一个 4 其他的研究还显示 一旦一个商品类别下的选择数量达 到一定门槛 即便加入再多选择也 无法改变同类别下所有商品的总销 量 可达亲译GMAT阅读100篇 可达亲译 GMAT 阅读 100 篇 1 With regard to costs retailers are finding that small stores if managed as network become as cheap to operate as large stores 2 Take logistics costs by consolidating orders a network of small stores located near one another can economize significantly on delivery costs 可达亲译 GMAT 阅读 100 篇 1 Networked stores can also reduce personnel and inventory costs 2 It was assumed that large stores needed less inventory and fewer workers to adjust to surges in demand 3 One large store it was thought may need thirty workers where as twenty small store serving the same market may need two workers each 4 But again the large store s advantage diminishes once the small stores are managed centrally and served by a single warehouse and personnel pool 可达亲译 GMAT 阅读 100 篇 1 再说成本 零售商发现小商 店如果按照网络化经营 将会如大 商店一样有低廉的运营成本 2 举一个物流成本的例子 通过合 并订单 一个密集型小商店网络能 够从派送方面节省很大开支 可 达亲译GMAT阅读100篇 1 网络化商店同样可以减少人 力和库存成本 2 广为假定的 前提是大型商店只需更少的库存和 员工用于迎合市场需求的飞速提升 3 比如一个大商店需要三十 个员工 而服务于同一市场的小商 店大概有20家 每家两个员工 4 但是 一旦小商店群体进行中 心化管理 从而共享仓库以及人力 资源池 这个大商店的优势也就顷 刻间灰飞烟灭了 可达亲译 GMAT阅读100篇 可达亲译 GMAT 阅读 100 篇 短期短期优优惠惠 出自 GWD 第四套第一篇 1Extensive research has shown that the effects of short term price promotions on sales are themselves short term 2Companies hopes that promotions might have a positive aftereffect have not been borne out for reasons that researchers have been able to identify 3A price promotion entices only a brand s long term or loyal customers people seldom buy an unfamiliar brand merely because the price is reduced 4They simply avoid paying more than they have to when one of their customary brands is temporarily available at a reduced price 5A price promotion does not increase the number of long term customers of a brand as it attracts virtually no new customers in the first place 6Nor do price promotions have lingering aftereffects for a brand even negative ones such as damage to a brand s reputation or erosion of customer loyalty as is often feared 可达亲译 GMAT 阅读 100 篇 1So why do companies spend so much on price promotions 2Clearly price promotions are generally run at a loss otherwise there would be more of them 3And the bigger the increase in sales at promotion prices the bigger the loss 4While short term price promotions can have legitimate uses such as reducing excess inventory it is the recognizable increase in sales that is their main attraction to management which is therefore reluctant to abandon this strategy despite its effect on the bottom line 可达亲译 GMAT 阅读 100 篇 1大量研究显示 短期优惠促销注定 只能带来短期效果 2公司原本希望 优惠可以带来的正面效果并没有被证 实 其原因已经被研究者发现 3优 惠促销只能吸引品牌的长期或忠实客 户 对品牌不熟悉的客户很少会因为 减价而购买这样的产品 4他们只是 希望能尽量避免花不必要的费用购物 当他们常用的品牌临时降价时 5 优惠促销并不会增加该品牌长期客户 的数量 因为他们几乎不可能在一开 始吸引到新的购买者 6也不会因为 优惠促销带来客户粘性 反而负面作 用比如伤害品牌声望 影响客户忠诚 度 成为大家的担忧 可达亲译 GMAT阅读100篇 1那为什么公司愿意花这么大的精力 作优惠促销呢 2很显然优惠促销经 常会带来经济上的损失 否则就会有 更多的价格优惠了 3价格优惠带来 的销售量越高 那么损失往往也越大 4侭管短期的优惠促销拥有其合理作 用 比如清理多余的库存 但依然是 销量提高才是 价格优惠 对管理层 来说最大的吸引力 也正因为这个 他们不愿意放弃这个政策即便 优惠 促销 在利润方面带来负面效果 可达亲译GMAT阅读100篇 可达亲译 GMAT 阅读 100 篇 现现代家代家务务科技科技 出自 GWD 第四套第二篇 1The idea that equipping homes with electrical appliances and other modern household technologies would eliminate drudgery save labor time and increase leisure for women who were full time home workers remained largely unchallenged until the women s movement of the 1970 s spawned the groundbreaking and influential works of sociologist Joann Vanek and historian Ruth Cowan 2Vanek analyzed 40 years of time use surveys conducted by home economists to argue that electrical appliances and other modern household technologies reduced the effort required to perform specific tasks but ownership of these appliances did not correlate with less time spent on housework by full time home workers 3In fact time spent by these workers remained remarkably constant at about 52 to 54 hours per week from the 1920 s to the 1960 s a period of significant change in household technology 4In surveying two centuries of household technology in the United States Cowan argued that the industrialization of the home often resulted in more work for full time home workers because the use of such devices as coal stoves water pumps and vacuum cleaners tended to reduce the workload of married women s helpers husbands sons daughters and servants while promoting a more rigorous standard of housework 5The full time home worker s duties also shifted to include more household management child care and the post Second World War phenomenon of being Mom s taxi 可达亲译 GMAT 阅读 100 篇 1有关于 在家中安装电子仪器和现 代家务科技将能够减少劳力 节省工 作时间 以及提升家庭妇女的快乐指 数 这样的想法一直没有受到很大 的挑战 一直到1970年 在那一年里 女性运动激发了社会学者Vanek和历史 学家Cowan的极具影响力的开创性著 作 2 Vanek分析了40年来由家务经济 学家进行的调查以后得出观点 电子 仪器以及其他现代家务科技确实节省 了某些工作需要的精力 但是对这些 设备的拥有却不能帮助全职家务工作 者建立起与工作时间之间的联系 省力不省时 3事实上这些家务 人员所消耗的时间在1920年到1960 年之间一直稳定在每周五十二至五十 四小时之间 而这四十年间家务科技 有了显著的发展 4在调查了近二百 年美国的家务科技之后 c认为家庭工 业化往往会导致全职家务人员工作量 的增加 因为使用一些设备比如烧炭 炉 水泵 和吸尘器只能减少已婚女 性帮手 如老公 儿子 女儿 和佣 人 的工作量 但同时却建立起更严 格的家务工作标准 5全职家务工作 者的职责也更多的包含了家务管理 儿童看护 以及二次世界大战后的一 个典型现象 妈妈出租车 可达亲 译GMAT阅读100篇 可达亲译 GMAT 阅读 100 篇 潮汐生物潮汐生物钟钟 出自 GWD 第四套第三篇 1Recently biologists have been interested in a tide associated periodic behavior displayed by the diatom Hantzschia virgata a microscopic golden brown alga that inhabits that portion of a shoreline washed by tides the intertidal zone 2Diatoms of this species sometimes called commuter diatoms remain burrowed in the sand during high tide and emerge on the sand surface during the daytime low tide 3Just before the sand is inundated by the rising tide the diatoms burrow again 4 Some scientists hypothesize that commuter diatoms know that it is low tide because they sense an environmental change such as an alteration in temperature or a change in pressure caused by tidal movement 5However when diatoms are observed under constant conditions in a laboratory they still display periodic behavior continuing to burrow on schedule for several weeks 6This indicates that commuter diatoms rather than relying on environmental cues to keep time possess an internal pacemaker or biological clock that enables them to anticipate periodic changes in the environment 7A commuter diatom has an unusually accurate biological clock a consequence of the unrelenting environmental pressures to which it is subjected any diatoms that do not burrow before the tide arrives are washed away 可达亲译 GMAT 阅读 100 篇 1 最近生物学家感兴趣于一种与潮汐 有关的周期性行为 发生在一种硅藻 生物 HV 身上 这种微小的金褐色水 藻居住在被潮汐冲刷的海岸线 也就 是潮间地带 2 该藻类生物经常被我 们称为 CD 也就是通勤硅藻 在高 潮来临时潜埋在沙中 在白天的低潮 时从沙滩的表面上浮现 3 就在涨起 的潮水向沙地袭来时 这种水藻又再 一次的把自己埋入土里 4 有些科学 家猜想 CD 知道低潮的来临 因为它 们察觉到环境的改变 比如温度变化 或者潮汐运动带来的气压改变 5 但 是 当这些藻类在实验室恒定的条件 下进行观察时 依然展现出周期性的 变化 持续好几周都在固定时间掩埋 自己 6 由此可见 cd 并不是通过环 境线索来维持时间概念 而是根据内 在的某种起搏器或者生物钟来帮助它 们预测环境的周期改变 7CD 拥有一 种非常准确的生物钟 这来自于周遭 不断出现的环境压力给它们带来的影 响 任何一种没有及时在潮汐来临前 将自己埋好的藻类将会被无情冲走 可达亲译 GMAT 阅读 100 篇 可达亲译 GMAT 阅读 100 篇 1This is not to suggest that the period of this biological clock is immutably fixed 2Biologists have concluded that even though a diatom does not rely on the environment to keep time environmental factors including changes in the tide s hydrostatic pressure salinity mechanical agitation and temperature can alter the period of its biological clock according to changes in the tidal cycle 3In short the relation between an organism s biological clock and its environment is similar to that between a wristwatch and its owner the owner cannot make the watch run faster or slower but can reset the hands 4However this relation is complicated in intertidal dwellers such as commuter diatoms by the fact that these organisms are exposed to the solar day cycle as well as to the tidal cycle and sometimes display both solar day and tidal periods in a single behavior 5Commuter diatoms for example emerge only during those low tides that occur during the day 可达亲译 GMAT 阅读 100 篇 1但这并不意味着其生物钟的周期就 是恒定不变的 2生物学家已然得出 结论 尽管藻类并不依赖环境来跟进 时间 环境因素 包括潮汐的静水压 力 咸度 机械搅拌 还有温度 都 可以改变它们生物钟的周期 在潮汐 周期改变时 3简单来说 有机体生 物钟周期与环境的关系正如手表和主 人之间的关系一样 主人无法改变手 表的转动速度 但他可以重置手表的 时间点 4然而 这个关系对于潮间 地区的生存物种 比如CD 来说比较 复杂 因为该物种既受潮汐周期的影 响 又受太阳周期的影响 有时候在 同一行为中展现出两种周期的共同影 响 5比如说 CD浮现的时间点只发 生在白天的低潮中 可达亲译GMAT阅读100篇 可达亲译 GMAT 阅读 100 篇 英国英国驻驻伊朗企伊朗企业业 出自 GWD 第四套第四篇 1The experience of British business in Iran between the 1860 s and the 1970 s is one example of the changing importance of British enterprise in Asia as a whole 2Before 1914 British business established and dominated Iran s modern industrial and financial sector in the 1920 s this domination began to wane by the 1960 s British enterprise was of little importance in the Iranian economy 3While in Japan and India the decline of British business was primarily a function of the rise of strong indigenous business groups in Iran by contrast the government played a large role in both challenging British commercial interests and stimulating locally owned enterprise 4Periodic surges of intense Iranian economic nationalism must be understood partly as a reaction to the close relations between British business in Iran and the British government 5In retrospect it is possible to see the uneasy and ambiguous nature of this relationship 6It is true that the British Imperial Bank in Iran was never entirely a tool of the British government and that the Anglo Iranian Oil Company did not take its orders from the British government despite the 51 percent government shareholding 7However the relationship between British business and the British government was sufficiently close that many Iranians understandably viewed the oil company and the bank as symbols of a British imperialist policy 可达亲译 GMAT 阅读 100 篇 1 1860 至 1970 期间英国企业在伊 朗的经历折射出他们在整个亚洲的重 要性更替 2 1914 年之前 英国企 业建立并统治着伊朗的现代工业和金 融行业 1920 年地位开始减弱 到 1960 年对伊朗经济的影响已经微乎 其微 3 在日本和印度 英国企业的 地位下降主要来自于本国企业的崛起 但在伊朗 形成鲜明对比的是 政 府在挑战英国经济利益和激励本国企 业崛起的过程中 扮演着重要的角色 4 周期性出现在伊朗经济中的民族 主义情绪 必须看作是他们对英国政 府和伊朗英企之间过于紧密的关系做 出的反应 5 回望这段历史 我们可 以看出这种关系复杂与含混的一面 6 诚然 英国皇家银行的伊朗分行从 来没有变成英国政府的工具 Anglo Iranian 译注 从名字推断 似乎是 英伊联合 石油公司也没有听命于英 国政府 即便英国政府持有其 51 股 权 7 然而 英国企业与英国政府的 这种关系还是太紧密了 以至于很多 伊朗人把这两个公司 很合理的看成 英国皇家政策的象征符号 可达亲 译 GMAT 阅读 100 篇 可达亲译 GMAT 阅读 100 篇 无形无形资产资产 出自 GWD 第五套第一篇 1 To compete effectively in international markets a nation s businesses must sustain investment in intangible as well as physical assets 2 Although an enormous pool of investment capital exists in the United States the country s capital investment practices put United States companies at a competitive disadvantage 可达亲译 GMAT 阅读 100 篇 1 United States capital investment practices shaped by sporadic and unpredictable changes in tax policy and high federal budget deficits encourage both underinvestment and overinvestment 2 For example United States companies invest at a low rate in internal development projects such as improving supplier relations that do not offer immediate profit and systematically invest at a high rate in external projects such as corporate takeovers that yield immediate profit 3 Also United States companies make too few linkages among different forms of investments 4 Such linkages are important because physical assets such as factories may not reach their potential level of productivity unless companies make parallel investments in intangible assets such as employee training and product redesign 5 In general unlike Japanese and German investment practices which focus on companies long term interests United States investment practices favor those forms of investment for which financial returns are most readily available 6 By making minimal investments in intangible assets United States companies reduce their chances for future competitiveness 可达亲译 GMAT 阅读 100 篇 1为了能更加高效在国际市场中竞 争 一个国家的企业必须保持在无 形资产方面的投入 正如在有形资 产上一样 2尽管在美国有大量的 资金放在投资池中 但这个国家资 本投入的实践过程将美国公司置于 竞争劣势的局面之中 可达亲译 GMAT阅读100篇 1美国的资本投资行为 由于断断 续续 难以预测的税收政策改变加 上高昂的联邦预算赤字 导致投资 不足和过度投资这两种恶果 2举 例来说 美国公司以低价投资一个 内部开发项目 比如改善供应链关 系 却没有获得立刻收益 作为 对比 系统化高额投资外部项目 比如公司并购 却产生了立竿见 影的回报 3此外 美国公司在不 同形式的投资之间缺乏足够多的联 系 4这样的联系非常重要 因为 有形资产 如工厂 也许无法到达潜 在的产能水平 除非公司能同时在 无形资产 如员工培训与产品设计 方面进行平行投入 5总体而言 与那些专注于长线利益的日本德国 投资行为不同 美国的投资行为更 倾向于能获得最快速可靠资金回报 的投资形式 6由于在无形资产方 面的最小化投入 美国公司将他们 在未来竞争中获得优势的机会减小 了很多 可达亲译GMAT阅读100篇 可达亲译 GMAT 阅读 100 篇 树懒树懒熊熊 出自 GWD 第五套第二篇 1The sloth bear an insect eating animal native to Nepal exhibits only one behavior that is truly distinct from that of other bear species the females carry their cubs at least part time until the cubs are about nine months old even though the cubs can walk on their own at six months 2Cub carrying also occurs among some other myrmecophagous ant eating mammals therefore one explanation is that cub carrying is necessitated by myrmecophagy since myrmecophagy entails a low metabolic rate and high energy expenditure in walking between food patches 3However although polar bears locomotion is similarly inefficient polar bear cubs walk along with their mother 4 Furthermore the daily mo