托福阅读中推理推断题和解题技巧.docx

智课网TOEFL备考资料托福阅读中推理推断题和解题技巧 摘要： 新托福阅读包含10种托福阅读题型，其中有6种托福阅读题型是从之前的老托福阅读那里继承而来的，其余四种题型是新托福所特有的，所以在平的备考过程中不少学生会通过对老托福阅读的训练来提升这方面的答题准确率，剩余四种新题型是新托福考试的发展趋势，是我们的备考阶段不需要认真备考的内容。 今天我们就来为大家介绍一下有关 托福 阅读中推理推断题和解题技巧： nference Questions，一般称之为推断题，在托福official guide当中表明：推断题在每篇文章当中出现的频率为0-2 题，通常在题干当中包括infer，suggest 或者imply。如： Which of the following can be inferred about X? The author of the passage implies that X Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about X? 三种问法当中，在结尾都有比较明显的X部分，也就是针对文章当中某一个具体的内容X进行发问，X可能是带有修饰的一个词，在题干的其他内容都是模板化形式的情况下，X无疑是题干当中的一个重点内容，做题的时候必须强烈关注的内容，因为题干问的是关于X的推断，不是Y或者Z的内容，在本文当中我们并不讨论infer，suggest 和imply之间的差别。 比较典型的推断题通常分为“整体与部分”和“分类取非”这两大类 整体与部分的推断 当A与B构成了整体和部分的关系，如果说整体A都具备X的特点或者属性，那么部分B也应该具备X的特点或者属性。 OG，P62，第8题 Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million years after Pakicetus. Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possi- bly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs. 8. It can be inferred that Basilosaurus bred and gave birth in which of the following locations? lOn land lBoth on land and at sea lIn shallow water lIn a n a marine environment 题干问的是Basilosaurus繁殖育种在什么地方，原文当中关于位置的讨论明确给出Basilosaurus不能在陆地上，是一个完全海洋性的鲸鱼，那么繁殖育种的地方就与生存的地方构成了整体与部分的关系，也就是Basilosaurus既然是完全海洋性的鲸鱼，那么生活的地方是海洋，繁殖育种的地方也就是海洋，最接近的选项为D。 同样举例这种修辞手段也是体现了整体与部分的关系，如： OG，P252，第4题 Hills and mountains are often regarded as the epitome of permanence, successfully resisting the destructive forces of nature, but in fact they tend to be relatively short- lived in geological terms. As a general rule, the higher a mountain is, the more recently it was formed; for example, the high mountains of the Himalayas are only about 50 million years old. 文章当中的for example提示了我们前后的内容也为整体与部分，也就是山越高，形成的时间越近，例子当中喜马拉雅山脉也是如此，由此可以直接对于选项A(Their current height is not an indication of theirage.)进行判断。 分类取非 分类取非的前提是，学术写作当中将事物按照某种标准进行分类之后，分类的内容既不重合也不丢失，比如将A分为X,Y和Z三部分，X和Y之间没有重合的部分，同时X，Y和Z合并之后构成A，也不会丢失A的某一部分。 【时间取非】比如： OG，P41 The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century, a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals) with alkali and sulfuric acid. 题干为“Which of the following can be inferred fromparagraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century? ” 原文说19世纪变革了蜡烛工业并且使得照明对所有人可用，题干问的是19世纪以前的蜡烛，属于经典的时间对比(就像女生之间言不由衷的称赞彼此“你过去真漂亮”)，同时注意一下取非和取反的差别，也就是答案到底是对所有人都不可用，还是不能对所有人可用。 再比如：Thiswas before the steam locomotive, and canal building was at its height.这句话在steamlocomotive之前，canalbuilding在height，那么时间取非来看，在steamlocomotive之后，canalbuilding就不在height，后面的选项可能是不在height的同义转换。 【地点取非】比如： OG，P237 The Whigs, in contrast, viewed government power positively. They believed that it should be used to protect individual rights and public liberty, and that it had a special role where individual effort was ineffective. By regulating the economy and competition, the government could ensure equal opportunity. Indeed, for Whigs the concept of government promoting the general welfare went beyond the economy. In particular, Whigs in the northern sections of the United States also believed that government power should be used to foster the moral welfare of the country. They were much more likely to favor social-reform legislation and aid to education. 美国南方的辉格党人认为政府应该A，假如美国北方的辉格党人也认为政府应该A，那么该句的准确表达只能是整个美国的辉格党都认为政府应该A，因此当我们看见某一个地方的辉格党认为政府应该A，那么其他地方的辉格党就会存在政府应该做其他事情。 再比如： In the days following, samples of solid gypsum were repeatedly brought on deck as drilling operations penetrated the seafloor. Furthermore, the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions. As they drilled into the central and deepest part of the Mediterranean basin, the scientists took solid, shiny, crystalline salt from the core barrel. Interbedded with the salt were thin layers of what appeared to be windblown silt. 在gypsum layer 的上面和下面包含海洋化石，那么在gypsum layer中间的状态可想而知。 【事物对比】 在这个对比当中可以直接表明A 与B 这二者的不同，也可以间接的给出这两者在某一个方面的可比的参数或者性质，来形成可靠的比较，也就是官方给出推断题所测试能力中的comparison的基础。 比如： However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. 题干问的是“Which of the following can be inferred fromparagraph 1 about early sea otters? ” 再比如：TPO21当中，给出两段文字分别是“By far the most abundant form of geothermal energyoccurs at the relatively low temperatures of 80 to 180 centigrade.” 和“Geothermal reservoirs with temperatures above 180 centigrade are usefulfor generating electricity.” 两部分的内容当中有着明确可比的参数relatively low temperature of 80 to 180 centigrade 和80 to180 centigrade。 备考 个人认为reading inference questions在 托福阅读 当中是特别有趣的一种题型，作为桥梁同时连接着语言考试与其他学术水平的能力测试，官方的 TOEFL Workshop Manual当中给出了比较清楚的学习目标，为我们的备考指明了方向： 1. Recognize why an author explains concepts i